Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences

This study aimed to identify the viewpoints of educational experts in the Sultanate of Oman on the necessary standards to achieve the quality of evaluating student learning, and to examine the differences in the viewpoints according to gender, job role, and academic qualification. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive research approach was employed, whereby a questionnaire consisting of (37) items was constructed according to a five-point scale and distributed into (6) dimensions: clarity of the purpose of the evaluation, the relationship of the evaluation with clear learning outcomes, a good design of the evaluation method, the participation of students in the evaluation process, fairness and objectivity of the evaluation, and diversity in the evaluation. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were verified in terms of validity and reliability. The questionnaire was applied to a sample of (135) academics specialized in the field of teacher preparation in the College of Education at Sultan Qaboos University, supervisors of study subjects, and exams supervisors at the Ministry of Education in the Sultanate of Oman. The results of the study showed that the sample members believed in the importance of the availability of all standards (clarity of the purpose of evaluation, relationship of evaluation with clear learning outcomes, good design of the evaluation method, participation of students in the evaluation process, fairness and objectivity of evaluation, and diversity in evaluation) with a high degree to achieve the quality of evaluating student learning. The results also indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the educational experts in the degree of importance of the availability of standards attributable to gender, job role, and academic qualification. The study concluded on the importance of making use of the list of standards when implementing the educational evaluation in the educational process and conducting more studies related to the quality of the educational evaluation

The research aims to know the availability of basic science
processes in the science textbook for the fourth grade of primary
school. The researcher used content analysis for his research. The
research community consisted of science books for the elementary
stage in the Republic of Iraq for the academic year (2020-2021).
The research sample The content of the science book for the fourth
grade of elementary school consists of (6) units and each unit
includes two chapters, meaning the total of (12) chapters and each
semester. It contains a bunch of topics.The researcher has prepared a tool for content analysis, which
is the list of science operations. Which aims to analyze the content
of the science book for the fourth grade of primary school and
monitor the occurrences and percentage of each process after
extracting the validity and stability of the tool.
The results showed that the results of analyzing the content of
fourth grade science books showed that basic science processes
were included in the science book for the fourth grade of primary
school (187) processes, and in light of the results of this research,
the researcher reached a number of conclusions, recommendations
and suggestions.

This research aims to know the extent to which pivotal thinking skills are included in the Arabic grammar book scheduled for the fourth and fifth grades of middle school for the academic year (2019-2020 AD) by answering the research question
What pivotal thinking skills included the president in the content of the Arabic language rules for the stage of junior high ?
In order to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher adopted the descriptive and analytical approach.and the research was prepared represented by a list of the main pivotal thinking skills and the sub-skills thereof. To extract the results, the researcher used frequencies and percentages, The research found to include the skills of pivotal thinking key all in the book of rules of the fourth preparatory grade and the percentage reached (26. 5 %) of the skill of analysis, then the skill of regulation percentage (19.3%), then the skill of childbirth with a percentage (13.5%), then the assessment skill is in a percentage (12.5%) and the skill of gathering information is in a percentage (12%), and the integration skill is in the percentage (10%) And then the skill of remembering with a percentage (6.2%) and the last place was the skill of concentration at a percentage of (0%), and this indicates the availability of pivotal thinking skills in the content of the grammar book for the fourth grade, and in varying degrees, and its lack of concentration skills. as for the grammar book of the fifth grade, the research reached the inclusion of all the main pivotal thinking skills in the book, with a percentage of (34%) for the skill of analysis,then the skill of organizing in a percentage (17.2%), then the skill of gathering information in a percentage. (15.8%), then the evaluation skill by a percentage (7.9%), and the skill of remembering with a percentage (7.6%), and then the maternity skill by (6.6%), and the integration skill with a percentage of (6%), in the eighth place, the skill of concentration occupied the last place with a rate of (4.9%), and this indicates the inclusion of pivotal thinking skills in varying degrees in the grammar book for the fifth grade. .
In light of the research results that were presented, a number of conclusions recommendations were drawn and the proposals.
1- The rule book for the fourth year of middle school lack of the skill of concentration with its sub-skills, and the sub-prediction skill of the obstetric skill.
2- The interest in the content of books for the fourth and fifth grades of middle school in the skill of organization and the skill of analysis and generation more than the rest of the skills, and the rule book of the fifth grade lack the skill of identifying sub-errors.
3- The necessity to include pivotal thinking skills in the content of the Arabic grammar books for the middle school in a balanced manner according to their levels
4- Conducting experimental studies to find out the extent to which students possess pivotal thinking skills

The current research aims to identify the twenty-first century
skills included in the fourth-grade physics textbook for the 2020-
2021 academic year by answering the research questions:
1- What are the twenty-first century skills that should be included
in the fourth-grade physics textbook? What is its percentage?
2- What are the twenty-first century skills included in the fourth-
grade physics textbook? What is its percentage?
Where the descriptive approach, the method of content analysis
in order to suit the research goal and to achieve the research goal, a list of twenty-first century skills was prepared, consisting of 6 main
skills and 50 sub-indicators. The results of the analysis showed that
a physics textbook for the fourth grade of science included all the
main skills of the twenty-first century, but in varying proportions, as
communication skill came in first place with a rate (29.8%), while
information technology skill ranked last with a rate of (7.4%). In
light of the results, the researcher recommends
- Take into account the inclusion of sub-indicators that are not
included in the book.
While the current research made proposals:
- Conducting a similar study to see the extent to which physics
textbooks include middle school skills for the 21st century

This research aims to know the extent to which pivotal thinking skills are included in the Arabic grammar book scheduled for the fourth and fifth grades of middle school for the academic year (2019-2020 AD) by answering the research question
What pivotal thinking skills included the president in the content of the Arabic language rules for the stage of junior high ?
In order to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher adopted the descriptive and analytical approach.and the research was prepared represented by a list of the main pivotal thinking skills and the sub-skills thereof. To extract the results, the researcher used frequencies and percentages, The research found to include the skills of pivotal thinking key all in the book of rules of the fourth preparatory grade and the percentage reached (26. 5 %) of the skill of analysis, then the skill of regulation percentage (19.3%), then the skill of childbirth with a percentage (13.5%), then the assessment skill is in a percentage (12.5%) and the skill of gathering information is in a percentage (12%), and the integration skill is in the percentage (10%) And then the skill of remembering with a percentage (6.2%) and the last place was the skill of concentration at a percentage of (0%), and this indicates the availability of pivotal thinking skills in the content of the grammar book for the fourth grade, and in varying degrees, and its lack of concentration skills. as for the grammar book of the fifth grade, the research reached the inclusion of all the main pivotal thinking skills in the book, with a percentage of (34%) for the skill of analysis,then the skill of organizing in a percentage (17.2%), then the skill of gathering information in a percentage. (15.8%), then the evaluation skill by a percentage (7.9%), and the skill of remembering with a percentage (7.6%), and then the maternity skill by (6.6%), and the integration skill with a percentage of (6%), in the eighth place, the skill of concentration occupied the last place with a rate of (4.9%), and this indicates the inclusion of pivotal thinking skills in varying degrees in the grammar book for the fifth grade. .
In light of the research results that were presented, a number of conclusions recommendations were drawn and the proposals.
1- The rule book for the fourth year of middle school lack of the skill of concentration with its sub-skills, and the sub-prediction skill of the obstetric skill.
2- The interest in the content of books for the fourth and fifth grades of middle school in the skill of organization and the skill of analysis and generation more than the rest of the skills, and the rule book of the fifth grade lack the skill of identifying sub-errors.
3- The necessity to include pivotal thinking skills in the content of the Arabic grammar books for the middle school in a balanced manner according to their levels
4- Conducting experimental studies to find out the extent to which students possess pivotal thinking skills

Psychological and educational studies indicate that the
individual\'s needs, both psychological and physical, are important
because they are driving forces that direct behavior toward a
particular goal. The effect of not satisfying them is not limited to the
individual, but rather affects the environment in which he lives and
interacts with them. The exhibition need is one of the psychosocial
needs of adolescent students and those of early adulthood. The need
for review varies according to the cultural, social and economic
level. Where individuals differ in the importance of satisfying this
need, because the social and psychological need is of a dynamic
nature, making it a constant change, although this change is
relatively dependent on the nature of the individual and the variables
of the environment with which he interacts. .
      Self-Discsure is one of the things that facilitate the process of
social interaction and determines the role of the individual in his
relations with others since self-disclosure is the essence of personal
contact and an integral part of the interaction of the individual with
the person around him who reveals himself to others be able to
communicate with them, Self-disclosure is an important strategy for
the individual\'s compatibility and communication with himself and
others. .
      Despite the efforts made to care for adolescents with low vision
in the social and educational fields, these efforts still need the results
of psychological research, and given the interest of researchers in
the recent study of the psychological characteristics of adolescents
in general and visually impaired them in particular and based on the
literature The previous studies examined by the researchers targeted
this research to identify the need for review and self-disclosure
among the visually impaired students in the preparatory stage. The number of the sample (100) students from the visually impaired was
chosen by the method Simple randomness, These variables were
based on a measure of the need for review, which is in the final form
of (19) paragraphs, and the construction of a measure of self-
disclosure in the final form of (20) paragraph, For each of the two
measures, indicators of validity and reliability were extracted by
using appropriate statistical means. The results of the research
indicated that students with vision impairment do not have a need
for self-examination and self-examination, and there is a positive
correlation between the need for demonstration and self-disclosure
among the sample of visually impaired adolescents. The research
was concluded with some recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to know {the effect of the educational pillars on the development of life concepts among the children of Riyadh}. In order to verify the goal of the research, the following null hypothesis was formulated:
* There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average grades of Riyadh children (the experimental group) who learn according to the educational pillars and the average scores of the children of Riyadh (the control group) according to the usual method of developing life concepts.
The researcher followed the semi-experimental approach in order to suit its research goal and hypothesis. The current research community has reached (32) kindergartens distributed over the Directorate of Education in Baghdad Governorate / Al-Karkh First, and by the random withdrawal method, the (Taiba) kindergarten located within this directorate was chosen as a place for the research experiment. By rewarding the research variables and the researcher found them equivalent in order to conduct her research experiment, and the extraneous variables that may affect the safety of the experiment were controlled and it became clear that the students of the two research groups (experimental and control) were equivalent in these variables, and the scientific material was determined according to the vocabulary of the curriculum guide book subject to be taught By the Ministry of Kindergarten Education, and the researcher defined the life concepts that will be taught during the trial period for the experimental and control research sample and reached {6 main concepts and 45 sub-concepts} and the behavioral goals were formulated based on the first three levels of Brunner\'s classification of the cognitive domain (knowledge, discrimination, application }, As it reached (100) behavioral goals, after which the teaching plans were prepared for the experimental and control groups, according to the educational staff strategy. A sample of it is provided by a group of experts and specialists in the field of curricula, teaching methods, measurement and evaluation.
As for the research tool, it was represented by the formal pre and post test for the development of life concepts, which included (20) paragraphs of the multiple choice type. The validity of the tool was verified by presenting it to a group of experts and specialists in the field of curricula, teaching methods, measurement and evaluation. Either consistency was extracted from During the re-test, it reached (0.91), and the results of the research were statistically treated by equation (t-test for two independent samples) through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPAS).
After analyzing the results statistically, the results demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the responses of the students of the two groups, in favor of the experimental group that was studied according to the educational pillars strategy in developing life concepts over the control group that was studied according to the traditional method.
In light of the results, the researcher concluded that the educational staff strategy works on organizing the educational activities that were presented to the children of the experimental group in a gradual and sequential manner, while presenting educational positions to develop life concepts in cognitive and skillful ways.

The primary stage is the need for effective environmental education on the basis that many individuals will have a significant impact on the environment. They are primary school students so providing them with knowledge, values and expertise to care for and protect the environment is a matter of priority to preserve the integrity of the environment.
Therefore, the need now more than the quantity and quality of effective programs for environmental education, and the development of the rehabilitation of teachers to have a positive impact on the guidance of the behavior of students to care for the environment and protection, and on this basis the researcher to prepare a program for environmental education for primary teachers of specific objectives and content and teaching aids and time and place and evaluation after highlighting the importance of the research and its problem reinforced by evidence at the local, regional and International level.

This research aimed to know the effect of the random excitement strategy on the achievement of Arabic grammar for fourth literary grade students. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control, which is the design of the control group with a test and a post-test. The research sample included (78) students of the fourth literary grade at Al-Ansar Preparatory School for Boys in Baghdad, they were randomly distributed into two groups, with (38) students in the experimental group, and (40) students in the control group, the researcher taught the experimental group with the strategy of random excitement The control group was taught in the traditional way.
By using the t-test for two independent samples, the study resulted in a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the students of the two research groups and in favor of the experimental group

It is not surprising that the reformist personality of Al- Mudhafar emerges, and the reformist trend is centered in his personality, for two reasons:
The first: The nature of the era in which Al- Mudhafar lived and grew up, Sheikh Al-Mudhaffar was born in an era crowded with political, social and literary calls for reform, whether at the level of Najaf or at the two worlds: the Arab and Islamic levels. There was a call for conditionalities, that is: constitutional rule, the declaration of the constitution, and then the Ottoman coup. There were calls to understand religion as a modern understanding in line with the development of modern science and the emergence of new ideas, and there was a call for the so-called emancipation of women, and the accompanying actions, and there were new trends in art and literature and a call to return to the self and the expression of privacy, and there were Revolutions and events that expressed themselves in violent ways, such as the 1919 revolution in Egypt, the Twentieth revolution in Iraq, the armed clash in the Levant in 1925 AD between the Syrians and the French, the Rif revolution in the Maghreb, the Tripoli war in Libya ... and other events that shake the conscience and move Feelings, and minds are directed to what is prevalent in search of new.
The second thing: what he focused on the nature of the sheikh Al- Mudhafar by his ability to sense the situations around him, and the natural desire for development and renewal on him ...
During his reign, Najaf was boiling with calls for renewal, so he interacted with them, and he pursued their path in two ways:
The first: the institutional work represented by the Forum Publishing Association, and the institutions that emerged from it: such as the Forum Publishing College, the College of Public Speaking, and the College of Jurisprudence, and the associated intellectual projects such as issuing magazines and printing books
The second grammar: innovation in developing scientific curricula. The scholarly seminary was rigid in its curricula - decades ago - on some thorny courses closed to the student of knowledge, especially the novice, so Sheikh Al- Mudhafar came - motivated by his regenerative sense - so he wrote my book: Fundamentals of Fiqh and Logic. According to a modern approach in presenting the scientific material, it was made easy for the student to receive and digest it, so that it became available to him as a method, representation, and briefing.
Perhaps Sheikh Al- Mudhafar is one of those whose books were destined to be taught in seminaries and scientific institutes as soon as he lived, and this only happens rarely, especially that he has social opponents that they lack in his approach and method of work, but these opponents quickly followed in his approach, and they recognized him with primacy and brilliance.
Perhaps his book (The Faiths of the Front), with its clarity, brevity, and depth, reflects the missionary personality of Al- Mudhafar, and it is still to this day - a pioneer in the call to the doctrine of the Ahl al-Bayt - peace be upon them - that communicates their approach from the nearest path.
The secret of communicating - to this day - with Sheikh Al- Mudhafar lies in his mission, and in sincerity - in word and deed - to this mission, which made his intellectual works characterized by immortality, permanence and public benefit.

t the conclusion of the research, we show the most important findings of the research:
1. The Islamic Sharia is the most emphasizing of the necessity of peaceful coexistence and tolerance among human beings, and that the Holy Qur’an and the Qur’anic texts it brought are some of the best witnesses to that.
2. Mutual respect between Islamic religions and sects, and intellectual and cultural exchange is enough to cultivate a spirit of love and cooperation among them.
3. Justice, equality and the preservation of neighborliness as essential features that preserve relations and social cohesion, and its role in spreading the spirit of coexistence between Muslims and others.
4. Islam affirmed the respect for the rights of others, whether among Muslims or others, in pursuit of absolute moral values ​​among members of society or human societies.

n view of the importance of the basic education stage (primary) as it is the pillar in building the personality of the individual, as well as the importance of language and its skill and the role it plays in students’ learning and their cognitive, emotional and psychomotor development; Therefore, the current research focuses its interest in building an educational program based on listening skills for primary school students, which enables researchers and teachers alike, when applied, to develop the students’ expressive performance and speaking skills. The researcher used the descriptive approach to achieve this goal, as the proposed program included (14) Each topic is presented in a single lesson that takes (40) minutes. The program also included a variety of methods, methods and activities.

This study aimed to know the direction of the students of the Faculty of Education - Ibn Rushd - University of Baghdad towards the subject of psychology, where the researcher built a measure of the trend towards the subject of psychology, and was presented to a group of experts in education and psychology and was extracted the characteristics of cykometrical measure (honesty and persistence) , Then the scale was applied to a sample of (58) students from the second phase of the Faculty of Education Ibn Rushd, and the treatments of the current research data through the following statistical means The ratio of the agreement on the validity of the directional measure sections within the virtual truth procedure, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the Vaccronbach equation, the one-tit test, in order to reach the required results, the independent testing of two independent samples: to test the difference between the mean of the upper and lower scores of the trend scale, Extraction of differences between males and females at the level of trends. After the analysis of the data statistically the following results were obtained:
1- the trend of students of the second phase in the Department of History at the Faculty of Education - Ibn Rushd - University of Baghdad is a positive direction towards the subject of sychology
2-There are no differences between males and females in the direction towards the subject of psychology

The Efficacy of Coopertive Learning Strategy on Female Students during Arabic Calligraphy and Islamic Decoration Lectures.
The study aimed to determine the efficacy of coopertive learning on the 8th grade female students procurement during art education lectures and to achiwve this, a null hypothesis with a skill-based and dimentional test was formed. The research sample consisted of 30 female students divided into two research groups, one is experimental with an average of 15 female students and the other is a precise-controlled determiner with an average of 15 students. Al-Mutamaizat high school was tested, and to apply the research, a performace test was formed with 40 as the highest degree and 8 as the lowest which achieved transparency and persistence. It was processed by many statistic means and the results clarified that the experimental group which studied according to the coopertive learning strategy has surpassed the precise-controlled determiner group which studied according to the normal method. And that happened because the coopertive learining strategy pushed the female students to master their artistic skills and increase their enthusiasim during art education lectures

The study aimed to identify the “educational effects of the use of e-learning by students of Kirkuk University”.
To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the descriptive curriculum, and the measure of educational effects of the use of e-learning was applied to a random sample of (329) students at Kirkuk University, and the researcher used a questionnaire created, analyzed and used the alpha kronbach correlation factor to find stability on the overall grade of the tool and on each area of the tool, and used arithmetic averages, standard deviations, percentages and used t-test and one way Anova To measure the impact of study variables and analytical analysis to measure the saturation of the factors extracted for the scale. The results of the study showed that the educational effects of e-learning on the three areas of the tool, which in turn measure the impact where the results showed that the degree of motivation and planning of learning was in the first place with an average calculation was (3.93) and standard deviation (0.52), and came in second degree of learning experience and skills with a mathematical average of the total score (3.82)Standard deviation (0.43) and the degree of academic achievement and creativity were in third place with a mathematical average of the total score of (3.76) and a standard deviation of (0.51) and the results of the study showed that there were statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) for the sex variable in favour of males In light of the previous results, the study recommended the need to provide an appropriate environment for e-learning in Iraqi universities, and to work to keep pace with e-learning qualitative development in the educational process, and to help determine the needs of students in line with the nature of modern technology used.