Al-Bahir Journal for Engineering and Pure Sciences

Currently, we synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the aqueous fruit extract of Carissa carandas L. and evaluated their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The UVevisible spectra showed a characteristic absorption peak at 412 nm. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy exhibits intense peaks at 3430.23 cm¡1 and 1625.67 cm¡1 which indicates the involvement of flavonoids and other functional groups in the biosynthesis, capping, and stabilization of AgNPs. From XRD analysis, the average size of AgNPs was estimated to be 45 nm. The biogenic AgNPs were spherical in shape and average size range between 10 and 95 nm confirmed by HR-TEM analysis. The fabricated AgNPs by fruit extract were monitored for antioxidant activity using DPPH method. The fruit extract of AgNPs (IC50 ¼ 946.22 mg/ml) had the highest antioxidant activity against standard ascorbic acid. The antibacterial activity was done using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacterial strains. It was found from the results that the bacterial strain S. aureus had the highest antibacterial activity when compared to E. coli and aqueous fruit extract. Thus, the present study exhibits synergistic antioxidant and antibacterial activity which may explore in future clinical treatment.

This study develops and presents a methodology for determining the optimal geographic distribution and size of asphalt concrete plants in Karbala, Iraq, in order to minimize the cost of asphalt concrete produced. The purpose of this study is to discuss these points. The methodology can identify potential locations for asphalt concrete plants within a study area, considering the plants\' operation and capital costs and the costs of transporting raw materials to the plants and asphalt concrete to demand centers. Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) software have been used to program the methodology. This methodology has been applied to Karbala using actual data. The methodology\'s output identifies the optimal locations and sizes of asphalt concrete plants in Karbala. There are two optimal locations for asphalt concrete plants B and D; their total size is 80 tons per hour and 800 tons per hour, respectively. This is adequate to supply Karbala\'s asphalt concrete demand to 2032. The methodology effectively determines the optimal geographic locations and sizes of asphalt concrete plants in the study area.

The gloss properties can be improved by repeated additions of carbides or ceramic materials, where in the current research, Nano-zirconia was mixed as a support material for the system (Nie3%SiC) and the reinforcement percentages were (0,3,6,9,12)%. The process of manufacturing the samples was carried out by the powder method. Where the support and foundation materials were mixed by the volumetric method. The resulting samples were heat treated at 900 oC for two hours, after that the scanning electron microscope was studied to find out the topography of the surface formed, and it was found that the best ratio that gives a surface with a distinctive structural structure and structural homogeneity after the sintering process is at 12%, and some mechanical properties were also studied. At all different ratios, through the results obtained, it was found that the best reinforcement percentage is 12% of Nano-zirconia after the sintering process

The angle of thermal spraying by the flame is considered one of the important influences on the coating layer, where alumina (Al2O3)% was used as a base material, and it was reinforced with two metals (TiAl) with weight ratios of (25%) in order to produce a cermet composite material with a final thickness ranging between (300e400) mm and with a fixed thermal spray distance of 16 cm, the samples resulting from the paint were thermally sintered at a temperature of (1000 oC) for an hour and a half, after the samples were taken out of the oven and some mechanical operation was performed on them, some physical tests were conducted, the most important of which included an examination X-ray diffraction, as well as porosity, hardness, and adhesion strength, to show through laboratory tests that the best thermal spray angle is 90o, at a mixing ratio of 25% after thermal sintering.

In this paper, a New Generalized Gamma-Weibull (NGGW) distribution is developed by compounding Weibull and generalized gamma distribution. Some mathematical properties such as moments, Renyi entropy and order statistics are derived and discussed. The maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method is used to estimate the model parameters. The proposed model is applied to two real-life datasets to illustrate its performance and flexibility as compared to some other competing distributions. The results obtained show that the new distribution fits each of the data better than the other competing distributions.

A review of the literature on chemically responsive hydrogels about the selection of selectivity based on classification, properties, and application is presented in this article. Chemically responsive hydrogels are a type of hydrogel that undergo changes in their properties in response to specific stimuli. These hydrogels have attracted significant attention due to their potential applications in various fields, including pharmaceuticals and agriculture. Chemically crosslinked hydrogels are synthesized by covalent crosslinking of end-functionalized macromeres. Currently, a great deal of research is being conducted on hydrogel networks, also known as smart networks or hungry networks. This is owing to their potential use in fields like biomedicine, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, biosensors, agriculture, oil recovery, and cosmetics. When they sense small changes in their surroundings, smart hydrogels display significant physiochemical changes. Despite this, changes such as these are reversible; therefore, the hydrogels can return to their original state after they have caused a reaction once the trigger has been removed.

In this study, nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by Syzygium aromaticum (clove) extract via a green synthesis method and evaluated their antibacterial properties. The bio-molecules inside the extract play an important role in converting nickel nitrate salt into nickel oxide nanoparticles. The prepared nickel oxide nanoparticles were characterized via different techniques such as X-ray Diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy and ultravioletevisible spectrophotometer. From X-ray diffraction results, the crystallite size of NiO NPs was estimated to be (39.7 nm). The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy exhibits intense two peaks at 594 cm¡1 and 469 cm¡1 which indicates the formation of NiO NPs. In addition, the energy band-gap calculated by Tauc\'s formula was ~2.89 eV. Finally, The antibacterial activity study results detected that NiO NPs have the highest activity against Staphylococcus aureus when compared to Escherichia coli. Thus, the present study exhibits good antibacterial activity, which may be explored in future clinical treatments.

Let R be a ring and M be a left R-module. A submodule N of M is said to be g-small in M, if for every submodule L M, with N þ L ¼ M implies that L ¼ M. Then RadgðMÞ ¼ PN Mj N is a g-small submodule of Mg. We call M gcoatomic module whenever N M and M =N ¼ RadgðM =NÞ then M=N ¼ 0. Also, R is called right (left) g-coatomic ring if the right (left) R-module RR (R R) is g-coatomic. In this work, we study g-coatomic modules and ring. We investigate some properties of these modules. We prove M ¼ ⨁n i¼1Mi is g-coatomic if and only if each Mi ði ¼ 1; :::; nÞ is g-coatomic. It is proved that if R is a g-semiperfect ring with RadgðR = RadgðRÞÞ ¼ 0, then R is g-coatomic ring.

Honey is a sweet substance that has been valued by humans for its taste and health benefits. It is produced by honey bees from the sugary secretions of plants. However, other insects, such as aphids and wasps, also produce honey-like substances. This study aimed to compare the physical and biochemical properties of honey produced by honey bees, aphids, and wasps in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. To achieve this, samples of honey, bitter honey, honeydew, and wasp honey were collected and examined. The samples were analyzed for total sugar, sucrose, water, Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), acidity, total acidity, diastase activity, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (DPPH), and elements present. The tests applied were based on the international standard methods for honey analysis, FolineCiocalteu test for total phenols, DPPH radical scavenging test, and elemental analysis by ICP-OES. The study found that the physical and biochemical properties of honey produced by aphids and wasps were similar to those of honey produced by bees, with differences in total sugar, sucrose, water, HMF, acidity, total acidity, and diastase activity. Significant differences were found in TPC and antioxidant activities for most of the samples. However, the amounts of different elements present in the samples varied, with wasp honey containing high concentrations of Al, Mg, Fe, Mn, V, Ti, and Sr and being the only sample to contain vanadium. Overall, the results of this study suggest that honey samples produced by aphids and wasps were close to the specifications of bee honey and within accepted standards. However, when compared to bee honey, a significant difference was found in the total TPC and DPPH values. Honey is regarded as a necessary economic component and a healthy food, and this study contributes to our understanding of the properties of different types of honey.

Let R be a commutative ring with unit and U be a unitary left R-module. The d-small intersection graph of non-trivial submodules of U, denoted by GdðUÞ, is an undirected simple graph whose vertices are the non-trivial submodules of U, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if their intersection is a d-small submodule of U. In this article, we study the interplay between the algebraic properties of U, and the graph properties of GdðUÞ such as connectivity, completeness and planarity. Moreover, we determine the exact values of the diameter and girth of GdðUÞ, as well as give a formula to compute the clique and domination numbers of GdðUÞ.

The current economic growth trend of increased urbanization has resulted in huge amounts of municipal waste and energy consumption. Many emerging countries, such as Iraq, suffer from the worsening of such a problem. Thus, an adequate municipal waste management system and the innovation of renewable energy alternatives are the fundamental issues that need to be addressed. Two test rigs were used in this study: the first separates waste based on the principle of gravity and the difference in density between the constituent elements of the waste, The test rig consists of a conveyor belt (0.5 m) width and (1.5 m) length with variable height and speed that throws the waste into special containers to separate the waste. The study suggested taking samples of equal size (1 cm3) for all elements and showing the effect of the sampling process on the separation methods approved by the test rig. The second is a laboratory test rig that analyzes waste and produces combustible gas, thus producing thermal energy. The main components of the rig are a digester (0.4 m diameter - 0.64 m height), a calorimeter, and several other components. The data analysis method developed by Japanese scientist Takeuchi was used to analyze the results of the first test rig\'s experimental work. The main results of this analysis showed that the height is (0.67 m), the speed is (1.9 m/s), and the distance of the samples falling ranges from about (0.53 m) to (0.58 m). The significant findings of the current study for the second test rig are obtained for the amount of thermal energy and measured using a calorimeter, and it was found that the highest value of energy was obtained on the 23 day of the start of the fermentation process; the amount was (10752.88 Jules) in the second experimental test.

The proliferation of social networking sites and their user base has led to an exponential increase in the amount of data generated on a daily basis. Textual content is one type of data that is commonly found on these platforms, and it has been shown to have a significant impact on decision-making processes at the individual, group, and national levels. One of the most important and largest part of this data are the texts that express human intentions, feelings and condition. Understanding these texts is one of the biggest challenges that facing data analysis. It is the backbone for understanding people, their orientations, and making decisions in many cases and thus predicting their behavior. In this paper, a model was proposed for understanding texts that written by people on social media platforms, and hence knowing people\'s attitudes within specific topics, the emotion of those people, positivity, negativity, and neutrality. Also, it extracts emotion of those people. In this context, the system solves many tasks in natural language processing therefore it uses many techniques including topic classifier, sentiment analyzer, sarcasm detector and emotion classifier. CNN-BiLSTM was used for topic classifier, sentiment analyzer, sarcasm detector, and emotion classifier where (f-measure, accuracy) were (97,97.58) %, (84,86) %, (95,97) %, and (82,81.6) % respectively.