ISIN Journal

The city of Sheba Niba is one of the important Assyrian cities in Assyria. It indicates that the city of Sheba Nipa is the same as Pella with seven different layers, and that the Pella Hill is very large, with an area of about more than thirty acres, located five kilometers
Ten miles northeast of Mosul, excavations were carried out in a joint work between the American School of Oriental Research and the University of Pennsylvania from (1930-1934), and that Sheba Niba had become a conservative center in the Middle Assyrian period

Throughout their vast history, Assyrian kings were interested in constructing and engineering cities with integrated plans, particularly as their primary capitals serving as the center for managing the Assyrian Empire. These capitals numbered four, such as Dorshrukin (Khorsabad), the third in foundation order, built by King Sargon II. Preceding its building, highly skilled Assyrian planners and architects designed it to be an integrated architectural and engineering system, which included diverse facilities with varied functions
within its walls. Therefore, this research focuses on the urban planning and internal urban distribution of Khorsabad, influenced by the results of Assyrian excavations and blogs. These results will help readers understand the city's planning and distribution during its historical period.

The first inhabitants of Mesopotamia paid great attention to the animal revolution, the most important of which is livestock, as it represents an important economic basis after agriculture. This is due to the multiple benefits that this wealth offers to humans, represented by its meat, fat and milk that enters the industrial and food field, or the use of its wool and lint in order to provide clothes and covers Even the furnishings, and the domesticated animals of livestock were among the most common animals that performed this purpose, such as goats, sheep and pigs, as well as transport animals represented by oxen, donkeys, camels, mules and horses.

Cylindrical seals have great importance in the civilization of ancient Mesopotamia, as they are considered one of the most prominent artistic achievements throughout the ages. They were used as tools for organizing life among the inhabitants of Mesopotamia, serving as a means to ensure rights. The study of cylindrical seals greatly contributes to understanding one aspect of Mesopotamian art. Our research aims to shed light on five unstudied seals. The research includes defining the cylindrical seal, providing a brief overview of the artistic style of Assyrian seals in the modern era, describing the seals, interpreting their contents, clarifying their meanings and materials (stone), and analyzing the artistic elements and designs depicted on the seals.

This subject about ((Methods of psychological dealing in the Policy of Kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur)) is one of the most important topic in ancient Mesopotamia , and especially in the New Sumerian period . So the process of searching in this topic especially in cuneiform texts , or searching through the inspection of the cultural relics or monuments , we regard this , something is
very strange , due the belief prevailing among the people , that this type of war and its consequences , and the resulting political and military outputs , also it is a product of modern western civilizations , and that the term (Psychological Warfare) has recently appeared and emerged in the twentieth century , while this study is try to searched in a time much earlier that this century .
So that feeling of strangeness may dissipate among the readers , when we find some details in cuneiform texts or in royal documentations , and some cultural and historical evidences , that confirms the practice of ancient Mesopotamians , this kind of war , and that Psychological War is an ancient practice and known to the ancient kings .
The civilization of Mesopotamia laid the first origins and general foundations for the Psychological Warfare , and set forth the principles and rules for Psychological treatments of liabilities , which is known to day (Psychological Warfare) , and it used the Psychological method of dealing as a weapon against their enemies .

The study of cuneiform texts, especially the unpublished ones, is of great importance in the field of archaeology, as it is one of the aspects that provide us with new information, and the texts of this research provided us with information about an important aspect of the economic aspects represented by expenditures. The research included the study of four cuneiform texts dating to the Ur III Period, and from the city of Iri-Sagrig, that important city whose location has not been determined conclusively, but it is located in the south of Mesopotamia. The topics of these texts varied in terms of the variety of materials that were spent, the parties that received those materials, and the purpose of the spending.

The Period of Ur III (2112-2004 BC) is Considered One of the Most Prominent Historical Periods in Mesopotamia, as it Witnessed the Return of the Sumerian Element to the Helm of Government, in Addition to the Abundance of Cuneiform Texts that Came to us from this era in their Various Types, Especially Economic Ones. Therefore, we Chose Five Texts. An Unpublished Cuneiform. It is One of the Texts Confiscated for the Iraq Museum and is Dated to the Years of the Rule of Kings šu-den-zu and his Successor ibi-den-zu. Note that the Texts are of an Economic Nature and Relate to the Delivery of Clothes, Barley Flour, Livestock, Bread and Agricultural Tools.

The focus of the research revolves around inclusion (i3-la2) watching the bunch; Because of its grammatical aspect in the Sumerian language, the books were published in a variety of titles, dealing with the study of translation texts. We were able to collect some information in the alternative form (i3-la2), as we presented various opinions about it, in addition to a study in the two texts.

Signs with šeššig elements are classified as one of the types of complex cuneiform signs, which were originally derived and formed from simple signs with meaning and symbolic significance related to the origin and development of the sign. These signs were distinguished by naming and describing some of them in the Sumerian-Akkadian dictionaries as šeš-šig , še-šig , še-sig or by investigating their distinct forms after adding the elements of barley corners to them, and given the importance of these signs and the need to define them, it was necessary to provide a brief definition of the term šeššig, and then trace the historical origin of these signs by listing their primitive forms, and to indicate the purpose of Its composition, as well as determining the places of adding šeššig elements to signs and their different forms as they came from the Sumerian-Babylonian times as well as in modern Assyrian, after that the signs with šeššig elements were divided into three types based on their occurrence in the dictionaries of signs and cuneiform texts based on a detailed explanation and explanation of each type and sign.

No one knows how the language began, it is possible that the language existed since the emergence of the human race, there is no record of the language covering the period of its existence, and the only and actual evidence for the existence of language remains writing, and researchers believe that writing did not appear until after the emergence of spoken language thousands of years, speech is the basic manifestation of language as speech can be done while a person undertakes another work manually, and it can occur in the dark, and you do not need light to start the process of talking With another person,
where most people learn their languages spontaneously and young children feel the need for expression.

The study of scarabs is one of the important studies in the field of archaeology because of the extremely important information it provides in terms of shedding light on the ideas and beliefs of ancient man through the symbols and writings it contains that mention the names of a number of gods in addition to being a documentary record to identify personalities who lived in ancient times, some of whom had a prominent role in the political situation at that time, including the names of kings, rulers or priests included in these scarabs, in addition to the technical aspect in terms of the manufacturing technique and identifying the sculptor's capabilities in dealing with the raw material, which was mostly stone in addition to some other materials such as gold, which entered the industry in later eras. The research specializes in an artistic study of a group of ancient Egyptian scarabs that were discovered during archaeological excavations conducted in Tell el-Fara'ana in Egypt, with a statement of the manufacturing technique of these models and the raw materials from which they were made.

The Syriac language is one of the well-known ancient languages of the ancient Near East, and it is a descendant of the Aramaic language, and one of its most famous branches. And its use was not limited to the Syriacs themselves, as the Persians, Greeks and Arabs used it, and it was the language of diplomacy among the peoples of the ancient Near East.
In this study, we will shed light on the stages of development of the Syriac language through the ages it passed through, and clarify the most important factors that helped its development, and The most important languages that affected it.

Symbols were considered one of the means used by ancient civilizations, and their purpose was to express moral and material things, to give a general idea of what comes to people’s minds regarding a certain idea or several ideas. Among these symbols is the symbol of the cross, and man has known it since the Stone Ages. Multiple cultures and civilizations, and among these civilizations was the ancient Egyptian civilization, which knew symbols related to the inauguration of the king and its relationship to the sun god, an idea centered around the death of God and his resurrection again. It seems that the entry of Christians (third century BC) during the time of the ancient Roman state, called them to Linking ancient Egyptian symbols with the idea of the Christian cross, and the aim of this is to win the love of ancient Egyptian society and its acceptance of Christianity.

This study aimed to identify the social and psychological motives that drive the individual - with the intent - to change his way of speaking and his voice in all its forms in order to adapt to the environment in which he wishes to live, and resulting from internal psychological motives that represent in reality the satisfaction of his needs and desires. These motives are psychological; It has
more to do with the mental and psychological formation of the individual than it has to do with the organic formation
We note that there are dialectical differences between the individual who lives in the center of the city of Hilla, and the individual who lives in its outskirts, and these dialectical differences come as a result of differences in culture, education, way of thinking, standard of living, family life, customs and traditions as well, so the villager tries to eliminate these differences by abandoning On the characteristics of his dialect, by quoting words and structures, and ways of using vocabulary in their real and figurative meanings.. etc.;To refine his dialect, elevate its methods, expand its scope, remove what may be roughness in it, and give it flexibility in expression and connotation; For the purpose of reaching his goals with some ease and speed, such as asserting himself through authority, leadership and leadership, and searching for social appreciation to achieve his sense of security, and trying to win the love and approval of those who resemble him from the people of the city in the school, university or government department, and also his search for stability through equality and justice in treatment.

This study examines archaeological work in Tel Ruwaiha, with researchers discovering some buildings through the use of satellite imagery obtained via Google Earth Pro and drones. These structures were difficult to distinguish through traditional fieldwork, but were identified thanks to the satellite images. Some of the buildings were renovated, while others had not been discovered previously.

The research deals with the study of "lighthouses" and its singular form is "manara" or "manar", which is considered a symbol of Arab-Islamic architecture. It works as a means of indication and guidance. It runs along land and river routes, guiding trade and pilgrimage caravans to their destination. Therefore, it is considered a means of communication and communicating orders between headquarters. The Islamic leaders at that time were to control the country’s remote borders, control the rebellions that might occur against the ruling Islamic Caliphate, and deal with them in a timely manner. .
It is like an elaborate communication system with the adoption of “beacons” distributed between the borders of the state and the headquarters of its leadership. They are in the form of high buildings standing in the middle of the land and at certain distances that are not connected to other buildings due to the necessity of distinguishing them and seeing them from a distance. It seems that their name came from those signals that were based on setting fire. From above it at night to illuminate what is around it and smoke smoke during the day to guide convoys. It also serves as an early warning indicating that that part or port of the state is exposed to aggression or attack, requiring the leadership to take the necessary measures to repel that aggression.
It seems that these buildings, known as lighthouses, have multiple types and functions, some of which we mentioned include communication and conveying news. The other performed the function of guidance or guidance. It was distributed along land routes, guiding commercial caravans, wayfarers, and caravans of pilgrims heading to the Holy Land, guiding them from the wilderness in rugged areas and desolate desert terrain.
In addition to serving as watchtowers that protect commercial convoys loaded with valuable materials, they are usually loaded with fighters defending the safety of those roads from “pirates” and bandits.
Of these types of lighthouses, those erected on the shores of rivers and seas and at ports are known as “lighthouses” and pluralized as “lighthouse.” They guide ships as they navigate the seas using signals that are the same as
those used by land-based lighthouses, which are fires by night and smoke by day. An example of this is the “Alexandria Lighthouse” in Egypt
The other type of lighthouses are those erected as a symbol to commemorate an event or celebrate the completion of an irrigation project or any cultural achievement. Such lighthouses are usually solid, devoid of stairs, and carry commemorative inscriptions that commemorate the history of the project and glorify the caliphs, sultans, or princes who built it. .
The study adopted a detailed presentation of the architectural styles of the remaining evidence of these lighthouses and the nature of work on them, documenting them with pictures and plans.

This research examined the methods of historical documentation, focusing on Islamic art forms such as Islamic painting and mural art, which were characterized by their diverse forms and decorations. During the Qajar era, the production of ceramic tiles was abundant, with extensive use of tiles of different colors to decorate the facades and gates. Painting on glass was inherited by Muslims from the countries of the Near East, such as Iraq, Egypt, and Syria, which have a long and
rich history in the manufacture of glass. In the early Islamic era, textiles like wall hangings and banners followed the methods used by the Copts and the Sassanids, but a realistic Islamic style gradually developed and prevailed in all countries under the rule of the conquering Arabs. The traditions of establishing the art of representation go back to the Buyid era (351 AH - 963 AD) and then moved to the Safavid era (1501 AD - 1722 AD), where these practices were done in the squares and streets. Manuscripts (miniatures) played a significant role in photography, mostly because they are smaller in size and easier to use. They can collect more scenes on smaller-sized pages than a manuscript can, and the use of colors gives them more clarity to the scenes that the artist wants to focus on, whether they are realistic or unrealistic.

This research reviewed the most important decorative elements as well as the written elements, which are considered one of the most important characteristics in Islamic architecture, which appeared to us on the facades of traditional ornamental houses, both internal and external. Those decorations that were found are various floral and geometric decorations, aswell as writings found mostly on the external facades of the houses, and these writings are represented by Quranic and religious phrases as will be detailed in our research.

Driving vehicles on unpaved routes in the archaeological sites has critical effect on such sites especially the drivers do not compel themselves in one route. Accordingly, the present study finds it is important to pave a certain route inside the archeological site to be used by the vehicles which reduces the damage done by them to the site.
The present study defines the random routs by using GPS depending on the maps of Google Earth Pro. The study suggests constructing two routes: the first one serves the archaeological site by passing through the northern side of the site cutting off all the unpaved routes which pass through the site. The second one is a main road parallel to the river side that goes around the site from
the north. This road will serve the locals as it connects the areas on the Euphrates on the west and the center of the governorate on the east.

This research discuss Architecture of traditional houses in Almahdi district in Alhilla city, it is one of the important heritage houses in the city because of important connotations it contain it represented by the architect ability to employ building materials available in the region to create an environment inside the house that suits the prevailing climatic condition in Iraq and it reflect the development of architectural though among Iraqis whether in planning, design and precision in implementation taking into consideration the available area is often small as most of it built within the city walls,
returning to this house our research subject it included many of planning and architectural elements that were prevalent at that time.
which we discussed in some detail in research items relying on this through field study and specialized architectural sources as well as explanatory panels.

The Syriac language is one of the well-known ancient languages of the ancient Near East, and it is a descendant of the Aramaic language, and one of its most famous branches. And its use was not limited to the Syriacs themselves, as the Persians, Greeks and Arabs used it, and it was the language of diplomacy among the peoples of the ancient Near East.
Baghdad, the city of peace, the capital of the Islamic metropolis that filled the pages of history with the greatness of civilization, development and prosperity it achieved, to the point that it became a destination for seekers of knowledge and scholars in various sciences and arts to draw from its sources of knowledge.
When Abu Jaafar Al-Mansur began building Baghdad in the year (140 AH/757 AD), he wanted to make it the capital of the emerging Abbasid state and called it the City of Peace, to be an administrative and military center for him and his followers on whom he relied to rule the state.
After completing the construction of Round Baghdad, Al-Mansur began building the eastern side, as Al-Tabari refers to this by saying: (Al-Mansur built Al-Rusafa, and made for it a wall, a ditch, a field, and an orchard, and ran water for it)
The new city was known as the Mahdi camp, and a bridge connected them to serve as military barracks led by his son Muhammad al-Mahdi (158-169 AH/775-785 AD) outside the circular capital. Work on it began in the year (151 AH/768 AD) and was completed in the year (159 AH/776 AD) and when He was pledged to the caliphate after his father. He built a magnificent palace and a mosque, and people wanted to live and reside there, and it was called Al-Rusafa.
Since then, the city took on its cultural role and people wanted to live in it, especially since it became the headquarters and residence of the Abbasid caliphs, leaders and notables until urbanization expanded and the buildings varied between religious, educational, residential and service.
Al-Mataraki photographed for us a plan of that city that stood on the banks of the Tigris River, explaining its general layout, walls, paths, and buildings.

The history of the Northeast Caucasus (Dagestan) is rich in significant events and dates. There has been much debate among historians regarding its location and the various geographical and historical names it has been called throughout time. In ancient times, it was commonly referred to as the "Ran region" in Arab and Persian sources, and the region "Dagestan" in Persian, Russian, and Turkish sources. The original inhabitants of this region were known by the name "Al-Lakz" or "Daghli," meaning the people of the mountains and heights. Dagestan is still known for its natural beauty and is considered to be one of the most beautiful places in the world. The Northeast Caucasus region is known for its rugged, mountainous terrain, but despite this, the majority of its inhabitants have embraced Islam, which remains the dominant religion in the area to this day.

From the perspective of Sayyid Sharaf al-Din, the caliphate of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may God bless him and grant him peace) was an unjust caliphate, and how they seized power without consulting the Banu Talib about that, so they usurped their legal right after the Messenger of God (PBUH) entrusted it from the days of his prophethood until the last days of his death to his cousin Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) on more than one occasion, and the people repeated that to them over and over again, such as the hadith of the house and on the day of Ghadir Khum, referring to them by saying, “No, whoever I am his master, then Ali is his master,” except that they violated his orders and made power a monopoly among them.

The policy of the United States of America in the thirties of the twentieth century was preoccupied with the internal economic situation since the global economic crisis that swept the world in 1929, so it adopted a policy of isolation and neutrality from international positions and not to interfere in any international conflicts, which led to the growth of other empires such as Germany, Italy and Japan that sought The latter is to control China and dominate its natural resources, and it can be said that the policy of the United States of America It sought to prevent the expansion of Japan, especially after the Japanese forces invaded Manchuria in 1931, so it began to move against Japan, whether with the support of the League of Nations and its support for all the committees emanating from it, or by issuing protest notes denouncing the Japanese aggression or by not recognizing the government of Manchukuo, all in order to preserve its interests in the Far East .

The Russian-Ukrainian war occupies an important space in contemporary international relations, because of its regional and international effects that continue to this day. Researchers tried to study the positions of various countries regarding this war, and how those positions contributed to its continuation. After we tracked the course of the war and the positions of the countries towards it, it became clear to us that the issue of Israel’s position on this war must be given
priority, because of its important impact on our central issue (Palestine), the features of which became clearer after launching an operation known as (Palestine). (Al-Aqsa Flood) against Israeli settlements on October 7, 2023. Because it increased the rapprochement of the Russian Federation with the countries of the Axis of Resistance at the expense of Israel itself, even though the latter strived to remain neutral in the Russian-Ukrainian war throughout that period. Israel found itself in a major dilemma. On the one hand, it did not want to displease Russia if it supported Western countries to impose strict sanctions against the latter. On the other hand, it could not confront the pressure of Western countries to participate in those sanctions and send its weapons to Ukraine. Therefore, we seek in our research to analytically study the Israeli position on the war, how this position developed over time and the factors that affected it, and to explain its consequences in general from the beginning of the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war until Benjamin Netanyahu’s return to power, after the Israeli elections were held in November 2022, since this The era witnessed the crystallization of the Israeli position on the war.

The engineering of streets and roads is one of the urban features that are studied to measure the urban development in every civilization, and Babylon was one of the civilizations that drew the attention of archaeologists hundreds of years ago, especially since the study of the cultural aspects of the Babylonian civilization is not without a focus on
the streets and their engineering, those aspects that are indicators of The progress and civilized growth at that time, and this necessitated a study of the most important main streets in the city of Babylon and their importance within the urban planning of the city, by showing the location of the city of Babylon, and knowing the most important names given to the city of Babylon, especially knowing the interest of kings in it, and the reasons for that interest, as well as The names given to those streets and the gates on which they are located, especially the construction materials that were used to maintain and maintain them.
It became clear to the study that the city of Babylon was penetrated by eight external gates, most notably the Ishtar Gate, and along these gates were eight main streets that took multiple names according to the temples of the gods located along these streets. They all lead the procession street, and they were paved with different types of building materials, especially bricks and bitumen, as they received great attention from the kings of Babylon through successive periods of time.
In addition to the importance of the villages and suburbs of the city of Babylon, as it was considered an economic source for it through the supply of its products and agricultural yields, which had the roads linking these villages to the center of the city of Babylon an important role in establishing economic relations between the city of Babylon and its villages and suburbs