journal of Basic Sciences

The science of grammar and morphology has been based since its inception on textual and mental evidence, and the mind had an important role in directing morphological judgment and establishing rules.

This paper aims to investigate the contradictory device “rather” in standard Arabic from a Koranic perspective in terms of text cohesion. This grammatical device plays a significant role in sentence connection as it expresses semantic, rhetorical, and discourse functions. The device “rather” suggests not only rejection and refusal but also conveys connection. This paper, accordingly, draws on cohesion and sentence discourse functions as important indicators of meaning, especially when other elements are deleted in lengthy texts and complex sentences.

Arab poets have been very familiar with elegies ever since pre-Islamic times and up to modern-day poetry, where elegy was one of the basic purposes of poetry across Arabic lines and poems. Elegiac poems have been easy to compose as they feature an in-depth, emotional description of social relations. Additionally, elegiac poems touch on the very soul of human sufferings, and therefore, they spring from honest feelings and senses. Drawing on this, this paper examines elegies as a theme in poems by Al-Jawahiri, a contemporary Iraqi revolutionary poet. In these poems, Al-Jawahiri did express a profound sorrow and sadness that is suggestive of death, missing, separation, and alienation. The poet not only proved to be an elegist, but he also worked well the articulation of sad intentions and ideas out of his background political and social concerns. Al-Jawahiri re-introduced elegy in modern Arabic poetry as seen in his sadness over the death of some political thinkers, and thus, revolutionizing political themes in a neo-Classical elegiac poetry

Qutb al-Din al-Razi (1295-1365 A.D.) was a prominent Muslim philosopher, theologian, and logician in the middle ages. Al-Razi was born in modern-day Iran and he endeavored to seek knowledge and search for meaning in his works. He, additionally, had many views on logic, wisdom, knowledge, and science. He, also, wrote several treatises, commentaries, and interpretations to review contemporary philosophies, dialogic debates, and problematic issues, especially the Greek and Muslim views on existence and reasoning. This paper, therefore, examines Al-Razi’s contribution to such philosophical issues in terms of meaning and form, that is, the formal structure of these logical contributions. Like his contemporaries, Al-Razi based his philosophies on the scholarly interpretation of the Koranic verses as well as other Muslim traditions. Al-Razi, having problematized concepts and views on philosophy, set to define logic and wisdom out of the existing reviews and interpretations. For Al-Razi, logic is not only a group of problematic terminologies, but it is also a wider concept of words and meanings. Based on these views, this paper reviews the Razian philosophy of concepts and logical interpretations.

This paper draws on faithfulness and truthfulness as two main aspects of interpretation to the Koranic verses based on a well-known medieval Muslim traditional interpretation. This interpretation was authored by the Muslim exegetist Al-Razi (1208 A.D.). faithfulness and truthfulness in the Koranic interpretation means to interpret the Koranic verses into quite understandable terms and concepts for all readers. The paper, accordingly, concludes that;
1.Morals have been highly recognized in the Al-Razi exegesis.
2.Morals have been sorted into vices and virtues.
3.Truthfulness has been emphasized in both verses and exegeses.
4.The Al-Razi exegesis has drawn on all religious sects and Koranic commentaries with no extremist views.

This paper investigates the life and works of a modern Kurdish scholar and theologian, that is, Muhammad Amin bin Abdullah Al-Rwandzi. He has been a well-known late twentieth-century mullah (meaning a clergyman or religious scholar) in Kurdish and Muslim circles. Al-Rwandzi has contributed to religious and scholarly knowledge and has maintained a significant position as an influential ulema. Al-Rwandzi has authored several books, treatises, and reviews on various religious, philosophical, and traditional issues. He, also, had taken several administrative positions and posts in the Kurdistan state offices. His main concern was the interpretation of religious concepts and fundamentals into plain and comprehensible ideas. Al-Rwandzi, therefore, had a great legacy of books, interpretations, and commentaries on prophetic traditions, Muslim regulations, late and Early-Islamic scholars, as well as contemporary philosophies. Al-Rwandzi revived many late and modern Muslim philosophies and logical problems and turned these into plausible arguments and expositions.

This research aims to demonstrate the position of retaliation from an Islamic perspective, thus, highlighting a Muslim interest in developing appropriate remedies. To analyze retaliation, methodological standards have been followed in the investigation of socio-religious motivations of that practice, including the clergy’s views on retaliation, the traditional reviews on such personal revenge, as well as any other legal provisions, causes, and remedies deemed relevant to retaliation. The paper, thus, takes an analytical descriptive approach to analyze the causes and treatments of revenge in the Kurdish community based on field interviews with religious scholars, judges, jurists, and reformers. The analysis finds that retaliation is as old as the development of civilized communities whether in the Iraqi or the Kurdish community. However, retaliation has not been a big social alert. The paper, accordingly, recommends that certain social and religious steps be taken to save lives and stop blood-shedding, which will help curb hostility among individuals in general and the Kurdish community in particular.

The general increase in population in all Iraqi cities has led to an increase in demand for services, especially infrastructure services, which are the basic services that must be provided to the population. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop this sector of services in a way that is commensurate with the size and growth of the population and with the scientific and technological development witnessed by the world. The aim of this research is to study the spatial distribution of water services in Kut city and to determine their efficiency, as well as to study the current and actual need of the city for these services according to the planning standards adopted by the Ministry of Planning in Iraq. Additionally, the study aims to develop a future vision for the development of these services and to achieve sustainable development .The research found shortcomings and inefficiencies in the provision of the service and its mismatch with the planning standards, as the results showed that the deficit in the amount of produced and available water has reached (59,045,000 liters/day) and there is also a deficit in the share per capita and in the number and area of the current water stations. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a set of immediate and future solutions to address the current shortage in this service and to develop it.

The Horn of Africa is a geographical region with a large strategic dimension, For its distinctive geographical location, the sites contributed to giving the ports of the Horn of Africa region an important and strategic character by overseeing the ports on the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Bab al-Mandeb, As well as overseeing world trade routes especially from East Asia, China, and Japan towards Europe, across the Suez Canal, as the Horn of Africa forms a transit zone for commercial convoys of navigational vessels roaming the Indian Ocean towards the Suez Canal and the Mediterranean to Europe, This strategic location has given great importance to the Horn of Africa's ports, He pushed some of the world's powers to dominate those ports, especially since the Horn of Africa is a developing and poor country. This prompted international countries to seek control over the region and trade routes through several projects of an investment nature, including military and strategic nature. in an attempt to compete for the region's strategic ports and in a region that in the future constitutes the most important areas of global trade.

This paper investigates death and burial practices, methods, ceremonies, and other related aspects as they had been observed by neo-lithic groups of men settled in modern-day Iran. The paper aims at realizing how early pre-history races of Neolithic men observed death and burial practices, what ways were used, and how they buried the dead. The study finds that pre-history Neolithic humanoid groups had their own ways of burial as they. Recent archaeological investigations in Iran showed that certain remains unearthed in death sites prove that early pre-history humanoids observed some death rituals.

This paper examines the policy of the king Edward I (1272-1307) and his role in governing England and the power struggles during that time between him and his German cousin Henry. Edward I was a strong-willed ambitious man, as he gained extensive experience from political and parliamentary developments during his father's time. As King Edward I is interested in strengthening parliamentary rule in order to alleviate the burden of war between him and France and Scotland as well as his attempts to annex Wales to his kingdom, He seemed to want to make provincial and town deputies a rival to the clergy and the top barons in Parliament that sparked the war with them, what he termed the Barons' War. Having demonstrated a significant contribution to the king's assistance in meeting their war expenses, local landlords became economically and politically involved in the formation of the medieval English monarchy. Barons, landlords, and earls pushed for a pro-parliamentary movement in order to counter the anti-feudal spirit commonly prevalent at that time. The king highlighted his work, his achievements, his domestic and foreign policy, and the main consequences of his reign.

Crafts and professions are as old as human’s development and progress in many areas and aspects. These opportunities have long provided men with the material as well as the mental needs necessary for everyone’s prosperity and living. In the medieval Arab and Muslim world, especially in the Abbasid era times, religious knowledge has contributed to the public development and progress. Many jurists and scholars, therefore, have moved to manual and non-intellectual professions and crafts. This paper, accordingly, draws on this turn in the lives of those scholars, how this professional shift has contributed to scientific knowledge, and who were the key figures in that transformation. There had been many cases of Abbasid-era scholars and jurists who moved to lay professions and crafts, which will be detailed in this paper.

Judith P. Butler (1956) is a contemporary American philosopher, writer, and gender supporter. She has had many takes on various social, global, political, and personal issues in modern-day philosophy and ideology. She, also, served as a chair in different literary and academic positions in the United States and in Europe. This paper, accordingly, draws on Butler’s contributions to philosophy, mainly those issues of identity and moral criticism. In Butler's philosophy, there is a deep alignment between two aspects: the first relates to the continuous research into non-personal conditions that are active in the formation of self-identity, and the second relates to the role of such conditions in promoting moral responsibility. Butler considers human reality objectively and comprehensively the various aspects of its fragility and vulnerability. It is not written on the basis of an optimistic and naïve vision that characterized many philosophies described as human, It also refuses to succumb to the pessimism of structural philosophies. If there is any hope possible, it is a responsible hope that carries not so many promises as to acknowledge the bitterness of reality and to induce action. It is an indefinite, ambiguous, and unclear moral project, likely to succeed and possibly fail as well, and if it fails, it does not give up, but reverts, it is up to our sincere intentions. The problem with this research is a set of real ethical questions relating to the ability to live freely in a world created and restricted by the conditions of necessity, is that possible? What are the possible linkages between the formative blindness to self-identity and the establishment of responsibility-based ethics and the power of non-violence? Finally, this has affected social theory, that is, the relationship between moral criticism and social theory.

Women's participation in development has occupied an inefficient place in international charters and conferences. However, women's education and education work are on a difficult path, making them dependent on their toughness and ability to meet challenges.
Current Research Identification aims to:
1.Recognizing the extent to which education contributes to building women's contemporary personality from the point of view of students in the Arabic and History Departments of the College of Basic Education, Wasit University.
2.Identifying the significance of differences in students' perspectives on women's education and work attributable to gender variables (male-female).
3.Identifying the significance of differences in students' perspectives on women's education and work attributable to the academic major (Arabic/ History).
To achieve the research aims, a descriptive research design has been followed in the analysis. The research sample consisted of 120 students of the Arabic and History Departments of the College of Basic Education, Wasit University, actively enrolled in the academic year (2021-2022).
The findings indicated:
1.Statistically significant gender-based (male/female) differences in students' viewpoints of women's education to the interest of females.
2.As far as the academic major is concerned, there are no statistically significant major-based (Arabic/ History) differences in students' viewpoints of women's education.
Following analysis and discussion, the paper, therefore, suggested several recommendations.

This paper researches the impact of various infographic patterns (stable-unstable) related to an E-learning technique in the development of spatial ability in the Department of Chemistry female undergraduates. To achieve this goal, the researcher designed an E-learning program to teach psychological counselling following Al-Jazzar's (2013) model. Some sub-items of this model have been modified sub-steps to fit research design. To verify the subjects’ spatial ability, a test was designed. The test designed is a 30-item multiple choice-patterned test The methodology is a two-set design with pre-test and post-test technique. The research sample consisted of (121) third-year female undergraduates of the Department of Chemistry, the sample was randomly divided into a controlling group and a test group. The controlling group received learning through a stable infographic pattern, while the test group received learning through an unstable infographic pattern. Test results showed statistically significant differences in the performance of the two groups. The first group outperformed in the post-test and the second group outperformed in both the pre-test and post-test. additionally, no statistically significant differences have been observed in the average test scores of both groups in the post-test. Finally, the study proposes a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This paper researches the impact of various infographic patterns (stable-unstable) related to an E-learning technique in the development of spatial ability in the Department of Chemistry female undergraduates. To achieve this goal, the researcher designed an E-learning program to teach psychological counselling following Al-Jazzar's (2013) model. Some sub-items of this model have been modified sub-steps to fit research design. To verify the subjects’ spatial ability, a test was designed. The test designed is a 30-item multiple choice-patterned test The methodology is a two-set design with pre-test and post-test technique. The research sample consisted of (121) third-year female undergraduates of the Department of Chemistry, the sample was randomly divided into a controlling group and a test group. The controlling group received learning through a stable infographic pattern, while the test group received learning through an unstable infographic pattern. Test results showed statistically significant differences in the performance of the two groups. The first group outperformed in the post-test and the second group outperformed in both the pre-test and post-test. additionally, no statistically significant differences have been observed in the average test scores of both groups in the post-test. Finally, the study proposes a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This research aims at analyzing fourth-year mathematics questions, Department of Mathematics, University of Mosul, College of Basic Education, in the academic year (2019-2018). To this end, the researcher designed an analytical tool following Bloom’s (1956) taxonomy of learning objectives. The analysis is to deconstruct the quality, content, and form of mathematics questions, how much knowledge is involved, what aims are included, and how examiners have observed psychometric principles in tests.
thinking. The analysis was sub-divided into two categories; physical tests (for exams set in presence) and online tests (for exams set online). The analysis showed that Bloom’s goals of cognitive knowledge have been included. There has been, additionally, some sort of innovation in the questions set. The findings showed that students have been motivated to study, answer question, and check answers.

The paper investigates the effectiveness of the looping sparring strategy in the acquisition of educational concepts by history students in the education of teaching methodologies. The research sample consisted of 88 third-year students of the Department of History, College of Education, University of Duhok, enrolled in the academic year (2022-2023). The 88-sample was then subdivided into four sub-groups; two experimental groups (taught educational concepts following regular, traditional methodologies) and two control groups (taught educational concepts following the proposed teaching strategy). To verify research hypothesis and reach aims, the researcher designed a 36-item conceptual test to be evenly allocated to three key concepts (definition, exemplification, application). The designed test scale has been verified as to reliability and validity. The test then was conducted in real-time, and the same test was re-applied in the first semester. After the statistical processing of the test results through an F- factorial bi-directional analysis, the results indicated that;
1.There has been a statistically significant difference (about 0.05) between the two average achievements means of concept acquisition (regular sparring) for the two experimental groups.
2.There has not been any statistically significant difference (about 0.05) between the two average achievement means of concept acquisition due to sex or methodology variables.
Following discussion and analysis, the paper suggested several recommendations and remedies to help understand how such methodologies can best serve pedagogical methodologies.

This research specializes in the study of the Saadabad Pact held in the Iranian capital, Tehran, in 1937. It was mainly directed against the Kurds in the Middle East to prevent them from establishing their own political entity. Like all the nationalities in this region that gained their independence, the Kurds had a negative reaction against his contract , The matter that is discussed in this research through multiple documents that shed light on the charter and its risks to the Kurdish issue .

Zirconia (partial stabilized Zirconia: ZrO2 plus 5.4 wt% Y2O3) and 1% polyvinyl alcohol were used as a binder during modeling and compression processes. The best pressure for compressing the samples was chosen corresponding to the best wet density 2.821 g/cm3 against a pressure of 250 bar, and this pressure was approved for compressing all the prepared samples. Samples of Zirconia were prepared by adding percentages of copper oxide of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1 after that conducting a heat treatment at a temperature 1350oC for two hours at a rate of rise and fall its value is 5oC/min. Some physical and mechanical properties such as density, total shrinkage amount, diameter, Vickers hardness, Brazilian fracture strength, porosity and water absorption were calculated. Through the results, a decrease in the density, hardness, and Brazilian fracture strength appeared with the increase in the percentage of copper oxide, and there was an increase in the diameter of the samples with the increase in the percentage of copper oxide.

A Thousand Splendid Suns (ATSS) is a novel written by the Afghan novelist Khalid Hosseini. It portrays the sufferings of females in the patriarchal and male-oriented society of Afghanistan and the gender oppression imposed on them through their culture, lifestyle, norms, and the governing system. This particular written text, (The Root of Women Suffering and Core Solutions as Presented by Khaled Hosseini in A Thousand Splendid Suns) shows the conflicts and struggles that the major female characters undergo when they try to find their place in their own specific society. It is an attempt to read (ATSS) from the perspective of women’s negative influence on their own social status and their miserable life and the positive role of men in women’s emancipation. It is divided into several sections. It starts with an introduction to women’s status in Afghanistan where they suffered from both the patriarchal system and the governing rule. Then it discusses the hostility of women against women and their negative influence on the personality building of Afghan females, in contrast, it argues the progressive inspiration women receive from men. After that, it looks at the contradictions women show in their preference for males over females. Finally, it concludes that the true success and emancipation of women cannot be achieved without real unity and support among women themselves on one side and with men on the other side. Both genders together can create a society where everyone can live in peace and dignity.