Alnoor Journal for Legal Studies

In this research, we explore the legal implications of changing the legal form of a company on contracts entered into by the company before the change. We focus on the contracts of guarantee, lease, and employment, highlighting the continuity of the company\\'s legal personality and its financial obligations despite the change in legal form. The study is based on a comparative analysis of the Iraqi Companies Law No. (21) of 1997, as amended, with the Egyptian, Jordanian, and UAE Companies Laws. The research aims to identify the legal challenges and propose suitable legal solutions related to changing the legal form of a company.

Administrative jurisprudence has settled that the administration\'s announcement of a tender is nothing but an invitation to contract. The submission of a bid by the tenderer is the positive act that must meet the acceptance of the administration for the contract to be concluded. The positive act in administrative contracts is subject to a set of formalities, without which its legal existence is not valid. Legislation specifies the form of the positive act and the timeframe within which it must be submitted. As for acceptance in administrative contracts, it is the adoption of the award decision by the tenderer by the competent administrative authority. The adoption of the award decision is a declaration of the administration\'s intent to conclude the contract.

There is no trust in the world more sacred than that of children, and no duty more important than respecting everyone's rights. Protecting and respecting the rights of children is protection for the future of humanity as a whole. Despite the international community's attention to protecting children's rights, we still witness violations of these rights in many parts of the world, with violations resulting from armed conflicts being among the most dangerous. International humanitarian law has provided special protection for children, recognizing them as the most vulnerable. Many international agreements, protocols, governmental, and non-governmental organizations have focused on protecting children's rights during armed conflicts. It is worth noting that Iraqi children are a vivid example of serious violations of children's rights. These violations began with the American invasion in 2003 and continue to this day, classifying Iraqi children as the most affected in the world. Faced with this harsh reality, we decided to explore the dimensions of international protection for children during armed conflicts, presented in two sections. In the first section, we discussed the protection of children in armed conflicts during and after the conflicts, addressing several aspects such as evacuating children from besieged areas, prohibiting their involvement in armed conflicts, as well as providing relief, reuniting them with their families, and protecting them from epidemics and the danger of mines after the end of armed conflicts. In the second section, we examined the mechanisms of international protection of children's rights and leading models in this regard. We discussed the role of global declarations for protecting children, the role of the United Nations in protecting children from the effects of armed conflicts, and then shed light on leading models in protecting children's rights from armed conflicts, focusing on the role of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). We concluded this research with a conclusion clarifying the most important results we have reached, followed by recommendations for protecting children from armed conflicts.

The law assigns the Integrity Commission various competencies in
addition to its main jurisdiction, which is to investigate corruption
cases to achieve its goals in preventing and combating corruption. It
exercises its jurisdiction through a set of procedures and decisions,
whether issued by the Commission itself as an administrative authority
regarding the organization of the Commission's management and its
staff, or related to investigating corruption cases, or those issued by the
appointed investigation judges of the Integrity Commission's
Investigation Court at the primary investigation stage. The legal nature
of the Commission's decisions varies according to each stage, the
issuing authority, and the purpose of issuance

This research addresses the importance of clarity in the rules surrounding the issuance of necessity regulations by the head of state and the impact of parliamentary oversight on them in France, Egypt, and Iraq. The research focuses on analyzing the legal texts in the constitutions of these countries to understand the concepts and regulations surrounding necessity regulations. The research presents a hypothesis regarding the impact of using necessity regulations in areas that do not actually require them, and discusses how comparative constitutions deal with this issue. The research relies on analytical and inductive methods, providing a comparison between the French, Egyptian, and Iraqi constitutions. The research aims to clarify the concept of necessity regulations and the regulations governing their issuance, in addition to the role of parliamentary oversight in regulating the behavior of the head of state in this regard.

Criminal law is one of the philosophical laws that includes a vast
amount of legal terms and theories that have gone through different
stages. The idea of probability in criminal law is one of the difficult
and controversial topics. Probability is a philosophical idea that derives
its logical basis from philosophical theories and establishes the
relationship between them and the nature of human behavior and legal
logic. The theory of probability in philosophy and logic is the direction
taken by legal scholars in criminal philosophy. The theory of criminal
intent is one form of criminal intent based on integrating the theory of
intent with the theory of probability and is one of the important theories
in criminal law, especially for distinguishing between intentional and
unintentional crimes and the basis of holding the offender criminally
responsible. Considering that there is a psychological link between the
offender and the crime's materials, and that the basis for criminalizing
probabilistic intent is based on probability, it is one of the important
and ambiguous topics where there are many theories proposed in this
field to determine the relationship between them and probability. Also,
the stance of Western jurisprudence and Arab countries differs, and
although each faction of jurists has its justifications, the main goal
remains the protection of rights and interests protected by the law and
not allowing the offender to escape criminal responsibility

The liability of the robotic doctor is an important topic in light of modern technological advancements, where medical robots play a significant role in the field of medicine. The research addresses the determination of the civil liability of the robotic doctor and the rules that govern its work, focusing on analyzing legal texts and comparing between different legislations. The study also reviews the elements that give rise to civil liability and the consequences of establishing such liability. The study aims to better understand the legal challenges that may arise due to the use of modern medical technologies, and to identify the necessary measures to protect patients and ensure the provision of high-quality medical services.