Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture

Analytical study of local climate and hydrology of forest stands were
done at Nenevah plantations. The study involved analysis of some climatic
parameters of 2002 and gross precipitation data since September (2003) till
April (2006). The results indicated that the mean of relative humidity during
winter months ranged between 66% - 84% and effective temperature was more
than 24 ◌ْ C during June and July which caused sultriness feeling, also
increasing of vapor pressure was noticed in these months as compared to winter
months, maximum and minimum amounts of saturation deficit in July and
February were 35.4, 1.04 mb respectively , means of dew point and wet bulb of
these months were 19.5 ◌ْ C and 24 ◌ْ C respectively. Amount of precipitation
varied from 285 mm to 404mm during study period. maximum throughfall of
Pinus brutia, Eucalyptus camaldulensis , and Platanus occidentalis were
respectively 269,342,363mm during 2006 water year, but amounts of runoff
estimated by depending on runoff coefficient method of 2004,2005,2006 water
years were 46, 42, 60 mm respectively.

This study was conducted on poplar bud psyllid in Ninevah during the
years 2004 and 2005. For the first time Egeirotrioza justa Burk & Laute has
been studied and recorded in Iraq. The poplar bud psyllid Egeirotrioza justa
Burck & Laute attacks Populous euphratica trees and as a result of feeding by
newly nymphs, small galls are formed on the twig tissues near the buds. The
adults appeared on the trees during May to July. Mating usually occurred
during the first week of May, mean periods of pre – oviposition, oviposition
and post – oviposition (1.8 ± 0.74, 5.30 ± 0.57,and 2.00 ± 0.49) days,
respectively. Egg laying took place singly on the leaf petiols, and on bouth
services and margins of mature as well as the tender young leaves and twigs.
The average number of eggs laid per female was 21.80, hatching of eggs was
80%, and sex ratio was 1:2. This species hibernates as a second nymphal instar.
This insect has one generation per year.The study indicated that the south
direction of a tree from south side of the forest and at a height more than 3m for
trees were represented high average number of eggs nymphs and adults
(100.00, 64.48,and 57.40), respectively.

Field experiment was carried out in Al – Nawaran field (35 km north
Mosul city) and in the field of Agric & Forestry College , Mosul University
(Northen Iraq) during growing season 2005 – 2006 to study the effect of
different tillage system (Mold board plow + harrowing , Chisel plow +
harrowing , Offset disk harrow and Zero tillage for two types ,of wheat (durm
and soft grain)) on wheat yield and weed biomass .The experiment designe was
RCBD with three replicates as asplit plote. The main plote was wheat types
while the sub plote was tillage system. Result indicated that there was more
weed number had seen at collge farm than Al– Nawaran and weed dry weight
was increased up to 22,20% in soft than durm wheat at Al – Nawaran and
college locations respectively. Less weed biomass had seen with the moldboad
plow than other treatments . The differences between mold – board and zero
tillage reach up 57.7,66.5 % in two locations respectively in spite of low grain yield was recorded at college farm , number of seeds / spike and grain yield
was superier in soft than durm wheat . Moldboard plow at Al – Nawaran and
moldboard or chesial at college location gave higher number of spik / m² ,
number of seeds /spike and higher yield ( kg/ha) .On other hand, less yield had
recoerded with the zero tillage and the differences between moldboord and zero
tillage in the grain yield was reached up to 23 , 63% at two locations,
respectively .

Endogenous concentrations of free and bound abscisic acid (ABA) in
bitter almond seeds Badam variety (local variety) from Sulaimania orchards
Prunus amygdalus L. were determined by TLC and HPLC during various
periods of cold stratification (0,15,30,45, and 60 days) and the germination was
investigated at the Plant Hormones Laboratory in the Department of Plant
Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan,
during the period 2004 to 2005. The results indicated that cold stratification
(at 5 ºC using perforated polyethylene bags filled with moistened perlite)
significantly reduced abscisic acid (ABA) contents of the seeds and their
endocarps. A sharp significantly decline in ABA was observed during the first
15 days, especially in 45 days, after that the decline was completely decreased.
The reduction in the level of ABA during stratification was associated with
significantly increased germination percentage especially for 45 days
(85.133 %).

This study shows the effect of the factors in the developing of price
policy and it is fluctuation for wheat crop in world market, because this policy
has importance and effective role in the volume of production, consumption
and distribution. The research depends on the quantative and economical
analysis to reach the aims. Results shows that the variables (trade net, bart
prices and corn prices) are significant in effecting the developing of price
policy of wheat and (R2) (95.8%), the results also shows the significant of the
variables (trade net and the index number of inflation) in effecting the
fluctuation of price policy and ( R2) (81.4%) from variables total. throughout
this research, we reaching to the results and suggesting.

The study aims at estimating the knowledge level of tomatoes growers
in general in Zomar region, identifying their knowledge level in aspects, items
of the test, determining the relationship between knowledge level and some
independent variables studied. Data had been collected from (80) farmer which
represent (25%) of population. The data had been analyzed by using: weighted,
Person correlation, Spearman-Brown. The results revealed that (8.75%)of
respondent were of low knowledge level,(51.25 %) medium and (40%) high
level of knowledge in growing tomatoes. The higher level of knowledge was in
aspects (maturation, gathering and marketing, aspect diseases and insect that
invade the crop).The study showed that there were significant Relationship
between knowledge level and variables(age, agricultural cultivated area,
income, agricultural information sources).The study also showed that there
were no relationship between knowledge level and variables(education level,
type of farm ownership and experience in agricultural).

This study was conducted in Agricultural College/ Dohuk University during
the period 1st Sep 2004 and 30th Jun 2005. The objective was to improve the growth
of maidenhair plant (Adiantum tenerum 'Scutum Roseum) by selecting a suitable
and available media and boron nutrition requirement. Two kinds of media were
used, loamy soil : manure, and loamy soil : peat moss (2:1 by volume) and boron
foliar application (boric acid) in concentrations (0, 30, 60, 90,120) mg / L. Results
showed in vegetative dry weight, root dry weight, leaf length, leaves number for
plants growing in peat moss media increased by 25%, 9%, 16%, 28%
consecutively comparing with those grown in manure media. While chemical
content cannot effected by this factor except nitrogen 4.02% which increased
significantly in plants growing in animals manure media. Spray plants with the
medium concentration of boron 60 mg/L give highest values which a superiority
significant for most of vegetative and chemical characters when comparing with
the others and reached 5.71 g, 0.548 g, 44.30 cm, 4.20%, 0.535% for vegetative dry
weight, root dry weight, leaf length, nitrogen, and phosphorus consecutively except
leaves number when spread with 30 mg/L and boron content 0.140% when spray
with highest concentration 120mg/L. Interactions between the two factors have
significantly effected all vegetative and chemical characters and highest values
obtained when plant grown in peat moss media and sprayed with 60 mg/L and
reached 6.08 g, 0.550 g, 47.40 cm, for vegetative dry weight, root dry weight, leaf
length, consecutively except leaves number when plant grown in the same media
and spread with 30 mg/L while nitrogen and phosphorus gave higher concentration
when plants grown in animals manure and sprayed with 60 mg/L as well as boron
content 0.153% when spray with highest concentration 120 mg/L. and grown in
peat moss media .

Two experiments were carried out at College of Agriculture and and Forestry
, Mosul Universty in 2003 growing season to determine the doses , frequency ,
duration time of application at different stage of Johnson grass growth on the
efficiency of paraquate for control S . halepense . Data was subjected to the
conventional analysis of Randomized Complete Block Design ( RCBD) as a
factorial experiment . Results indicated that all concentrations used had effect on
plant growth but there is no significant effect between different doses on growth of
S . halepense rhizomes . Plant that received 0.15 , 0.30 , 0.60 L a.i / ha of
paraquate at every week were more effect which reduce plant length up to 82.1 ,
88.3 , 88.3 % respectively , while there was no rhizomes emerge when it spray
every 3 or 4 weeks interval . However , the reduction of shoot length and dry
weight were up to 44.3 and 47.5 % respectively with two times sprayed especially
at flowering stage if it compared with the single application

This study was conducted in two locations Singar and Tal-A’ffar to study
the effect water quality for irrgation by choosing ten wells for each locations
.Results indicated that the water at singar was classified (C3-S1)while at Tal-
Affar were
(C3-S1) and (C4-S1). So that.the first can be used by improving irrigation .on
the other hand. the second one affect both soil and plant. Also. Results reveals
the cations and anions as follows (Na+ >Ca++ >Mg++ >K+) and (Na+ >Mg++>
Ca++ >K+). (HCO3- >SO4
= >Cl-)and (HCO3->Cl- >SO4
=) for water wells at singar
and Tal-Affer respectively

Nitrogen fertilizers factory is situated to the west of the river Tigris
20Kms north of Baiji, it is one of the biggest nitrogen fertilizers companies in
Iraq. This factory disposes ( 4000 - 5000 ) m3 /day of industrial waters as
average through a 4Kms channel. The study was conducted near the basin an
area about 4 donamas. The soil of this area is a loamy-sand with a content of
CaCO3 and Gypsum and poor plant cover. Two experiments were carried out,
one was an agricultural field study, the second was carried out in the
laboratory. Local barely crop was planted, some of the treatments were
irrigated with industrial waste waters and others with Tigris river waters to
know the effect of industrial waters on environmental pollution and land
degradation by the quantity of NO3 and heavy elements washed towards
ground water. The results showed that industrial waters caused an increase in
leached nitrate level toward groundwater at rate 50% approximately compared
with river water treatment, and this quantity of nitrate (NO3 ) is very trace and
dose not exceed ( 2mg.L-1 ). However, this quantity may have some effects in
the future on the phenomenon of Eutrophication and the infection of children
and animals with Methomoglobnemia

400 of unsexsd chickens (Fawbro) at 22 days old were used to study the
effect of adding vitamin c to Drinking water on some physiological and
productive performance of broiler reared under high environmental
temperature 36o C for eight hours daily . Four treatment were used as follows :
T1 Control No vitamin c added , T2 Adding 100mg vitamin c\Liter water , T3
Adding 150mg vitamin c\Liter water , T4 Adding 200mg vitamin c\Liter water,
feed and water were Ad Libitum . Statistic analysis showed that adding vitamin
c resulted in significant increase P ≤ 0.5 in average body weight , relative
growth rate , feed consumption , R.B.C. numbers , Hb concentration .
Significant decrease P ≤ 0.5 in Glycogen concentration in Liver and Heart ,
Blood glucose level ,P.C.V.volume and water consumption .No significant
differences were showed in Dressing percentage .

400 of unsexsd chickens (Fawbro) at 22 days old were used to study the
effect of adding vitamin c to Drinking water on some physiological and
productive performance of broiler reared under high environmental
temperature 36o C for eight hours daily . Four treatment were used as follows :
T1 Control No vitamin c added , T2 Adding 100mg vitamin c\Liter water , T3
Adding 150mg vitamin c\Liter water , T4 Adding 200mg vitamin c\Liter water,
feed and water were Ad Libitum . Statistic analysis showed that adding vitamin
c resulted in significant increase P ≤ 0.5 in average body weight , relative
growth rate , feed consumption , R.B.C. numbers , Hb concentration .
Significant decrease P ≤ 0.5 in Glycogen concentration in Liver and Heart ,
Blood glucose level ,P.C.V.volume and water consumption .No significant
differences were showed in Dressing percentage

Thirty five Awassi lambs of 5.5–6 months old, with average initial body
weight 34.25 kg were divided randomly into five groups each of 7 lambs. All
lambs groups were fed ad libitum for 70 days on one of the five rations. The
first group (A) was fed on barley grain only, group (B) barley grain with 10%
sun flower meal and 0.7% urea, group (C) barley grain with 10% vetch seeds,
group (D) barley grain with 20% vetch seeds and finally group (E) barley grain
with 30% vetch seeds in addition to limestone and salt. After 4 weeks four
lambs were randomly chosen from each group for digestibility trials to study
the effects of treatments on nutrients digestibility. At the end of the experiment
three lambs from each group were randomly chosen and slaughtered to study
the carcass characteristics. Daily food intake for the five groups were similar
and there was no significant differences in the digestibility of DM, CP, ether
extract and CF. whereas the group that took 30% vetch seeds had a
significantly higher NFE digestibility compared with group A. calculated
increases were observed in feed conversion efficiency, average daily gain, final
weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, rib eye area and fat thickness for
group (E).

This study was conducted in the animal husbandry station Al-Rashidiya,
a branch of the general enterprise of animal researches in Mosul Governorate.
Twenty one single female lambs at weaning age 90 days were divided
randomly into three groups, fed on three rations different in protein levels 12,
15 and 18%. The rations was offered restricted feeding at a rate of 1
kg/head/day until the age of puberty. Weight of female lambs were recorded
monthly after weaning age up to age of nine months. Blood samples were
collected monthly at age of six months from Jugular vein to determine the
concentrations of FSH hormone. All the female lambs were subjected to the
rams at age of 7 months to determine the age and weight of early breeding. The
results indicated that protein levels had no significant effect on the age and
weight of lambs at puberty. The female lambs which were fed 12% ration
reached the age of puberty at 242 days and were faster than other lambs which
fed 15 and 18% rations. However, lambs fed on 18% protein reached the age of
puberty at weight of 41.30kg when compared with other lambs fed other level
of protein and were 42.88 and 44.83 kg, respectively. Protein levels had a
significant ( < 0.05) effect on the concentration of F S H at age of 7 and 9
months only. However, only 15 female lambs were successfully breed. Mating
was take place between 246-319 days of age.

This study was carried out at Ninevah plantation Nursery in Mosul city,
during the period from mid January to the end of October (1999) to investigate
the effect of four collection times, and four cutting lengths, Using tow planting
methods (Vertical and Horizontal) in propagation of Salix seedlings. This
experiment was conducted as factorial experiment in Randomized completely
Block Design with three factors and three blocks. Several growth and
propagation traits was studies. The result showed that the collection cutting
time (15 February), cutting length (30 cm.) and that vertical planting method
were the best, it gave higher means for all studied characteristics. The result
also showed that the following interactions between (collection cutting time 15
February and cutting length 30 cm.), (collection cutting time 15 February and
vertical planting method), (cutting length 30 cm. and vertical planting method)
and (collection cutting time 15 February and cutting length 30 cm. and vertical
planting method) was the best among other interactions.

Simple regression was used to obtain a mathematical equations for
estimating the total stemwood density in three species of forest tree, namely:
Pinus brutia Ten, Casuarina equestifolia, and Eualyptus Camaldulensis Dehn;
by connecting the total stemwood density in its orginal form as dependent
variable with the density values at breast height. A sample of 44 Pine trees, 34
Casuarina and 32 eucalyptes were used in this study. An equation was obtained
for each type of wood characterized by having a very high R2 and a low S.E.%
which confirmed the high accuracy of the obtained equations, the equation are:
Y = 0.03703338 + 0.949798X ….. For Pine wood
R2 = 92.53 S.E.% = 0.0129
Y= -0.0421964 + 1.08117X ….. For Casuarina wood
R2 = 90.87 S.E%=0.0158
Y= -0.01071726 + 0.995392X ….. For Eucalyptes wood
R2 = 94.15 S.E% = 0.0198
By using the above three equations, a table was prepared which gives
the total stemwood density values for corresponding breast height density
values.

This Study was carried out on the Ceratonia siliqua seeds in its natural
distribution regions in Syria. These seeds were treated with some mechanical
(scarification), chemical (H2SO4) treatments and Hot water. The results showed
that there are high differences between most treatments in all the study areas
according to the period germination and the weight of seedlings. It was found
that the seeds of Beit-salhab and Al-muhawata then Al-isawia and Ras-albasit's
seeds gave better results than the seeds of Harem and Mardash under affect of
scarification and H2SO4 treatments according to the period germination and the
weight of seedlings, so we should engorge these seeds propagation to give the
best nursling and good quality of fruits. Due to the fact that Ceratonia siliqua is
a Multi-purposes tree, and according to the results obtained, it was suggested
that it’s necessary to put a plan for the conservation of the Carob tree in its
natural distribution regions, choose the best ways to propagate it and enforce its
economic and environmental role by using it in the afforestation plans.

The references and studies commend it is possible to put like these tables
for developed, not for developing countries because it need perfect data, for that the economy of Welsh and Canada were chosen to derived the input-output of
interference of forestry sector and other industrial economic activities which
depend wood as raw materials with other sector which have relationship with
forestry. And two tables for Canadian Economy were put using input-output
model for the Employment and compensation in forestry sector and wood field.
The results of welsh showed that these are an interrelationship of forestry with
printing, publishing , petrolation, chemical products, furniture, electrical power,
machine sales, hotels and recreation. And also welfare that the total purchase
was 13.4 million dollars from UK and 3.6 million dollar from other countries,
also the results declare the size of the whole- consumption, taxes , labor cost
and the total surplus of employees. In addition to the interrelationship of the
production sector and the other economic sectors. Concerning the results of
Canada, which show the size of employment in forestry and wood sector, the
cost of employments in forestry sector for both male and female, reached 2934
million dollars and in the Agro forestry actives was 7.5 million dollar, it was
distributed to ages of forestry and the proposed activities in Agro forestry. This
study gives also the tables of final consumption of wood products with
coefficient matrix of input- output tables which illustrates the contribution of
economic actives such as wood production import and export in the
consumption of wood products, The total consumption of industrial wood,
lumbers, composition boards, pulp and papers and paperboard, appeared to be:
199.9 , 21.7, 5.9 , 71.7 and 26 million dollar respectively.

Afield experiment was conducted at Rabiaa research station under
moderate rainfall area (350 – 450mm) which is located 90km North west of
Mosul city for the three consecutive growing seasons 99/2000, 2000/2001,
2001/2002 . To study the comparison between 6 cultivars of Fieldpeas (Pisum
sativum L.) are, Nesire, Messire, Merier, Ariane, AliAire, Ariare. Randomized
completely block design was used with three replications. Combined analysis
results, showed that superiority of Nesire and Messire cultivars in dry matter
yield 578 and 576 kg/ha respectively, height of plant was followed a similar
pattern 30 and 31cm for Nesire and Messire cultivars. In respect to seed yield,
Nesire, Messire and Merier were surpassed over others in seed yield 870, 857,
838 kg/ha respectively, whereas Nesire cultivar was surpassed in biological
yield 2132 kg/ha. On the contrary, AliAire and Ariare cultivars gave the lowest
values of seed yield 612 and 502 kg/ha but for biological yield was 2012 and
1616 kg/ha. Partioning of dry matter (harvest index) between the seed yied and
the rest of the plant was not significant. The Nesire and Messire cultivars were
significantly increased in the number of pods / plant 3.70 and 3.67. The
increases in seed yield were due mainly to the number of pods / plant. Number
of seeds/ pod was significantly increaseed under Nesire cultivar 3.9 seeds/ pod.
No significaat differenas in the weight of l000 seeds.

Findings of the current study have shown that the damage volume and
percentage have started with the primary appearance of lace bug adults. The
more the insect numbers increased; the more the damage area and percentage
were, and have reached 3.10, 3.52, 4.5Cm3 and 67, 16, 91, 17, 20.08% for
Zafarnia, Othmani, and Le-Cont varieties respectively when the insects average
number was 7, 13.5, 17.5 insect\leaf for the varieties at temperature average of
27.96C° and relative humidity of 51.5%, whilst damage area and percentage
have reached in the 1st of August 7.7, 8, 11.52 for the damage area respectively
and 15, 34, 89, 33, 40.67% for damage percentage respectively; at temperature
average of 27.16C° and relative humidity of 35.5%. A decrease in the insects
average number to 2.25, 4, 9.75 insect\leaf for the Zafarnia, Othmani, and Le-
Cont pear varieties has resulted in a damage area and percentage of 0.39, 0.78,
2.62Cm2 and 2.16, 4.06, 10.83% respectively at temperature average of
10.08C° relative humidity of 75.81%. The results also revealed a significant
and positive correlation between insect number and temperature and the
damage average area and percentage while the correlation with relative
humidity was significant and negative for the varieties under discussion.