journal of Language Studies

The research is summed up in its title, which is "the miraculous and exotic in children's plays." It is one of the efforts and presentation of the researcher: Zainab Adnan Ayoub, and under the supervision of Professor: Ahlam Amel Hazaa.
It is a research submitted for publication, and its aim is to obtain a master's degree at the University of Tikrit, College of Education for Women, Department of Arabic Language, Division of Literature. The research focused mainly on the issue of the exotic and the miraculous in the plays, and the research also dealt with the most important concepts related to the research terms. Then the research consisted of two sections. In the first section, the topic of the miraculous plot and its strangeness in children's plays, Abdullah Jadaan, was a model. The second topic was concerned with the issue of the miraculous conflict and its strangeness in children's plays. Finally, the conclusion came to include the most important results and recommendations.
Finally, I say that I worked hard, and if I was right, it is from God, and if I made a mistake or fell short, it is from Satan and myself, and I seek refuge in God from them.
Keywords: miraculous, exotic, plot, conflict.

The little research studies the letters in the book “Irtishaf al-Darab” by Abu Hayyan Al-Andalusi. It is a research that stems from interest in the Arabic language and its grammatical rulings. It is a reflection of the honor and honor that God bestowed on it as it is the language of the Holy Qur’an, in addition to its antiquity and the breadth of its meanings. We must know the acceptable grammatical rulings and the differences between them. Between them in order to evaluate the tongues of those who speak the language of the Holy Qur’an, and to protect it from errors and distortions in the Book of God Almighty. It is a topic that has not been covered by research and study, so it deserves attention to it, and through it to shed light on an aspect of our linguistic heritage. The nature of the research required that it be divided into There are three topics: (single letters, double letters, and triplicate letters), and under each of them we have placed evidence and opinions of scholars that show the rich connotations of these letters.
Keywords: multiplication resorption, Abu Hayyan Al-Andalusi, monograms, biliterals, triliterals.

Wisdom poetry is considered the poetry of an era that contains wisdom, sermons, and wise guidance. It aims to inspire readers with valuable benefits for them in this life. Wisdom poetry can be in the form of short verses or long poems as wisdom poetry is also famous for expressing wisdom and wise guidance in a beautiful and inspiring way. According to Ibn al-Dahan al-Mawsili, poetry is characterized by a spirit of adventure, courage, and challenge. Passing through the path of strength and steadfastness in the face of the challenges and difficult situations that Mudouhih lived through, Bin Al-Dahan Al-Waldi is considered one of the first people who were good at expressing the two types of poetry with skill and inspiration.
Key Words: wisdom • trust • Saladin Al-Ayoubi •The image is poetic

The abstract of this research presents the structural deviation in the poetical language of Jalal Malaksha and analyze his poetical texts. Deviation is deviate of the rules of the language, but it does not mean that there is not any boundary for this deviation. Leech created a boundary between deviation and additional rules when he describes deviation. He believes that deviation is possible when the communication and expression is conceivable and the embodiment is acceptable to be expressed. Jala Malaksha attempted to write in a meaningful and effective way, in all his texts, structural deviation in the three levels of (phonology, morphology and syntax) is perceived, which each of them illustrated in a differ way. For example, phonological deviation in the bases of some texts that is a deletion of phoneme which the necessity of the texts is needed and the poet needs to embody it. Furthermore, Jalal Malaksha to establish invented texts and make a role on the reader, he applied language deviation in the level of word. So, he applied many deviations in the level of sentence such as (delete language elements and move the language elements)
in the bases of some poetical texts, he could apply new and invented technique in the poetical texts.
Keywords: concept of deviation, deviation of the levels of phonology, morphology, syntax, poetical texts of Jalal Malaksha.

Gender differences are related to human behavior and actions. There are diverse opinions about the emergence of gender differences; some attribute it to biological aspects and others to cultural and social aspects of society. Even though the biological aspect has effects, but it is related to the social aspect predominantly.For this purpose, we present this concept from different perspectives based on scientific sources. Gender basically has different meanings. Here, the gender differences between male and female are shown, however, gender differences have changed over time, shaping social behavior in each era. In ancient times, it was based on oppression and imprisonment. In every era, it has often ended in the killing and destruction of women by their families.
Keyword: (differences), (gender), (social), (Qanei`)

This research entitled (The jokes of ''Rishtai Mirwari'' from the angle of linguistics ambiguity), is an attempt to analyze its jokes in terms of meaning. Ambiguity is generally viewed as an aspect of the semantic level, so it is assumed that ambiguity plays a major role in the production and creation of humor; Especially the jokes of the "Rishtai Mirwari", so the study aims to demonstrate how ambiguity affects the construction of jokes. It also wants to answer an issue, such as; the question of whether the phenomenon of ambiguity in language is of particular importance; to what extent is it reflected in the language of humour. Therefore, the study assumed that cultural ambiguity (synonymy, polysemy) are more widely reflected than other types of ambiguity in jokes (Rishtai Mirwari), because this type of ambiguity is mainly at the level of meaning and the ambiguity is reflected as a semantic game in old jokes. The scope of the research, which is within the framework of the volumes of (Rishtai Mirwari), written in Central Kurdish, mainly relies on the method of (analytical-descriptive) statistics. Also, because much has been said about ambiguity in scientific research mediums, ambiguity has been discussed according to the needs of the subject.
Obscurity in Kurdish Jokes: The Jokes of ''Rishtai Mirwari'' As Example
Hersh Chato Hussein: Qadirawa Basic School, Pshdar Education, Sulaimani Education General Directorate, Ministry of Education, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
This research entitled (Obscurity in Kurdish Jokes, Jokes of “Rishteai Mirwari” as an Example)), is an attempt to analyze its jokes in terms of meaning. Ambiguity is generally viewed as an aspect of the semantic level, so it is assumed that ambiguity plays a major role in the production and creation of humor; Especially the jokes of the "Rishtey Mrwari", so the study aims to demonstrate how ambiguity affects the construction of jokes. It also wants to answer an issue, such as; the question of whether the phenomenon of ambiguity in language is of particular importance; to what extent is it reflected in the language of humour. Therefore, the study assumed that cultural ambiguity (Homonymy) are more widely reflected than other types of ambiguity in jokes (Rishtey Mrwari), because this type of ambiguity is mainly at the level of meaning and the ambiguity is reflected as a semantic game in old jokes. The scope of the research, which is within the framework of the volumes of (Rishtey Mrwari), written in Central Kurdish, mainly relies on the method of (analytical-descriptive) statistics. Also, because much has been said about ambiguity in scientific research mediums, ambiguity has been discussed according to the needs of the subject.
Keywords: Rishtei Mrwari, joke, Linguistic Ambiguity, Homonymy, polysemy.

Research on the history of Kurdish literature requires more efforts. Especially all those poets who have left behind little material and little has been written about them. For various reasons, the Kurds have not been able to rewrite their literary history completely and accurately. In this respect, new information about them is gradually going to be revealed through the workings on uncovering the manuscripts of the world archives. Although the nineteenth century is the richest century in the history of literature, it has the most shortcomings on the lives and works of our poets. This research entitled (Keyfi, his life and works in the Ottoman Archives) has tried to reveal several aspects of this poet's life through the Ottoman and Western archives, especially revealing part of his life in Mosul, Istanbul, and his work as a translator, lawyer, linguist and journalist. Additionally, the study reveals the time and the place of his death, and investigates his relationship with Kurdish poets and his reflection in Kurdish journalism during the Ottoman period. This study resolves some of the debates that existed in the past century about the life of this poet and with this new information fills a gap in the biography of Keyfi in the history of Kurdish literature.
Key Word : Haji Qadir Koyi, Istanbul, Keyfi Jawanroyi, Kurdish Poetry, Ottoman Journalism, Translation

The study entitled “Driver Familiarity with Nonverbal Signs of Traffic and its Connection with the Role of Television Programs”. Itis a descriptive study, with using both analytical and survey methods. The main objectives of it is to identify the roles and consequences of television programs on the identification of traffic nonverbal signs among drivers, then to analyze the meanings of traffic icon signs in Kalar district.
The sample of the study consists of all traffic signs in Garmian administration, including (26) signs in the main streets of Kalar that were taken through boards sampling, and (506) drivers who have (private and public licenses)formthe both (maleand female)genders in Kalar district who were randomly selected.
In conclusion, several scientific results are found such as that each nonverbal traffic in terms of color, shape and content has its own linguistic meaning and direct a specific message for the drivers’ safety in the different areas. The research also shows that the specific traffic television programs have high positive impact in familiarizing drivers with the various content of the traffic signs. it also clarifies that there are some other nonverbal signs that the television programs have paid little attention to introducetheir contentswhich the majority of drivers do not understand the messages behind them.
Keywords: language, nonverbal signs, icon signs, television programmes, traffic television programmes

This study entitled (The Construal Operation and Mechanism of Focusing in Jamal Jabar Gharib’s Novels: A Cognitive Criticism Study) is an attempt to analyze and manifest Construal and its mechanisms used in conceptualization. Construal is the way a scene is depicted, construed and conceptualized in mind, and then its meaning is expressed and communicated in language spoken and\or written. Cognitive school, unlike the other schools and approaches, through the product (language) enters mind\thought of the language user (speaker\writer) to examine and realize how the construal and meaning construction processes take place first. This criticism school deals with the processes of meaning making in mind, rather than mind product (language) meaning. In this study, construal is explained, its emergence and transference from linguistics to literature and its genres are also presented. The founders and scholars of Cognitive School and Cognitive Criticism have determined some operations and mechanisms for construal, one of which is Focusing. The theme of this study is the mechanism of Focusing that with all its constituting elements applied to Jamal Jabar Gharib’s Novels.

Keywords: Construal, Cognitive Criticism, Focusing, Meaning and Thought

The current research is an attempt to interpret the concept of nihilism from the ancient Greek era to the postmodern era from different perspectives. The study sheds light on nihilism from the perspectives of ancient Greek philosophy and the western world in general and the reflections of modern philosopher Schopenhauer on this topic. The research describes and explains the reflection of nihilism in kurdish classic, modern, and postmodern poetry. The purpose of the study is also to show the differences and similarities of nihilism from Western perspective to the Middle Eastern perspective by referencing several poets. It is a fact that this context is more influenced by social norms, religious beliefs, and culture. The study also analyses the poems of Hashim Saraj as a modern poet. As a poet, Saraj is influenced by the intellectual waves of enlightenment movement. Although he has a large number of poems about pessimism and despair, he could not neglect the impacts of his culture in his poetry. However, Sarah's pessimism is to reflect a positive aspect rather than a negative one.
Keywords: nihilism, Kurdish poetry, Modern, asceticism, Hashim Saraj

Building digital learning materials in higher education is an urgent task in the national digital transformation. For the major in Chinese language studies, the E-learning lecture system serving Chinese language teaching enables learners to access knowledge faster, learn anywhere and learn at any time, helping them avoid excessive travel and missing work. In addition, accessing properly designed online courses will be easier for people with disabilities, such as those who are deaf or blind or have dyslexia. Authentic testing, Test designers can create highly authentic simulations. Many online learners prefer to review and test their level on their own without anyone supervising and grading. Furthermore, learners can decide their own learning, only learning what is needed such as skipping, skimming, and relearning what is needed at levels and speeds that are appropriated for them. Individualized learning is highly effective, especially in teaching Chinese, so designing electronic lessons to serve the teaching of Chinese is necessary for the Chinese Department at Hanoi Open University today.
Keywords: digital learning materials, digital transformation, E-learning lectures, teaching Chinese, Chinese.

This study deals with English cohesive devices as discourse markers, which are used for various purposes, such as connecting ideas and expressing attitudes. In fact, such devices may cause problems in case of translation, especially when dealing with them in literary works. Therefore, this study aims to identify the English cohesive devices and clarify how the translators translate these devices into Arabic. The study data is collected from the English novel “The Midnight Library” written by Matt Haig. The study sample includes (5) texts extracted from this novel to be translated by (3) MA students in the Translation Department, College of Arts, Tikrit University. Concerning the analysis of data, the study adopts two models: Halliday and Hasan's (1976) model for identifying the cohesive devices in the novel under study; and Newmark’s (1988) model for determining the method of translation. The study reveals that cohesive devices are used to demonstrate a semantic function rather than a communicative one, causing a challenge for translators to translate them into Arabic.
Key Word : Arabic language, cohesive devices, discourse markers, literary works, translation.

This paper examines the theme of identity crisis in John Steinbeck's novel "The Winter of Our Discontent" through the lens of ecocriticism theory. The novel is set in the postmodern era and explores the moral decay of American society, particularly the loss of traditional values and the rise of materialism. Through the analysis of the novel, this paper explores the relationship between human identity and the natural world and how the destruction of the environment can lead to a crisis of identity. It starts with theoretical background, introduction, theory, discussion and analysis and ends with a conclusion.
Keywords: Ecocriticism theory, John Steinbeck, materialism, identity crisis.

Ecocriticism is a growing discipline within literary studies that has become prominent as a critical framework for studying the connection between literature and the environment. Ecocriticism is a method of analysing texts that helps us understand how literature reflects and influences cultural views of the natural world. It has gained popularity due to growing environmental concerns. This research examines the reoccurring nature imagery present in Mary Oliver's selected poems, namely "Wild Geese" and her poetry collection, American Primitive, through textual and analytical. It shows how her poetry acts as a medium for actively exploring and articulating environmental awareness. By conducting a detailed examination of these poems, the researcher’s aim is to decipher the complex and detailed depiction of nature created by Oliver, and to understand the thematic importance of repeating themes. The investigation produces significant discoveries that enhance comprehension of the poet's distinctive approach to ecocritical ideas. Ultimately, Mary Oliver is a poet who has a profound sensitivity for the natural world, establishing a profound bond, promoting introspection, and highlighting the ethical aspects of humanity's interaction with nature.
Keywords: nature, spirituality, ecology, humans & ethics

This paper investigates the concept of "Equal Authenticity in Legal Translation" and explores the nature, strategies, and skills crucial for translators to successfully produce such equally authentic texts from English –Arabic or vice versa. The focus of this study is on the significant features that constitute legal texts, providing an examination of various categories of legal documents prevalent in diverse contexts. Through a detailed descriptive analysis, the paper illustrates the noteworthy effectiveness of these categories and demonstrates how legal translators can apply their skills to address challenges inherent in legal translation. The paper elucidates the complexities of this demanding task and outlines the fundamental perspectives required by translators to enhance their performance in legal translation, ensuring the production of equally authentic texts.
Keywords: Legal Translation, Equal Authenticity; Features of Legal Texts; Categories of Legal Texts; Legal Translation Challenges.

The world is facing increasing and accelerating challenges, as a result of rapid developments in various fields, especially the scientific and technological fields. This has led to scientific and technical progress that has dominated all aspects of life, which has led to the development of education, the renewal of teaching methods and methods, and the introduction of modern technology and its methods in education, as it has become a necessity and an essential basis in the practical educational process. The research aimed to know the reality of using modern means and techniques in teaching the English language in Iraq by shedding light on modern techniques in teaching the English language and their effective role in complementing the language, highlighting teaching using technology, and the most important features and uses of different technology in addition to identifying modern teaching methods of foreign languages. The results showed that the reality of using modern teaching methods in teaching English among teachers was to a moderate degree. Direct, communicative, auditory and linguistic methods obtained the highest means of use by teachers. The research recommended the need to train and qualify teachers on how to use modern teaching methods in teaching the English language in the city of Iraq.
Keywords: English language, teaching English, modern technologies, modern teaching methods.

Twentieth century witnessed marvelous uprisings and revolutions, besides the two world wars. This continuous unrest led some British poets to portray the real scenes and what they really observed and felt toward wars and they started questioning, protesting and, sometimes, celebrating the nature and purpose of the conflicts. Both of Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) and Abdulla Pashew (b.1946-present) expressed the struggle between human beings and they ennoble wars for their legitimate impulsions, and at the same time, they deprecate the spurious pretexts to provoke wars.
Hardy, due to the First World War, tried to depict the reality of the war that either glorifies or ruins the mankind in most of the times, while Pashew shows glorification of wars against the dictatorship as a defense for his homeland (Kurdistan) in one side, and he also condemns it when the blameworthy civil war happened during nineties among his nation in the other side. So, both denounce and venerate wars depending on certain reasons and vindications. The study aims at examining the poems in a comparative way to show the differences and the similarities between the two nations understandings about the case of dealing with wars long ago and even the recent times. The paper is divided into two main parts each to show the concepts of war first with the British poet Thomas Hardy in his selected poems(“The man He killed”, “Christmas 1924” , “The Drummer Hodge” , “A wife in London”) . The other main part is to show the concept of war with the Kurdish poet and his selected poems (“The Lost Solider”, “The Unseen”, “I do not Understand”, “Two Faced or Sided”), then the paper ends up with the conclusions that are the findings of the study to illustrate more precisely on the major outcomes been found during the study.
Key Words: British, Kurdish, Destruction. Warfare. Sufferings. History.

Regardless of the outcome of events consequently, a person's identity throughout conflicts and wars has a lasting effect on the psyche of a nation, leaving a legacy of trauma, suffering, and sorrow. A nation's psychological and symbolic components, such as the identity of those impacted, their process of healing, and their sympathy for the deceased, are also affected by these wounds, in addition to its physical assets, such as its buildings, artefacts, and natural landscapes. Rasha Fadhil in her dramatic text Ishtar in Baghdad employed the Iraqi mythology to highlight the importance of Iraq's historical culture to its national identity. This study investigates the role of the Iraqi mythology in exposing US forces practices to erasure Iraq cultural history. Moreover, the study examines the sexual assault as a US forces ideology to annihilate Iraq's national identity through the lens of the cultural genocide. The study aims to contribute a deeper understanding of the annihilation of national identity via sexual assault due to occupation ideology.
Keywords: Annihilation, identity, Ishtar, national, sexual.

Translating idiomatic expressions poses significant challenges for translators, necessitating careful consideration of cultural context, semantic equivalence, and pragmatic usage. This study aims to explore the complexities involved in translating English idioms, with a focus on the intersection of translation and semantics. The primary objectives are to identify the main challenges faced by translators, examine the impact of cultural differences, and propose strategies to overcome these obstacles. Through an analysis of translation choices and translators' notes, four main strategies are identified: literal translation, paraphrasing, cultural equivalents, and adaptation. The findings reveal that cultural differences and semantic obstacles significantly influence the translation process. Furthermore, the study highlights the individual translation styles of the participants, and the variations in the approaches adopted and decision-making processes. The study found that the most important challenges in translating English idioms are: cultural differences, semantic obstacles, and the unfamiliarity of some idioms. This study also found that the most used strategies used in translating English idioms are: literal translation, paraphrasing, cultural equivalents, and adaptation.
Key Words: Translation, Idioms, Translating English Idioms.

Translating short stories presents unique challenges and complexities that demand careful examination and analysis. This study explores the intricacies of translating this literary form by examining the strategies employed by translators to overcome obstacles. This study focuses on the short story "Cat in the Rain" by Ernest Hemingway and three Arabic translations, analyzing the approaches employed by translators. By investigating techniques such as domestication, adaptation, and literal translation, this study identifies the strengths and limitations of each approach and provides insights into how translators tackle the unique challenges of short story translation. The study found that the different Arabic translations used different translation strategies. These strategies include word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptation translation, free translation, and idiomatic translation.
Key Words: Translation, Short Stories, Translating Short Stories.