Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research

The current wireless communication system in Iraq faces several challenges during users’ handoff, especially with the fast growth of users and demands. This is also a global issue; therefore, quality of service (QoS) measures have rapidly become more important and developed over the years. The complexity of communication between diverse applications and underlying QoS architectures leads to these deployment problems, which decreases the utility of QoS provisioning. This paper studies different QoS aggregation mechanisms in order to improve the overall operational efficiency of the multi-homed node. The main QoS mechanisms, i.e., IntServ, DiffServ, best-effort, and IntServ-DiffServ were investigated and compared thoroughly. Furthermore, it focuses on the multi-homed network that aims to develop a scalable system with better performance, reliability, and optimized communication networks. In this paper, multi-homed network enhancements are carried out with the comparable site and host multi-homing. The results show how the IntServ-DiffServ has achieved the best overall performance compared to the other mechanisms as it combines the advantages of the IntServ and DiffServ mechanisms. Another important finding was that the multi-homing managed to keep the communication going on the multi-homed node, whereas the site-multi-homing gave a better overall end-to-end latency over the host-multi-homing.

Recent studies have confirmed that the third cause of death is medical errors, as many patients around the world suffer from poor health care. Many medical errors are caused by taking the wrong medication, expired medication, taking damaged medication, and taking medication with foods and drinks that are incompatible with the medication. The Internet of Things (IoT) technology has been used in healthcare applications to solve healthcare problems and medical errors for the elderly and people who need special medical care. A smart drug store was established using embedded systems to control the physical factors that affect the drug and contribute to the health care system. On all smartphone operating systems and computer operating systems and supports real-time communication with all work parts based on Internet of Things technology. The efficacy of action was proven by using 12 drugs that differ from each other in properties and obtained results of enhancing dose adherence (96.45%), adherence time (96.18%), and expiration (97.81%) through temperature control and alerting all necessary information for health care. A smart pharmacy protects medication from spoilage by controlling temperature and humidity, providing needed schedules for better healthcare, sending needed alerts, sending warnings about drug expiration or drug running out, and sending notifications to three pharmacies to provide the elderly with necessary information drugs. The product can be used in various workplaces, homes, businesses, and military units. The research was practically applied and the research proved successful through the results that will be displayed.

In wind turbines, several parameters can affect the productivity of the turbine, such as wind velocity, rotor area, blade aerodynamic design, and blade pitch. In this paper, the effect of various pitch angles for a small wind turbine was investigated. A system of two metal stands with same height is installed (i.e. on the same axis of streaming), the first stand holds an air blower which imitates the wind with constant air blowing. The other, holds a small wind turbine consists of a DC motor and metal hub (steel bush) with 3-blades with equal radial distance (120°). The pitch angle was adjusted at a certain degree of inclination (10°) in which the turbine starts to rotate, then readings of power and rotational speed were collected. The process then repeated with another 3 different angles (15°, 20°, and 25°). At the end, a fixed pitch angle degree was adjusted, and then the lowest and highest air velocity that affecting the blades rotation were measured.

Friction stir processing (FSP) has been increasingly used to improve the surface characteristics of Al alloys. Investigation on FSP of heat-treated A380 Al alloy was performed to examine the impact of tool rotation speed on the surface characteristics. Heat treatment was accomplished using solution heat treatment followed by age hardening. The microstructure of the unprocessed and processed regions was characterized by utilizing an optical microscope, XRD, SEM and EDS. Surface properties were determined using hardness and pin-on-disk wear tests. The results showed that the heat treatment transformed the morphology of the silicon in the alloy matrix from fibrous to globular. FSP refined the microstructure in the stir zone due to the stirring effect. Hardness increased with an increment in the tool rotation speed due to increased densification of the stirring area. The wear test displayed the significant impact of the tool rotation speed on the wear rate as the wear rate decreased when the tool rotation speed tended to the highest value. The results also displayed that abrasive and delamination are the main mechanisms of surface deterioration.

In this paper, bifacial PV module was characterized to investigate the optimum height and tilt angle of bifacial solar cells in Baghdad location. The module elevation is a key factor in bifacial PVs because of the effect of self-shading on the amount of diffuse and albedo that can hit the rear side of the panel. This elevation is a function of latitude, daylight time, and season, which is never been determined before in Baghdad location up to our knowledge. Various heights above the ground were used (100, 120, 140, and 160cm), and for each height several tilt angles were taken (0°, 12°, 30°, 49°, and 70°). Data were collected in several days of November, 2020. PV parameters were characterized at each condition. Rated power of the panel showed an increase when elevation increases from 100cm to 120cm then tends to level off at 140cm and 160cm heights. This result suggests that the optimal elevation of a bifacial PV panel in Baghdad city location is 120cm. The results also showed that 49° gives the best photovoltaic performance. This can be elucidated by the seasonal effect. Since the measurements were done in winter, the optimal tilt angle should be 49° according to Baghdad latitude.

The inedibility of delonix regia and theventia peruviana seeds represents a significant waste of resources. The physicochemical properties of underutilized seed oils after refinement were studied using Association of Officials of Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 1990) techniques in this study. The refined theventia peruviana oil (RTPO) has a yield of 40.55 %, but its long alkyd resin (LTPOAR) has iodine value of 80.12 (gI2/100g), viscosity 24.17 (30o C, m2/s), saponification value of 177.04 (mg/KOH/100g), and acid value of 9.53 (mg/KOH/g), while refined delonix regia oil (RFBO) has a yield of 52.71 %, with its long alky resin (LDROAR) having iodine value of 133.87 (gI2/100g), viscosity 21.15 (30o C, m2/s), saponification value of 266.42 (mg/KOH/100g), and acid value of 5.71 (mg/KOH/g). For both TPOAR and DROAR, six grades of alkyds were created at 25 % (short), 40 % (medium), and 60 % (long) oil lengths. The acid values of the aliquots for the reaction mixture at various time intervals were used to track the reaction\\\'s progress. At the initial stage of the reaction, the extent of reaction (% Pav) ranged from 78.5 to 80.8 %, indicating a significant degree of conversion. The average degree of polymerization (Dp) of the alkyds ranged from 1.03 to 5.20, indicating the synthesis of high molecular weight alkyds. The alkyd films were acid, brine, and water resistant, but not alkali resistant. All alkyd resins were characterized with surface drying and solubility times and were found to be around 2 hours in respect of the 60% oil length.

The aim of this study is to shed light on the importance of biofuels as an alternative to conventional energy, in addition to the importance of preserving agricultural crops, which are the main source of this fuel, to maintain food security, especially in developing countries. The increase in global oil prices, in addition to the fear of global warming, are among the main factors that draw the world’s attention to searching for alternative sources of traditional energy, which are sustainable on the one hand, and on the other hand reduce carbon emissions. Therefore, the volume of global investment in renewable energy in general, and in liquid biofuels and biomass in particular, has increased. Global fears emerged that the excessive conversion of large farms suitable for growing food to energy production would threaten global food security. In the first ten years of the new millennium, biofuel production increased fivefold, and the largest increase in biofuel production was recorded in 2007-2008, coinciding with a sharp rise in food prices. Compared to the average food prices in the period 2002-2004, the average global prices of cereals, oils and fats traded were 2 to 2.5 times higher in 2008, this continuous increase in the use of food crops to produce biofuels has reflected on global food security. Accordingly, this review article will address previous studies on biofuel production; identify the theoretical framework for the concept of biofuels and its characteristics, and the relationship between biofuels and food security. In this study, we presented biofuels, which are considered one of the important categories in the field of renewable energy and its environmental and economic effects, as well as the experiences of some countries in its production, and the possibility of benefiting from the natural resources available for its production. We will discuss the scientific (chemical) principles of biofuel production.

The use of improper fertilizer type and amount, the cultivation of unimproved, low-yielding varieties and poor soil fertility are among the main obstacles limiting the productivity of wheat in Ethiopia in general and in the study area in particular. A field trial was therefore initiated to evaluate the effects of blended NPS fertilizer rates on the yield components and the yield of bread wheat varieties and to identify economically justifiable amounts of blended NPS fertilizer in the study area. The experiment was set up in RCBD with three replicates in which three bread wheat varieties (Ogolcho, Jalane and Sanate) and five levels of mixed NPS fertilizers (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) were assessed in a factorial combination. The results showed that all properties of the bread wheat varieties were significantly (p <0.01) influenced by the main effects of the variety and the NPS fertilizer. The highest (0.43) and the lowest (0.36) harvest index were obtained from 150 kg ha-1 NPS. The interactions of the two main factors only affect the total number of tillers, the number of productive tillers, the aboveground biomass, the grain and straw yield. Similarly, the highest and lowest (11.04 and 1.13) agronomic efficiencies were obtained from the combination of 150 kg NPS ha-1 with the Sanate variety and 50 kg ha-1 with the Jalane variety. The highest profitability (82710 ETB ha-1) and a higher MRR (2305.8%) are obtained from the Sanate variety with an application rate of 150 kg ha-1 NPS. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the application of 150 kg ha-1 NPS and the cultivation of the Sanate variety could be the better choice of the farmers of the study area in order to achieve high yields with higher returns.

This study has been performed in Agricultural Research Directorate labs, Ministry of Science and Technology. Amid to develop a new method to differentiate between irradiated and non-irradiated potatoes. Our laboratory experiments were able to develop a new method for differentiation; this method depends on (volume, viscosity, and color intensity) measurements of potatoes water extract, together with the value of reduced pressure measurements during filtration of the water extract. Doses of (0.075, 0.15 and 0.20 kGy) were applied. The results obtained shows a considerable increase in volume, viscosity and reduced pressure values of the water extract of irradiated potatoes as compared to untreated control, with an increase values between treated samples as the dose increases. While the color intensity values of the water extract show a considerable decrease in values as compared to untreated control. A gradual decrease in values was observed between treated samples as the applied doses increases. The results obtained appeared to be suitable to distinguish between irradiated and non- irradiated potato tubers, and also practically useful for the estimation of the applied doses.

In this study, we demonstrate the effect of plant extracts on whitefly and aphid’s insects that are economically harmful to crops and plants in greenhouse. A laboratory experiment was carried out to study the effect of four concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g/l) of the alcoholic extract of the Moringa plant on whitefly and aphid’s insects. The results showed that the concentration of 3 g/l was significantly superior to the other concentrations used in the experiment, achieving percentage mortality rates of 95% in the nymph’s stage, where the account of insects decreased from 100 live insects before spraying to 5 live insects only after 72 hours of treatment with this concentration. In addition, the percentage mortality rate at the adult stage reached 91%, in which the counts of live insects decreased from 100 live insects before spraying to 9 insects after spraying with this concentration, where the rates of increase in the mortality efficiency rates reached at a concentration of 3 g/l compared to the other concentrations and at the nymph stage (13.09, 35.71, 50.79%), respectively, while the increase rates were at the nymph stage of aphids (16.25, 34.78, 47.61%), respectively. Whereas, the concentration of 0.5 g/l was the least effective in average efficiency of the concentrations used in the experiment in controlling the target insect, where it achieved a lower value of mortality rate, recording remarkable decrease, which reached at the nymphs and adults stages of whitefly and aphids insects (63, 60, 63, 61%), respectively. The chemical examinations for the detection of the plant extract content from the active compounds showed that it contains tannins, glycosides, phenols, resins, carbohydrates, saponins, alkaloids and terpenes.

Neomycin sulfate and hydrocortisone ear drops of veterinary pharmaceuticals used as an antibiotic and ant inflammatory to treat infections caused by bacterial infections in the middle ear of large and small field animals caused by gram positive and negative bacteria like, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Homophiles influenza, Klebsiella–Enterobacter species, Neisseria species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The action of mechanism neomycin sulfate is inhibition of protein synthesis in bacteria cell which is lead to kill the bacteria and the action of hydrocortisone is ant inflammation in the infected area in animals. In order for this preparation to be researched and applied, several primary pharmaceutical preparations were prepared until the final and stable structure was reached. The amount of the active substance at room temperature was 100%. This activity is good and within the permissible limits According to the veterinary constitutions [90-110].This process involved several stages of collecting information in the materials involved in the formulation and from effective and added materials And then the preparation of the composition according to the international pharmaceutical specifications using the constitutions of the drug followed by the study of stability and resistance to the product temperature room and then send samples for field examination Department of Veterinary, was used in the treatment of cases of bacterial infections of the middle ear infections in cats use 3 or 4 drops in the affected ear three or four times for 3-5 days and results came very good according the clinical evaluation.

Radioactive pharmaceutical materials (radiopharmaceuticals) that contain radioactive atom or/ and ion (emits nuclear (α, β, or / and γ) ray according to its energy and half-life duration) companied with organic or inorganic molecule are important materials in nuclear imaging or therapeutically medicine. Many biomolecules labeled with Technetium-99 in relationship to toxicity issues can be transported, distributed, and detected with the computerized algorithm detector depending upon chemical, biological, metabolic, and functional properties of tissue or organ (bone, liver, heart, kidney, and others). According to literatures\\\\\\\' review about this subject, this is the first try in Iraq and other countries to study Technetium – radiomolecules with in Silico depending on two approachs. LD50, Class, Polar Surface Area PSA, logP, Hepatotoxicity, Carcinogenity, Immunotoxicity, Mutagenicity, Cytotoxicity, AMES test, Max. tolerated dose (human), hERG I and II inhibitor, Oral Rat Acute (LD50) and Chronic (LOAEL) Toxicity, Hepatotoxicity besides Skin Sensitisation showed that Tc-biomolecules under study are structurally unsafe having toxic response to liver, immune system, cellular components, DNA, and/or cardiac repolarization through hERG inhibition of action. These mainly conclusion notes depended upon Technetium oxidation state, heteroatoms presence, surface properties besides bio-target specifications, concentration, exposure time, genetic factors of human, and health problems.