Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education

The human ability to think, like all other abilities, is distributed among people in varying proportions, and the differences between them in terms of thinking are like individual differences in other developmental variables. The more a person advances, the more his need to think increases. Today, he lives in a complex, changing environment surrounded by problems from all sides. If he does not know how to work with his mind and control his mind, it will be difficult for him to adapt himself to his environment and find sound solutions to his problems. Since thinking has patterns and degrees that differ according to the individual\'s upbringing and ability to think and according to the problems that confront him in life, on this basis we see that sports educational institutions must pay special attention to training athletes to think correctly at all stages of their lives. Most of the players\' behavior during the matches they play is not isolated from the influence of society, but rather is part of it and carries the social and cultural characteristics of the larger society to which they belong. Therefore, it has become necessary to identify the type of thinking of the players. The aim of the research is to: identify the prevailing thinking patterns among female football players participating in the West Asian Championship and to identify the thinking patterns of each of the participating teams. The hypothesis of the research is that Arab female football players have different patterns. The sample consisted of 30 players belonging to six Arab teams participating in the West Asian Futsal Championship, which are the countries (Iraq - Syria - Jordan - Palestine - Lebanon - Egypt) for the period from 5-9/4/2010, the period of the West Asian Futsal Championship and on the fields of the Orthodox Club/Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The researchers used the descriptive approach because it is compatible with the nature of the research problem. The validity, reliability and objectivity of the scale were calculated, although Mohsen Al-Saadawi conducted it, because the sample was different. We concluded that the creative thinking style was the most prevalent among Arab female five-a-side football players, followed by the scientific thinking style. As for the thinking styles of the players according to the countries, scientific thinking came first in Iraq, Syria and Jordan, followed by creative, superstitious and conciliatory thinking, according to the sequence.

The research aimed at the following:
1-3-1 Identify the differences in physical, motor, emotional and mental abilities with successive measurements according to the days of the different biorhythm curves (birthday, summit day, day of descent to the starting line, day of descent to the bottom, day of return to the starting line).
1-3-2 Evaluation of physical, motor, emotional and mental indicators in light of the biorhythm curves for ages 18-22 years.
The researchers hypothesized the following:
1-4-1 There are significant differences in physical, motor, emotional and mental abilities according to the successive measurements of the days of the specific biorhythm curves.
1-4-2 1-4-3 The research sample members achieve the highest level of physical, motor, emotional and mental abilities on their birthday.

The researchers used the descriptive approach.

The research sample consisted of (24) students from the College of Physical Education, representing 19.2% of the research community, totaling (80)* students, aged between (18-22) years. They were selected intentionally and from all academic levels.

The researchers used tests as a means of collecting data, including the following:

Physical and motor tests, physical tests, including: A- A (50) m running test from a high start to measure transitional speed. B- A long jump test from a standstill: C- A sitting test from lying down with the legs bent for (30) seconds.
D- A running-walking test for (12) minutes. As for the motor tests, they included: A- A zigzag running test.
B. Static balance test: As for the emotional state test: The test (competition anxiety) was chosen. The data were processed statistically using: arithmetic mean, weighted arithmetic mean, standard deviation. The data were processed statistically using: arithmetic mean, weighted arithmetic mean, standard deviation. The researchers concluded the following:
1- There are no significant differences between the stages of the biorhythm in physical abilities (speed, explosive power, muscle strength endurance, respiratory system endurance).
2- There are no significant differences between the stages of the biorhythm in motor abilities in the tests (agility and accuracy).
The researchers recommended the following:
1- Taking into account the biorhythm cycles in distributing the load degrees for training so that the intensity is high and the volume is high during the peak stage and the intensity is low during the start line stage.
2- That difficult or complex movements be taught from the biorhythm during the peak stage of the mental state to depend on the learning process on higher mental processes, including attention.
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The importance of the research came in using proposed exercises through which the distinctive strength with speed and flexibility and some types of shooting for the pivot player are developed, especially the youth category, due to their effective role in supporting our national teams.
As for the research problem, they found that there are traditional, undeveloped programs in training pivot players because they do not contain the most important necessary exercises, which are the main reason for the players not developing and reaching a high physical and skill level.
The research aimed to:
1- Identify the effect of the exercises used to develop the distinctive strength with speed and flexibility for the pivot players in handball, youth category.
2- Identify the effect of the exercises used to develop some types of shooting for the pivot players in handball, youth category.
The researchers hypothesized:
1- There are significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-test in developing the characteristics of strength characterized by speed and flexibility for young handball pivot players.
2- There are significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-test in developing some types of shooting for young handball pivot players.
The researchers concluded:
The proposed exercises have a positive effect in developing the characteristics of strength characterized by speed and flexibility for young handball pivot players and thus developing some types of shooting.

Overcoming these pressures helps to focus on the coach's task in preparing and equipping the team to compete in various tournaments. Here comes the importance of the research in identifying the methods of dealing with the pressure of fans and the media that football coaches are exposed to by building a scale for these methods as well as identifying the impact of some personality variables on coaches in choosing them.
The problem of the research is evident in identifying the methods of dealing with these pressures by building a scale for methods of dealing with them and thus trying to reduce them and help the coach focus on the team's performance. As well as identifying the impact of some personal variables on these methods.
The research aims to
1- Build and standardize a scale for methods of dealing with media pressure among football coaches in the Republic of Iraq.
2- Identifying the impact of some personality variables (age, academic achievement, and training certificate) on the methods of dealing with media pressures among football coaches in the Republic of Iraq.

The research hypothesis was that some personality variables (age, academic achievement, and training certificate) have an impact on the methods of dealing with media pressures among football coaches in the Republic of Iraq.

The researcher concluded that the current scale is capable of measuring the methods of dealing with media pressures among football coaches.

The researcher recommends applying the current scale to national team coaches because of the role of media statements in international tournaments and thus training them to use the optimal method according to each tournament.

In modern times, advanced countries have given great priority to management in its general form with the aim of advancing all fields in contemporary societies according to scientific standards and foundations based on specifications for global quality so that we can keep pace with the changes taking place to achieve the set goals for those societies so that they can benefit from the available material and human resources and capabilities.
In the sports field, we find that the success of management in all sports institutions, organizations and bodies is due to the progress of these institutions in the administrative field, as reaching global sports levels and competing to achieve results that qualify for advanced positions in world championships requires conscious management that relies on the latest scientific methods and administrative elements in planning, organization, guidance, control and making sound decisions.

The importance of the research was represented by the importance of the school program that includes educational units that form the basis for the (cognitive - physical - psychological - health) construction of students and the extent of the close relationship between the decrease in the level of physical activity and many diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to practice physical activities that have an effect in raising physical and physiological efficiency. As for the research problem, it was in a question and how to answer it about directing physical education teachers in preparing, implementing and managing a program for physical fitness related to health through the educational unit. The research aims to prepare a program for physical fitness related to health and identify the effect of the program. The research hypotheses were that there is a positive effect on the research variables with significant differences in favor of the proposed program. The research sample included (58) students divided into two groups, experimental and control. The researcher reached the most important conclusions, which are:
1- The proposed curriculum contributed in a positive way to the development of physical fitness related to health through the development of physical and physiological research variables (recovery).
2- Physical exercises and the way of working with them within the educational unit in the proposed curriculum were appropriate for the age group and thus brought about development in the research variables.
As for the most important recommendations, they were:
1- Adopting the proposed curriculum in primary schools and within the educational unit.
2- The necessity of physical education teachers' interest in developing physical fitness related to health, as this stage is important in preparing students for the next stage and also contributes to learning and developing some motor skills within the curriculum prepared by the Ministry.

Practicing sports activities depends on the high level of physical and functional fitness that is compatible with the age stages, so it affects the means of education in various social circumstances that target the balanced growth of the individual throughout his life, and physical education lessons play an effective role in the cognitive development of volleyball players. Given the importance of sports practice in influencing some physical characteristics and their relationship to the functional responses of students, aspects of the importance of this research appear, as the results may contribute to developing training programs on scientific foundations to work on raising the level of performance of volleyball players in terms of physical and functional aspects.
Studies have shown that planning the training process in physical education is related to functional responses and their effect on size, and that neglecting functional effects leads to many negative effects on physical fitness. The researcher noticed through his follow-ups of volleyball players that the level of physical fitness was low, and that many players' physical fitness does not enable them to perform the required duties, which is why they lose their strength and ability to resist fatigue. The human field is represented by students of the residential neighborhood of the Technical Institute in Basra, aged 12-14 years.

The effectiveness of hurdle running is one of the track races that depends to a large extent on highly efficient motor performance, which certainly requires a high potential for strength and speed for the other leg muscles, in addition to motor speed and reaction speed, and a high degree of neuromuscular coordination. It can be said that the (110 m hurdles) race is one of the races that require a high tactical potential and require superior skill in performance, in addition to a high level of physical fitness elements, especially flexibility and strength characterized by speed. Muscle strength plays a major role in the level of speed of the hurdle runner, as the results of practical and scientific experiments indicated the existence of a significant correlation between the elements of speed and strength, as the muscle or muscle group cannot contract unless it has sufficient strength for this performance, in addition to the effect of this strength on the type of muscle fibers and the degree of neuromuscular coordination, which is positively affected by training. The importance of the research lies in its being an attempt to identify the relationship between some physical characteristics of the legs and the achievement of running (110m hurdles), which is considered an indicator that can be relied upon in the process of selecting players in order to develop the game.

The study aimed to:-
- Identify the values ​​of the dimensions of personal traits among some club coaches in the center of Sulaymaniyah Governorate in football and basketball, advanced category.
- Identify the values ​​of leadership styles among some club coaches in the center of Sulaymaniyah Governorate and basketball, advanced category.
- Identify the differences in personal traits and leadership styles among football and basketball coaches of some clubs in the center of Sulaymaniyah Governorate, advanced category.
The researchers used the descriptive approach with a comparative method to suit the nature of the problem. The study was conducted on a sample of football and basketball coaches of clubs in the center of Sulaymaniyah Governorate. The researchers used a number of methods to collect information, including the Freiburg scale, which measures the dimensions of personality traits, and the scale of leadership styles from sports. After conducting the exploratory experiment on a sample outside the research sample, the main experiment was conducted, and in order to process the data, appropriate statistical methods were used (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test for unrelated samples). The researchers reached the following conclusions: -
- It was found that the percentage of dimensions (nervousness and control) was high among the coaches of Erbil clubs, and the researcher believes that one of the reasons for the emergence of such results is due to the interaction of the personal components with the situations that each of the personality components goes through with the situation in which the coaches' personality interacts.
- The increase in the dimensions (aggression, depression, susceptibility, excitement, sociability, calmness, control) among the coaches of the clubs of Sulaymaniyah Governorate is due to their quick feeling of fatigue and movement disorders and inability to concentrate.
- It was found that there were no significant differences between the individuals of the research sample in most of the paragraphs of the scale that measures the leadership styles of coaches, specifically the styles of (Training and instructions, democracy, dictatorship, positive reinforcement). - In the paragraphs related to the method of (social support), significant differences appeared between the coaches of the clubs of Erbil and Sulaymaniyah governorates in favor of the coaches of Erbil governorate. The researcher attributes the reason for this to the fact that the coaches of Erbil participate with their players in crises and participate with them in solving problems. On the other hand, it appeared that the coaches of Erbil governorate are more social due to the type of meetings that occur between the coaches and the players of the teams outside the stadium, such as the occurrence of mutual visits.

The research aimed to:
1-Prepare a proposed curriculum for mental visualization and identify its effect in developing the technical performance of the back roll skill for handstand.
2- Identify the differences between the pre- and post-mental and skill tests for the experimental and control groups.
3- Identify the differences between the control and experimental groups in the post-mental and skill tests.
The researcher hypothesized:
1- That mental visualization has a positive effect on developing the technical performance of the back roll skill for handstand.
2- There are significant differences between the tests (mental visualization and back roll skill for handstand) pre- and post-tests for the experimental and control groups in favor of the post-tests.
3- There were significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-tests (mental visualization and the skill of rolling backwards to stand on hands) in favor of the experimental group. The researchers used the experimental method to suit the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of (20) students in the third grade of primary school aged (9-10) years in the Martyr Ahmed Al-Muhammadawi Primary School. The researcher also used the mental visualization test, which is a (form) containing (10) paragraphs, and each paragraph contains (3) pictures of motor skills. The pictures of motor skills were placed in each paragraph in an almost similar order in terms of motor structure, as narrated by the gradual difficulty of the motor skills performed by the living model. As for the statistical treatments, the (arithmetic mean - standard deviation - and (T) test were used for related and unrelated samples. The researcher reached the most important results:
1. The results of the tests (visualization and backward rolling skill for standing on hands) before and after the experimental group that used mental training accompanied by skill education showed that the post-tests were better than the pre-tests.
2. The results of the tests (visualization and backward rolling skill for standing on hands) before and after the control group showed that the post-tests were better than the pre-tests.
As for the most important recommendations, they were:
1- Emphasizing the use of mental training with skill education because it has proven to be comprehensive and sufficiently effective in learning for the age group (9 - 10) years, especially gymnastics.
2- The need to pay attention to developing mental visualization using mental training within educational units, as mental visualization is a contributing factor in advancing the level of performance.

Boxing is nothing but a struggle between two competing individuals, as each boxer tries to score a correct punch with fast and high repetitions in performing punches. The importance of this study is evident in providing trainers and boxers with scientific data, as this study aims to build a wall pad test to measure the kinetic speed endurance of straight punches in boxing for advanced players, each according to weight groups. The research included the community represented by boxers from the central region clubs participating in the Middle Euphrates Clubs Championship for advanced boxers held in the city of Samawah, numbering (17) clubs distributed among light, medium and heavy weights, with (106) boxers representing 100% of the research community. The results of the study showed that this test was built in a scientific way according to the performance similar to the fight so that the coach can choose who is able to perform the best and with the least possible fatigue Of course, the test gives indicators through which the coach can infer his boxers during the performance, and therefore it has become necessary to have such tests to facilitate the work of the coaches. From this standpoint, we must emphasize that a good test must be in line with all the principles of sports training. One of the most important principles of boxing training that cannot be ignored in the evaluation process is the principle of individual differences between boxers, especially those of the same weight. This can be overcome by having tests based on scientific foundations so that the coach can test his boxers through them in order to be able to share the best boxer in this performance. A successful test is one of the important means of evaluating the training programs themselves, as well as knowing what the boxer offers in terms of performance.

The study aimed to prepare and apply suggested exercises for relaxation and breathing regulation and to identify the effect of the suggested breathing and relaxation exercises on some functional variables, some physical characteristics and skill performance of young karate players in the kata event. The researchers assumed that the suggested exercises have a positive effect on the development of some functional variables, some physical characteristics and skill performance of young karate players in the kata event. The research sample consisted of the young national karate team players participating in the training camp in Najaf Governorate, and their number reached (12) players. They were divided into two groups randomly, with (6) players for the control group and (6) players for the experimental group. The homogeneity and equivalence processes were carried out in the variables that could potentially affect the results of the control and experimental groups. The study variables were the number of breaths, breath-holding time, chest excursion, motor speed, explosive ability of the legs, agility and skill performance. The researchers concluded that the proposed exercises helped improve the functional variables under study except for the number of breaths for the experimental group. The proposed exercises helped improve the physical characteristics under study for the experimental group and the development of skill performance for the experimental group thanks to the application of the proposed exercises. The experimental group outperformed the control group in all variables studied in the post-test. The researchers recommended that karate trainers benefit from relaxation and breathing regulation exercises as they helped improve the physical characteristics and functional variables under study as well as the development of skill performance and conduct more research and studies to identify the effect of the proposed exercises on other physical characteristics and functional variables.

The aim of the research is to
1- Identify the effect of using the computer program on the level of performance of teaching skills

In physical education.

2- Identify the effect of using the computer program to develop the efficiency of the student applying teaching skills in the research sample.

To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher used the experimental method on a sample of (20) female students from the third stage in the College of Physical Education at the University of Basra. The sample was subjected to some educational techniques and after obtaining the results, it was processed statistically.

The results of the research were then presented in tables and discussed in a sound scientific manner. Some conclusions were reached through them, the most important of which was the development of the group that used the computer program at a rate that exceeded the traditional group.

As for the most important recommendations, the researcher recommended the necessity of using educational techniques because of their impact on developing teaching skills for all specializations.

Knowing the changes that occur in the human body functionally occurs under the influence of regular exercise that contributes to identifying the progress of training during its various stages and also contributes to identifying all the changes, effects or unexpected responses that occur, and thus it is possible to understand the wrong or correct uses of training or the new methods or means used, whether wrong or correct.
Hence, athletes and coaches have tried to wait for the time to reach the athletic form or high achievement using new methods and means as well as legitimate and illegitimate methods, and hence the use of stimulants, whether artificial or natural, and these methods have spread widely in strength sports

The study aimed to identify the relationship of sensory-motor perception to smashing. Theoretical studies on the relationship of sensory-motor perception in volleyball were also addressed, as well as the importance of smashing in achieving victory when executed in a correct manner.
As for the research methodology, the researcher used the descriptive approach using the correlational relations method, while the sample numbered (15) players representing the Technical Institute team in Basra in volleyball. It also included relying on several means to collect information, including sources and sensory-motor perception level tests, as well as smashing performance level tests. After obtaining the results, the researcher presented the arithmetic means and standard deviations of the sample in the tests under study, which are sensory-motor perception of the ball throwing distance and sensory-motor perception of the forward jump distance, as well as the level of smash performance with the diagonal and straight types. The researcher also addressed the relationships between each of the sensory-motor perception with the jump type and the ball throwing distance with the performance of the diagonal and straight smash. It was found that there are significant correlations between each of them.
As for the conclusions, the most important of them were:
1. There is a statistically significant correlation between sensory perception in estimating the distance and the level of performance of the smash skill with the diagonal and straight types.
2. There is a statistically significant correlation between sensory perception in estimating the ball throwing distance with the hand and the level of smash performance with the diagonal and straight types.
The most important recommendations:
1. Conducting sensory-motor ability tests periodically to evaluate the players’ level, which helps in developing training curricula based on scientific and objective foundations.
2. Conducting similar studies on sensory-motor skills and abilities that the researcher did not address.

Coaches have tried to use the correct method of training in all sports events, including short-distance running, which has an important impact on the functional variables of the runner and raises the level of his efficiency, whether physically, functionally or physiologically, as the human body must be continuously supplied with chemical energy in order to be able to perform multiple and complex tasks. The importance of the research is evident in studying the biochemical variables that occur in the body and that may be affected by anaerobic training according to the interval method and the repetitive method due to their great importance in directing training in the right direction to achieve the highest levels, which prompted researchers to prepare non-oxygenous exercises to develop maximum speed and their effect on developing some biochemical variables and the level of achievement in running 100 m. The objectives of the research are:
1- Preparing non-oxygenous exercises to develop maximum speed, some biochemical indicators and the level of achievement 100m run.
2- Identify the effect of non-oxygen training in developing maximum speed.
3- Identify the effect of non-oxygen training in developing some biochemical indicators and the level of achievement of 100m run.
The researchers used the experimental method to suit the study procedures and the research sample was deliberately selected from short-distance runners for the 100m event in Sulaymaniyah Governorate aged (18-19) years and their number was (6) runners. They represent 100% of the total community. They were randomly divided into two groups, one of which was a control and the other an experimental group after the homogeneity and equivalence processes were carried out on them. After that, the method based on the principles of sports training science was applied and the exercises were applied in a way that ensures the development of the physiological variables under study in the experimental group. The application of exercises included (16) training units, at a rate of two training units per week, in the form of two medium courses, i.e. for a period of two months, and included the application of exercises during the main section at a rate of (50-60) minutes during the special preparation period.
Conclusions:
1-There are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-measurements, in favor of the post-measurement, in the maximum speed test.
2-There are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-measurements, in favor of the post-measurement, in the biochemical indicators.

The contribution of physical education has become effective in the development of society and the achievement of its goals. It has even touched on various fields with scientific enrichment in all fields related to it from where it began.
No one can look at today's world and its physical needs that life requires in it without looking at the individual's body in terms of harmony and integration. The human body is a piece of art if it is well developed. The ancient Greeks cared about the harmonious body, and they used to do their sports exercises while naked in order to show the lines of their bodies. There is nothing more beautiful than the complete, harmonious human body (Al-Nawasra, 1977, 1).
Today, caring for children and raising them properly from various aspects has become an increasing demand with the advancement of the era, and at the forefront of these concerns is the health aspect of the child. Based on the fact that children are the goal of the future and the starting point of life, all countries that have developed economically, industrially and socially have turned to caring for the child and his health. Advanced countries have harnessed all their capabilities in all fields of science and knowledge in order to serve the children of their people, as the health status and physical level of the children of these peoples are one of the measures of progress and advancement for every nation. Perhaps one of the most prominent sciences that has been interested in the health and physical aspect is the science of therapeutic sports, which attempts through its various means to treat and correct the postural deformities that affect athletes and non-athletes and treat them, as it is an independent science that uses sports exercises and natural methods according to a specific system and doses for prevention and treatment, and is considered one of the basic medical methods for rehabilitating the injured (Al-Moussawi, 1999, 2).