Adab AL Rafidayn

The topic of semantic variations in the Holy Quran has never been merely transient. Rather, it has ‎continuously captured the attention of scholars, researchers, interpreters, and enthusiasts. Semantic ‎variations in the Holy Quran are considered a phenomenon that necessitates study, analysis, and ‎comprehension due to their profound dimensions and effects on understanding the magnificent ‎Quran. This is because a single term may indicate different or multiple meanings.‎
Hence, this study aims to investigate semantic variations in the Holy Quran, providing examples of ‎semantic variations in verbs, nouns, and attributes. The study relies on the descriptive approach and ‎the review of literature and books that have addressed semantic variations in the Holy Quran, as ‎well as Quranic elucidations.‎ This study can be considered as an addition to the previous contributions made towards the precise translation of texts from English to Arabic as it demonstrates the lack of an absolute synonymy in Arabic.

Identity, as a socio-cultural concept, is socially and culturally constructed. Such a concept, to a large extent, is neither fixed nor stable. Rather, it is dynamic, flexible and relational. So, identity markers are significant carriers of socio-cultural, historical and religious aspects. As a statement of problem, ignoring or neglecting, by a translator, the dimensions and aspects of identity markers may fall short of achieving a successful translation. The aim of the study is to investigate how translators tackle the Arabic identity markers in the Mu’allaqat into English. It, also, aims at revealing how identity markers are reconstructed or deconstructed in the translation. This paper assumes that the Mu’allaqat, as literary texts, is full of socio-cultural and historical aspects. It hypothesizes that such texts may travel across various times and places and that different situations may produce different identity markers. The paper concludes that Foreignising an original text in translating Arabic identity markers is not adequate. Literal translation, for instance, as a translation technique used in foreignisation as an SL-oriented strategy not always preserves the sociocultural dimensions of the Arabic identity markers.

The study aims to show the main development stages of House's model to translation quality assessment (TQA). House's attempts to develop a model for translation through her previous studies are presented in this study. Her works started with her original model in 1977 and updated in 1981, 1997, and 2015. The main goal of House's model is to provide translation quality assessment and translation criticism with “a scientifically-based function” and also to promote TQA as an established field of study and research in translation science. This piece of work is of importance for those who want to see how House's model revised and developed to arrive at the most appropriate criteria for (TQA

The digital journalism has become an essential tool for accessing information in the modern era. With the advent of digital technology, the way we consume news and information has changed dramatically. In this research, we will address the definition of journalism in general and digital journalism in particular, highlighting the most important features and types of the latter as well as its importance in the modern era. We will shed light on the history of journalism from its inception until today. We will also discuss the advantages of digital journalism in terms of access to information as well as the challenges that come with it. Finally, choosing the subject of our research is justified by the importance of journalism as a new media that allows its users easy access to information, unlike what was prevalent before the advent of the Internet.

Attitudinal adverbials play a key role in conveying the author's perspective in scholarly discourse. They serve to articulate their emotions, judgements, and evaluations. This study presents findings of a contrastive corpus-based study conducted to examine the use of attitude adverbials by both native English authors and non-native Kurdish writers. The main objective of the study is to find out the types and frequency of attitude markers in academic writing of those two groups of writers. Following the Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis (CIA), the research compares Kurdish non-native writers' language with native authors', aiming to identify nativeness features. It involves three phases: analyzing the non-native corpus, the native corpus, and comparing the use of attitude adverbials by both groups. Data for quantitative analysis was taken from two corpora : the Non-Native speaker corpus (KNNSC) and a subcorpus of academic discourse by English native speakers complied from CAEC (Cambridge Academic English Corpus ) as a reference corpus. The analysis in both corpora was carried out using the Sketch Engine (SkE) software. In terms of how frequently attitude markers were employed in the academic texts under analysis, the results indicate that native authors utilized attitude markers more frequently than the Kurdish academic writers. This tendency can be related to cultural norms of writing , personal communication styles, education, and exposure to diverse cultural contexts.

This paper aims at investigating the way the translators deal with the non/availability of English secondary predicates (depictives and resultatives) in Arabic. It is hypothesized that despite the existence of depictives in both English and Arabic, their translation from English into Arabic is more problematic than one would expect. Due to the peculiar behaviour of the English depictive, the translators would find difficulty in determining the true referent of the predicate and because of the syntactic similarities between depictives and resultatives, the translators may give a depictive reading for a resultative predicate and vice versa. The study shows that the translators resort to different lexicalization patterns to preserve the resultative meaning. This behaviour is consistent with Talmy’s (1985) classification of languages into satellite-framed languages, such as English, and verb-framed languages, such as Arabic.

The widespread use of silence among EFL students has been the subject of a number of researches. Interestingly, less attention has been paid to observing how teachers perceive this kind of silence. This study set out to investigate how teachers view this problem and find solutions or teaching strategies that might be used to engage silent learners inside the classroom. The data for this study were obtained through the use of a closed-ended questionnaire with a total of 40 teachers (20 males and 20 females) specialized in English language and literature in four different departments of English in universities of Duhok, Zakho, Nawroz and Cihan. According to the findings, both male and female teachers who are teaching Kurdish learners believe that Kurdish learners are silent learners inside EFL classes. This silent behaviour is due to lack of confidence, shyness, anxiety and lack of motivation inside the classroom. Finally, some teaching strategies have been suggested by the researcher to better engage silent learners inside the classroom.

This paper examines the issue of the Black Racial Identity as a phenomenon. It analyzes this phenomenon in selected poems of Lucile Clifton and Audre Lorde. It falls into two axes: the "Concept of Black Racial Identity" and "The Development of the Phenomenon of the Black Racial Identity". Black racial identity is established on the theory of nigrescence, (the process of becoming Black). It aims to change the Whites’ conventional sense of the black race in general. It endeavors to give a positive sense of the racial identity of African-Americans and develop the image of Black community. On the other hand, scholars developed "The Phenomenon of the Black Racial Identity" through certain stages. The African-Americans have experienced this identity as individual in the Postcolonial period. Cross, an American scholar set a five-stage model of Black Racial Identity development for African-Americans. On the other hand, Jackson set a four-stage model of Black racial identity development. The African-American writers and literary figures are divided into two groups: one group supported the idea of utilizing the African-American language and dialect in their writings while the second group rejected the idea of using dialect. The study concludes that Lucile Clifton’s and Audre Lorde’s poetry represents and reflects a cultural feminist voice from a racial African-American vision, focusing on the construction of the black identity.

Various intellectualists, writers and scholars have tackled subversion from different perspectives. Among them, Harold Pinter pursues to depict it realistically in his plays. In The New World Order, he dramatizes the psychological and physical subversion resulting from the political acts of the new ruling system. Henceforth, the significance of the study lurks in its investigation of the manifestations of subversion in characters’ actions, dialogues and silence. Since subversion is an outcome of hegemony, this paper adopts the Italian Philosopher Antonio Gramsci’s concept of cultural hegemony. It delineates Pinter’s comedy of menace via bringing together fear and humor, and his employment of ambiguity. As a member of Angry Young Men group, Pinter expresses in the play his resentment at Establishment regarding it as an oppressive regime. The paper aims at uncovering the power abuse and State oppressive system, which are covered by the mantle of law. It also delves into victim’s tendency to freedom and confirmation of identity by his silence over the course of the play.

This research aims at investigating the effect of the imagination strategy on the achievement of EFL university students in reading comprehension and the development of their creative thinking in the second semester of the 2022–2023 academic year. A random selection of third-year students in the English Department, College of Basic Education made up the study’s sample. It comprises (80) subjects: 40 students are the experimental group, taught according to the imaginative strategy, and 40 students are the control group, taught according to the conventional method. The pretest- posttest equivalent groups have been used by the researchers as the experimental design. The researcher have created an achievement test, employed the verbal image (A) of the Torrance test for creative thinking to validate the research hypotheses. Following the application of the T-test of two distinct groups to the statistical data, the results indicate statistically significant differences between the two groups, with the experimental group outperforming the latter in the achievement and creative thinking tests.

It is taken for granted that the 5th art, “literature”, and the 6th art, “theatrical arts”, have their own attractiveness for language and art passionate. 20th Century Absurd Theatre can offer both linguistic and literary abundance for learners of French as a foreign language- in spite of the incoherence of such a theatrical text. Indeed, Beckett’s style in Waiting for Godot is susceptible to both learning and teaching of French- due to its simplicity of words, silence and repetition. The text, accordingly- can be handled through various aspects- lexical, grammatical, semantic and stylistic. In addition, the sensuous perception of the text reinforces the visual, auditory and kinesthetic memory of the learners towards a better balance of lingual, communicative and sociocultural objectives in language.

There are studies that have focused on the construction of written discourses and their organization by connectors. On the other hand, this study attempts to find a construction of spoken political discourse. Speech markers are considered as an organization of the structure of spoken speech and make it more coherent from the moral side.
This study aims to analyze a number of political interviews and to emphasize the markers of discourse. These organize the structure of the discourse and by which the listener knows the beginning of the discourse or the conversation where there are many that the speaking subject uses to begin the subject as (first, while, then, all of first, it is true that, wait, listen to me, etc.)
There are also discursive markers that show the development of discourse among which we can cite (but, and, in fact, I think, nevertheless, by the way, thus, now, on the other hand, you know, for example, etc.) other discourse markers indicate the end of speech for example ( finally, to conclude, so, in the end, to finish, thus, on the other hand, moreover). In this case, and thanks to these markers, we can have an organized speech from the constructive side and the spoken speech is more clear and coherent.

Theatre of the Absurd appeared in Europe as a reaction to the cultural declines, of the European society, that results from the First and Second World Wars. Accordingly, the human's point of view of life and universe had changed. And literature went hand in hand with this change, trying to express the collapsing values and concepts via literary texts, specifically via novel, drama, and poetry. Jamce Joyce's novels, Marcel Proust's, Kafka's, AlberKamu's, and Sartre's writings showed the vision of the self and its dreams exemplifying the detachment of the group's discern. Moreover, the slogan of "Art is for Art Sake" emerged. Likely, drama reflected the world of loss and vanity as it is apparent in the plays of Brecht, Samuel Beckett, Eugene Ionesco, Arthur Adamov, John Jane, and Harlod Pinter. As well, futility stage spread in art, literature, and the entire world. Thus, there was a global movement of absurdity since the circumstances and situations of the European civilization existed and were achieved in other nations. Theatre of the Absurd became a modern trend in the universal writings as the Arabic ones because being influenced by this trend did not require a lot of research and verification, instead it became a phenomenon interspersing Arabic Literature during the 1960s and forth on due to the political and cultural contexts that intruded Arab World, exploiting the decadence that appeared because of the Arabs' aspirations after June War (1967) and its impacts of ideological, valuable, and target loss of the educated Arab and the literary writer ,in general, leading to the literary writer's adoption of the various techniques that complied with the ideological status he / she lives.
Najeeb Mahfouz's novels and plays were in accordance with the context of the new transformational and influential literary trends. In addition, Mahfouz was known for being a novelist rather than a dramatist. Although he just wrote eight plays, we could find him affected by absurdity, while writing his plays, rather than any writer else. Therefore, this study aims at clarifying the effect of absurdity in one of Mahfouz's plays which is "The Chase" by comparing it with the most well-known play, written by the Irish writer, SaumelBecket, that is "Waiting for Godot.

Many scholars believe that the psychological theory does not contribute to the interpretation of the poetics of the literary text, because the poetics is present in the structure of the literary text, rejecting the idea of changing the aesthetic function and isolating it from the language, in contrast to those who believe that the psychological theory can reveal the most important characteristics of the literary language. This is implied in the relationship of the text with the psychological life of its writer, or with what the recipient projects on the text, this research deals with the manifestation of poetics in literary texts from the perspective of the most prominent and important psychological critics. It means that the poetics in which the meaning represents its most prominent characteristics depends on revealing these subtleties through the psychological analysis of the personality of the creator, and some of them argued that the meaning lies in the modification, distortion, and liberation of the signifier from the constraint of the signified, while Harold Bloom proclaims that the anxiety complex of vulnerability is the guarantee of divergent paths for the text of the subsequent creator from the texts of his predecessors. This is to free himself from the complex of influence, which is what he called stray reading, and through these paths poetics is achieved

This research deals with nomadism in Al-Hussein Ibn Muteer Al-Asadi’s poetry, who lived through Umayyad and Abbasid reign. He was Born around the year (100 a.h.) and died in the year (170 a.h)
This paper researches the manifestation of nomadism in Al-Asadi’d poetry through language and style, description and imaging, and aims and subject matters. Therefore, the necessity of this research methodology needs to divide this paper into two sections. The first section deals with (aspects of nomadism in Al-Hussein Ibn Muteer poetry) through studying his poetic aims which is dominated by the nature of nomadism such as description, philandering, nostalgia and lamentation.
The second section is designated to study (the manifestation of nomadism on Al-Hussein Ibn Muteer’s Poetry), thus nomadism nature and life style has influences and reflections on his poetry. These influences and reflections are very clearly manifested in three matters: his poetry devoid of the purpose satire, his collection of poems devoid of political poems, and the loss of his poems and obscurity.
This research comes to conclusion that nomadism is prominent manifestation of Al-Hussein Ibn Muteer’s poetry and that Al-Muteer was a poet who was imbued body and soul, language and style, and description and imaging with nomadism.

Since ancient times, man has known other means of communicating with his surroundings other than the spoken audio language, including visual signs and suggestions, especially the eyes, as they are the window to the heart, and they are responsible for communicating many messages, which are the most prominent forms of visual signs indicating meanings, without excessive talking or Searching for words, as is the case with the linguistic sound, and it may be that this proportionality between them and the sound is what paved the way for their entitlement to the term (language), Al-Asha is considered one of the most prominent poets of the pre-Islamic era, as this phenomenon emerged with him, by mentioning the woman's eye (daughter, wife, and lover), the enemy's eye, or the she-camel's eye...etc.
The research was based on an entrance and two sections, the entrance included defining (the concept of the language of the eyes), and the first section was devoted to the study of human eyes and their implications in terms of (woman / love), (enemy / hate), relatives / hatred), while the second section included the study of animal eyes and their implications In terms of (the camel, the wild cow).

The research tagged with (Antonymy in Adonis's Arabic Poetry Collection) deals with the phenomenon of contradistinction in its two parts (singular and compound) in Adonis's collection of Arabic poetry by monitoring the positions of contradistinction in the divan and selecting models for analysis and study in order to reveal the stylistic shift caused by contradistinction in the phonetic and semantic levels of the poetic language.
The research plan is based on an introduction, two parts, and a conclusion. As for the entrance, we clarified the concept of correspondence, ancient and modern. As for the first section, it bore the title (Singular Correspondence). (Complex opposition) We dealt with the poetic models in which the opposition of one structure to another was evident, and the conclusion finally included the most important findings of the research.
The research relied on a variety of sources, including ancient and modern ones, and perhaps the most prominent sources that were employed: (Divan of Arabic Poetry) by Adonis as the main sample for the applied side of the research, as well as the book (Al-Taraz that includes the secrets of rhetoric and the sciences of the realities of miracles) by Yahya bin Hamzah Al-Alawi, and the research (The Phenomenon Correspondence in Semantics), by Dr. Ahmed Nassif Al-Janabi for the theoretical side of the research.
The research aims to prove that opposition is a stylistic term that causes a shift in the poetic language at the phonetic and semantic levels, while the importance of the research comes from the collection chosen for the study as a poetic anthology that included Arabic poetry from the pre-Islamic era to the beginning of the twentieth century.

The sentence in Arabic did not receive the attention of the early scholars in their grammatical study, and this was evident in their writings. It did not take enough of it in the study and analysis; This prompted us to follow up the case and choose a part of the sentence and its structures in the Holy Qur’an. So the intention was established; To clarify its meaning by studying it semantically.
After extrapolation and statistics, we found that there are few recent studies that dealt with the nominal and literal connection in general, and did not obtain an independent, comprehensive, comprehensive study that stands for its semantic study, except for a few Quranic studies; Therefore, the research is concerned with the study of the patterns of grammatical structures in which the connection sentence (which) is contained, originating with (by a past tense), and the viewer of the relative link sentence (which) will find it a linguistic structure, integrated in the grammatical structure, containing the elements of the attribution that rise as an independent sentence from the sentences that have no place It has an inflection in Arabic, and this is what obligated us to study its grammatical patterns semantically.

The research aims to shed light on the thresholds in the Rome Statute and their role in determining the meaning of the text. The text, as the written part, no longer dominates the space of the book. Recent studies have paid attention to the thresholds accompanying the original text, to include all its appendices, starting from its front cover and ending with its back cover, and the significance that these matters can add to the text itself. Therefore, in this research, we will try to reveal the clarity of the connection between the thresholds and the texts of the articles of the Rome System. The importance of the thresholds has emerged as a discourse parallel to its original discourse (which is the text), driven - what is meant by the parallel discourse - in that is the act of interpretation, and activated by the act of reading, explaining and interpreting the form of its meaning. Because it is the entrance to everything, since the eye first falls on it.Hence, insight recognizes them as transitional texts that take us to the most important thing, which is the central text. They are texts that surround the central text in all its aspects: footnotes, footnotes, main and subtitles, indexes, introductions, conclusions, and other well-known publishing data, and at the same time they constitute an indicative and cognitive system no less The importance of the text that hides or surrounds it, as it contributes to the quality and guidance of reading, and our study came within forensic linguistics because of its importance in revealing the significance of legal texts and the mechanisms of legislation and implementation.

This study aims at to reveal the dramatic elements and features in the poetry of Mohammed Ismaeel Altaee through his collection of poems (Qiyyamt Adhama”a-Lit- The Doomsday of thirst), by reading the dramatic elements and their representations, and stating the aesthetic effect that they achieved inside the poetic texts. The poetic experiment of Mohammed Ismaeel is considered an important remark and changing about his wide experience in the world of drama. His poetic texts are worth studying and contemplation. Because they are based on gathering controversies and contradictions embodied live dramatic dimensions which were performed realistically on a spatial theatre contains events. These texts are dominated by thirst, waste and loo of hope within hard period of time which the city of Mosul went through under the rule of criminal gangs of ISIS. The study was divided into a theoretical approach, in which we dealt with two main pivots: the concept of drama and the drama of the modern poem. Then we dealt with the practical approach, which contained four sections: characters, history, conflict and dialogue. These elements, which dominate the collection of poems (Qiyyamt Adhama”a-Lit- The Doomsday of thirst), gave a narrative characteristic with dramatic orientation, which its poetic code cannot be decoded only this characteristic. Because the poem has a poetic job that carries the characteristics and the components of the dramatic construction.

This novel has now become a collection of contemporary life, because on the one hand it has created a place for itself in the world of contemporary literature and has entered the field of life with another face and perspective to deal with the issues of reality and human problems. On the other hand, stories and psychological analysis.
There are no fixed rules for the novel and its use, and this leaves the door open for the author to experiment and create new ideas that will improve his novel writing, as the artistic structure of the event-driven novel is evolving. . The novelist's point of view and its interaction with the event in the space and time in which the events take place is an active element as the backbone that connects the parts of the work together.
It is an essential component of the novel's components, so it was said that it is the source of the novel's characters and the stage for the events, and this is all done through the dialogue between the novel's characters, therefore, in our discussion, we are highlighting the importance of this element, its style, and its form and the book's view during the novel (The Americans in a Verse). For the Iraqi narrator Nizar Abdul Sattar .

This study dealt with the study of the effect of intention on grammatical guidance among Arabic scholars. To dust off an important feature of grammatical thinking, and to reveal the extent to which grammarians depend on the speaker's intent and intent in analyzing linguistic texts and their foundations. To show that the intention of the speaker has a role in grammatical interpretation that cannot be overlooked or overlooked. Therefore, the grammarians relied on it in their interpretations and conclusions, and in formulating the grammatical rule, which indicates the extent of their interest in what is behind the linguistic elements that lie behind the text, and this shows that they did not deal with the linguistic texts as being isolated from their speakers, but rather tried to interpret those texts. And interpreted based on the speaker's intent and intent.
This research aims at finding out the notion of intention at Sibawayh; as it is the most important source that Abdul Qaher Al-Jurjani takes his tools to construct his systems theory, through concentrate on the appearances of the intentionality at they both, depending on the studies that took care of this subject; to make an approach in Sibawayh's point of view to the intention. And by this point of view in Abdul Qaher Al-Jurjani procedures to construct his theory; that what make this theory as natural extension to Sibawayh's idea in the intention.

This study aims to introduce the term (aesthetics of ugliness), and the poet Badr Shaker Al-Sayyab, the pioneer and founder of Taf’il poetry, was chosen, because his poetry collection is filled with the theme of ugliness and its movement between image, myth, place, and others. The reason for his collection of ugliness is due to the social and economic conditions, as well as the political conditions from which the poet truly suffered until he passed away far from his family and homeland.
Ugliness - as is known - is the opposite of beauty. Hence, the study chose the term aesthetics despite its dissonance and contradiction, in an effort to create an ontology specific to it. The question then arises: How can ugliness have beauty? Are there aesthetics to ugliness? This is what the study will seek to answer by revealing it through the determinants that dominated the poet’s style. Hence, the study presented ugliness in terms and importance. To demonstrate his specificity and presence in the cultural and humanitarian scene, to determine his effectiveness and process in literature in general and in the poet’s experience in particular.

Poetry is basically a translation of human feelings. Everything that the poet feels is shown to us in the form of a poem, and he expresses the innermost parts of the human soul and what it suffers and feels. Ibn Zamrok is one of the poets whose price is brimming with poems expressing the desires and secrets of the soul, and the states of joy and sadness are evident in his poems, so he expresses them in forms that reflect those feelings. For manifestations of sadness from death and pain.

The Crusades are considered the culmination of the religious revival that began in Western Europe in the tenth century AD and rose in intensity in the eleventh century AD. These wars are considered one of the most important chapters in the history of relations between the Arab Islamic East and the West in Europe. Researchers and specialists in the affairs of the Crusades considered them to be in Its first manifestation was holy religious wars. These wars were in the form of several stages and campaigns sent against the Levant and the Euphrates Island, and the goal of them was conquest, occupation and control. The first crusade was launched in 490 AH / 1096 AD, consisting of knights and Crusader princes, and succeeded in establishing their feet in the Levant, which resulted in the establishment of their three Crusader principalities, namely Edessa, Antioch and Tripoli, in addition to the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Crusaders exploited the state of fragmentation and the political and sectarian division that the Islamic peoples were experiencing in the Levantine cities and employed them in their favor in controlling Muslim countries. Moreover, the Crusaders committed massacres during their campaign to seize the cities of Levant Terrible atrocities, especially in the cities of Antioch, Maarat al-Numan and Jerusalem .

The research aims to show pictures of nature in both its still and moving parts through artistic scenes and ancient Iraqi blogs, as these images are among the important studies that help to know the truth about this nature and its use and exploitation in a period that has passed thousands of years. The interest of the ancient Iraqis in still nature came through their interest in its beauty And the purity of its sky and their admiration for its stars and the light of its moon as well as their admiration for its land and the beauty of its trees and rivers. As for the moving nature, the interest of the ancient Iraqis in it came through animals, so they tamed them in order to use them in their daily lives. Their conditions in the environment in which they lived were able to live in isolation from it, as the scarcity of plants was the real motive that prompted them not to depend in their lives on what the earth produces only, so they were forced to bring animals close to them to benefit from them, including what they provide of food, clothing, and other necessities.

General Kutuzov (1745-1813) had a major role in curbing the Napoleonic invasion of Moscow in 1812 AD, as Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) invaded and occupied the city of Moscow after destroying most of the landmarks and staying there for about 35 days in the hope that Tsar Alexander I (1777) would provide him -1825) the keys to Moscow and he is offered to negotiate or conclude a humiliating treaty in which Napoleon dictates his terms to the Tsar, as he did in the Treaty of Tilsit , which was held after Napoleon's victory over the Russian and Prussian armies in the Battle of Friedland in 1807 AD, but the situation changed in 1812, especially after the assignment of the Tsar Alexander I of General Kutuzov, who is 67 years old, commanded all the Russian forces. This general had great military experience in battles, especially since he met Napoleon's armies before that in the year of the Battle of Austerlitz 1805 AD and was seriously wounded.

The Akkadian (Middle Babylonian) texts discovered at Tell el-Amarna in southern Egypt mentioned several female figures, which is a small number compared to the number of texts. They often belong to the ruling families in Egypt and some kingdoms and centers of government in the regions of the ancient Near East, during a period of the fourteenth century BC, known in studies as the Amarna Period (ca. 1360-1336 BC). The personal information that can be extracted from texts about them is weak, or mostly general, and we do not find news of them in other texts. Except for two Egyptian women, Queen "Tiye" and Princess "Merit-aten".
It is clear from the Amarna texts that women contributed to the strengthening of official relations between Egypt and some kingdoms of the ancient Near East, such as: Mittani, Babylon, and Arzawa, through intermarriage. They were indirectly credited with achieving peace and putting an end to the Hittite ambitions to expand into areas of Egyptian influence in the Levant, and the Mittani princesses who were sent to Egypt to marry its kings are the most prominent examples of this.

The research includes the study of the eyes and spies and their role in the Islamic conquests in the Levant and trying to reveal the role it occupied and its repercussions on the results of the conquests as it had a major role in the victories of Muslims, so it is necessary to highlight the eyes and spies and their tasks and the means they followed in collecting information, through the eyes and spies broadcast everywhere, and eyes and spies in the Levant has derived its information from a variety of sources such as covenanters, merchants, messengers, residents of the open country (Nabat), Christians, residents of Al-Thughour and Al-Dala.
The tasks of the eyes and spies varied in various theaters of operations in the Levant, such as transferring information to the high command and hitting enemy leaders, destroying hostile espionage sites, penetrating the ranks of the enemy, and chasing him, not to mention studying the battlefield and theaters of operations, and carrying out monitoring and follow-up operations, and eyes and spies relied on a variety of means of collecting information such as messages, disguise and concealment, and these were characterized by courage, strength, acumen, caution, caution, the ability to mislead the enemy, mastery of his language, activity and vitality, and knowledge of road routes and entrances and exits of the country.

Bookcases and libraries in the Islamic world are considered one of the most prominent cultural and educational institutions produced by Islamic civilization, which contributed in an influential way to the scientific formation of generations of scholars, writers, and jurists. It also had a distinguished role in enriching the cultural and scientific life of which Islamic civilization is proud.
The book “Mudjam Al buldan” by Yaqut al-Hamawi is one of the important geographical sources that chronicled the bookstores and libraries in the Khorasan region and Transoxiana, which was coveted by Islamic civilization. Its importance lies in the fact that Yaqut al-Hamawi was one of those who worked in the trade and sale of books in addition to his work. He was an eyewitness to many of these treasures and libraries in Khorasan and Transoxiana, so he was one of the most keen people to mention the most important of these treasures. Yaqut Ali borrowed from the books in these libraries, which contributed to drawing a clear picture of the scientific and cultural aspects of this country.
Due to the importance of the cultural role played by those bookcases and libraries in Khorasan and Transoxiana, we think it is necessary to focus on the historical aspects of the history of those bookshelves and libraries and their role in scientific and cultural activity.

The aim of the research is to The aim of the research is to reveal the role of intellectual security in supporting and strengthening societal peace and to highlight the most prominent threats targeting intellectual security at all social, religious, political, economic and cultural levels, as these threats have a direct danger to the intellectual security of individuals, especially young people, that important and active segment of society, and to determine The most important sources and channels of intellectual security in society that can be strengthened and directed to be sources that nourish intellectual security and strengthen it in the souls of individuals to be a safety valve to protect them from drifting towards adopting extremist ideas and behaviors that conflict with moderate values and moral constants. The study reached several results, including: - There is a close relationship and complementarity between intellectual security and societal peace, as by achieving intellectual security at the individual level, peace is achieved at the societal level, and that there are real threats to intellectual security in society, the most prominent of which are religious threats, represented by the wrong understanding of religion, extremism, and fanaticism, which is a manifestation of religious and ideological extremism, the results of which are violence and terrorism. And the threat it poses to stability and societal peace. The study also concluded that the economic aspect has a major role in threatening the intellectual security of individuals, as the bad economic reality represented by poverty, destitution, unemployment, and the lack of job opportunities creates among individuals, including young people, a feeling of despair, frustration, and hostility toward those who control the community’s economy, and leads to... Due to the emergence of many social problems and diseases that threaten societal stability and peace, political conflicts, marginalization, discrimination, sectarian orientation, and injustice push individuals to confront the regime, the intensity of conflicts increases, and the feeling of weak belonging and loyalty to the homeland leads to the destabilization of societal security and peace.

The development process is the result of the Interaction of the elements of society and aims to bring about quantitative and qualitative changes in the life of society, experts and specialists in the field of development have unanimously agreed that the Iraqi development model suffers from political and administrative challenges in its work , or at least it has not been able to reach the development goals set by the government over the years , the long years since 2003 until now , and this can be attribute to many reasons that are interconnected and even interconnected and cannot be separated , among these reasons is the weakness of the ruling political system and administrative corruption at the level of the various administrative institutions of the state , This situation prompted the researcher to answer the question that That is , how can a country like Iraq , with Its economic potential , natural resources, human wealth , and historical legacy , want to flounder in the net of failure and backwardness In the field of development?.
Trying to answer this question is extremely difficult and multi-faceted due to the intertwining of the reasons leading to the failure of development projects and plans, and on this basis , the researcher tried to identify the most prominent reasons that led to the weakness of development plans and programmers, which is what this study aimed to achieve by dividing them Into political and administrative challenges to the development plans and projects of the Iraqi government in order to address them to reach a level of development plans and programs that can address poverty and fragility in society and achieve social justice , Thus this study was divided into two sections ,the first section dealt with the most prominent political challenges to development in Iraq , As for the second section , we discussed what challenges are related to the administrative system and the institutions of the modern Iraqi state, and then the most prominent conclusions reached by the study, and what recommendations it came out with , To address development programs and projects.

The study aims to identify the reality of the approved bibliographic records in the automatic catalog of the Mosul Studies Center Library and to reveal the accuracy of the application of the MARC 21 standard on them in terms of the accuracy of choosing the appropriate crown, indicators and sub-fields, the study relied on the analytical descriptive approach, by selecting a random sample of bibliographic records consisting of 450 records from the total number of records the catalog which numbers 890 records and analyzing the minimum number of fields must to be included in the bibliographic record and get acquainted accuracy and quality of the records in terms of adherence to the application of the MARC standard and detecting errors and deficiencies in data entry with the aim of overcoming them and bringing the displayed recordings to the highest levels of quality.

The media uses framing in important topics, especially political ones, firstly, because of their importance, and secondly, to achieve their goal in conveying these topics. The issue of Syria’s return to the League of Arab States is one of the important political topics that occurred in the political arena in general and the Arab world in particular, so it was necessary to study the frameworks of journalistic treatment that The websites of the Al-Sharq Al-Awsat and Al-Quds Al-Arabi newspapers used, due to the difference in their media policies, as one was in favor of the return and the other was against.
The researcher aimed in this research to reveal the topics that the two study sites focused on in their dealings with the subject of the return of Syria, and to explain the most important media frameworks used in the two study sites in their treatment of the subject, as well as to identify the types of journalistic treatments that the two study sites used in their dealings with the subject of the return of Syria. This research is considered a descriptive one and the researcher relied on the analytical survey method. The researcher conducted an analytical study using content analysis for the period from 1/4/2023 to 1/6/2023, relying on the method of comprehensive inventory of the topics of Syria’s return that reached, during the study period, 64 articles on the Asharq Al-Awsat newspaper website and (108) articles on the Al-Quds Al-Arabi newspaper website.
The researcher reached important results in his research, the most important of which is that the Al-Sharq Al-Awsat newspaper website focused on the strategy framework in the first place, while it did not use the security framework, in contrast to the Al-Quds Al-Arabi newspaper website, which focused on the security framework in the first ranks and did not use the economic results framework. Likewise, the Al-Sharq Al-Awsat newspaper website used a biased treatment in favor of Syria in its treatment of the issue, in an attempt to highlight the positivity of Syria’s return to the League of Arab States in all respects. As for Al-Quds Al-Arabi newspaper website, it was the opposite, as it used propaganda treatment in an attempt to use all types of propaganda to bring down Syria and justify its rejection of its return to the Arab League.

This research concludes clarifying the sections of interest in Islamic jurisprudence, and mentioning its controls and what is related to it. Relying on the book, the Sunnah, and what was reported from the companions and followers, the books of the doctrines of the four imams, and other fundamentalist books and scientific research. The research concluded that one of the sections of the interest is the consideration of whether the legislator considers it or not, so it was divided into: considered interests, canceled interests, and sent interests. The interests considered as an argument, there is no problem in its validity. The annulment is not an argument by agreement, and judgments may not be based on it. As for sent interests; The most correct, and God knows best, is that it is an argument with four conditions: that the interest be necessary, that it be total, general, and definitive, and that it be appropriate to the purposes of the Sharia.

At the time when Islam appeared, humanity was drowning in the mire of ignorance, injustice, and corruption, and human relations were mostly based on conquest, conflict, oppression, and enslavement. Islam came as a mercy to the worlds, to save humanity and restore to man his lost humanity, his lost dignity, and his violated rights. It announced to the people that they are of common descend, They are equal in creation, and no one has superiority over the other except through piety. He called on them to worship the Lord of servants, and to justice, benevolence, peace, security, forgiveness, tolerance, good morals, good neighborliness, refraining from harm, and rejecting injustice and aggression.
From this standpoint, Islam has based the relationship of Muslims with non-Muslims on peace and security, not on war and fighting, and it acknowledges that the legitimacy of war and fighting depends on repulsing aggression, warding off strife, or protecting and supporting the oppressed. The basis of its legitimacy is based on the principle of necessity, which is a self-compulsive matter that Muslims resort to under necessity. God Almighty said: “Fighting has been made obligatory upon you ˹believers˺, though you dislike it.” [Al-Baqarah / 216], which indicates that the position of Muslims regarding peace or war depends on the position of others. The rule is that Muslims are at peace with those who are at peace with them, and war is against those who fight them.
As for jihad, it is more comprehensive than limiting it to fighting only. It is striving and exerting effort to uphold the word of God Almighty, and its goal is to bring people out of the darkness of ignorance and disbelief into the light of faith, purify the homelands from the filth of occupation and colonialism, defend values and sanctities, and repel injustice, aggression and tyranny.

There is no doubt that man is not safe from error and disobedience except those whom God Almighty has protected from among the prophets, and one of the functions of the Islamic religion is to take disobedient by the hand to bring them out of the darkness of disobedience into the light of goodness and faith.
This requires wise dealing and noble values in order to guide them towards goodness, and the purpose of our research is explain those high values that our Prophet (peace be upon him ) guided us to through his Sunnah, following the analytical approach in dealing with the research issues by extrapolating the texts of Sunnah contained in this field, and then analyze them, explain their significance, and extract the benefits and values that can be derived from them in dealing with disobedient and sinners.

Many philosophers have tackled the concept of happiness and the reason of misery. Plato was among the first who have depicted the ideal city and tried to catch the reality of such concept. He also tried to identify the moral values and to find a society characterized by desirable traits and values because morals and knowledge are the routes to happiness. In such society individuals could happily live.
After Islamic conqures, translation of philosophy works and interest in human sciences and logic by the thinkers every Muslim philosophy had his own method to lay out issues and to find ways to solve problems. Alfarabi was influenced by Aristotle and Plato. So, happiness was one of the issues investigated by Alfarabi. He would agree with Aristotle on some areas and gently disagree with him on others. Similarly, he would specifically agree with Plato on identifying the concept of happiness which marks his moral philosophy from other philosophies and would also disagree with him on other areas. Even if he could possibly agree with Plato on the ideal city, yet he has depicted his ideal city by Islamic spirits and values embedded with the philosophical vision because philosolhy can be considered the father of sciences with which one might differentiate between the topics that need illustrations and clarifications. The research has investigated happiness as a philosophical insight , its divisions and the realization of happiness through the means of philosophy and morals.

The study of the philosophy of religion is of particular importance within the concerns of contemporary Western philosophy today. After passing through the era of strict secularization, Western philosophy has returned to paying attention to issues of religion and trying to understand them due to their vital importance in human society. From this perspective, philosophy today is trying to Repossession religion again and absorb it within its comprehensive system. Even if it is considered to philosophy to be in the position of a strange or non-philosophical other, it cannot help but dialogue with it in order to understand it more clearly, in an effort to explore the mind of religion or what matches the truth within religion. As a result, contemporary French phenomenological philosophy attempted to present a philosophical vision of the religious phenomenon based on the phenomenological method. This attempt, of course, despite all its high professionalism, was not devoid of many difficulties and paradoxes that ultimately led to describing its work as nothing more than a A theological turn in philosophy, a description that carries within it a lot of criticism and defamation. Is it really just a theological turn that should be abandoned? Or is it an original philosophical work with promising results for the field of philosophy of religion? Finally, has contemporary French phenomenology, with its theological interests, actually left the field of philosophy, or has it tried to root philosophy in its living environment

This research focuses on explaining the history of the emergence of (Skepticism) that denies knowledge and rejects all facts. The research attempts to uncover the reasons for the emergence of doubt in ancient Greece and how it transformed into an intellectual doctrine. It also highlights the dangerous consequences of this doubt, which completely rejects knowledge and denies the moral values that regulate family and society. The research mentions the types of doctrinal doubt and divides them into main types and subtypes. It explains the concept of each type and highlights the logical fallacies associated with each type. The research relies on rational, logical, and philosophical arguments to criticize all types of doctrinal doubt and expose their cognitive mistakes.