Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies

Our research is an attempt to make a linguistic comparison in one of the common themes in the Semitic languages, which is the number of cases where the similarity is great and clear by reading the numbers in this linguistic group.
I would also like to highlight the origin of the numbers and their writing, starting from the Akkadian language as it is one of the oldest of these languages.
We have relied on the study in the books of linguistic researchers, Arabs and other foreign orientalists who have fought in this field. The results were similar between these two linguistic researches and this is shown by the tables attached here with as we show how to read the numbers in a group of Semitic languages.
This research is a modest contribution to shed light on comparative studies in Semitic languages (island, or cart) as it wishes to be called by some professors linguistic researchers. The results of the research were very clear regarding the issue of the issue, as it is one of the common topics in Semitic languages. The idea of finding a way to calculate things is an urgent need to walk his life, so the ancient man invented his different ways of calculating. The Akkadians, who are one of the oldest Semitic peoples, were proactive in finding ways of arithmetic, numbers, and different arithmetic numbers. And so the rest of the Semitic peoples, with their eastern, western, northern and southern groups, took upon themselves the invention and development of counting methods and writing the number and its rules. With the passage of time, the number had rules for writing and reading with it and in various Semitic languages, except that it was within one linguistic group. Therefore, the convergence in reading the number between the languages of this one group was clear. . The Arabic language was one of the most prominent languages in the field of studying number and finding its own rules, and linguists took upon themselves this field and dedicated special sections to it for its study.

Genocide was not an event of the times, but rather an event that extends its roots to the depths of the ancient history of mankind. Ancient history has preserved for us brutal and bloody genocides that occurred in the BC period, carried out by kings and tyrant leaders for several reasons in which the religious factor played an active role. In the books of the Old Testament, which are sacred religious texts and historical documents at the same time, many genocides carried out by the Israelis against the safe peoples after they occupied their lands and under religious cover are mentioned, as they were carried out and as mentioned in the Old Testament texts by the order and blessing of the Lord, and it is an obligation The law that God commanded the Israelites to exterminate and uproot the heathen peoples. We have chosen one of the most important and most important books that narrate these genocides, which is (The Book of Joshua bin Nun), this book named after the leader who took the leadership of the Children of Israel after the death of Moses (peace be upon him), and who initiated the first genocide known to humanity in its ancient times, taking from the texts The religious beliefs of the Old Testament are a pretext for carrying out those massacres, as it came in those texts: (As for the cities of the nations that the Lord your God gives you an inheritance, do not leave anyone in them, but consume them all...) (Deuteronomy 20/16-17), and it came in other texts of the Covenant The old one also (So enlist against Midian, as the Lord commanded, and kill every male...) (Numbers 31/17-19). Here is the religious factor and its impact on the ideological thought of the genocide. When Joshua bin Nun (1267-1157 BC) and those with him from the beginning, the Israelites, who hated everything that was civilized and civilized, attacked the Canaanite city of Jericho, they exterminated all its inhabitants. Those in the city were men, women, children and the elderly, even cows, sheep, and donkeys, and they burned the city and everyone in it with fire...), and so they did with the rest of the Canaanite cities and other cities, where travel continues in this manner in killings and genocide until it was called (the journey of massacres).

The process of linguistic communication between people differs in terms of language competence and practice, this difference was the main reason for the difference in perception of different meanings and concepts of life. As a result, the process of linguistic communication between the people of a society will go down, and it will become one of the vital and important social problems. These sociologists and linguists of the West and the East have paid great attention to this important issue from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, and have also proposed various theories about the relationship between language and society or the relationship between society and language. And the goal was to develop competence and practice of language among the people in the social spheres. But the most prominent of these names; Naum Chomsky, Labov, Fishman, Haldai, etc. And discussed in depth the relationship of language (which is one of the most important factors of human communication) with the nature of society (in which this language has developed) and from various aspects in addition to other linguistic and social phenomena that have affected both.
It is noteworthy that these theories and linguistic and social phenomena were subject to change in terms of social, political and economic conditions that directly or indirectly affect a linguistic community. We see that a number of linguistic concepts change into other concepts over time, or new social and linguistic phenomena emerge. This conceptual shift can be seen widely between the views of linguists and social scientists of the last century and even with the beginning of the 21st century, and the clearest examples of these are the views of Naum Chomsky on the origin of language and its relation to society. Based on what has been said, the importance of language research and research from a social point of view and environmental factors of a society is evident. If the sociology of language discusses linguistic phenomena that depend on a language community. There is no doubt that social change reflects the language of that society, so linguistic phenomena or anything related to language and society became the focus of linguists.

The research paper discusses the emergence of the human movement in Europe at the end of the Middle Ages, a movement that places the human being and human values above everything, and we examine the knowledge of its emergence and spread to Europe and its impact on European thought. Thought leaders in this movement tried to return to the Greek and Roman pagan texts that were neglected throughout the dark middle ages and to return to Greek thought. Among the most important thinkers and poets who represented humanism were Petrarch, Peak Miranduli, Marcel Fishan and Erasmus, who was called the Prince of the Renaissance.
They tried to get out of the principles of religious thought in the middle ages based on definite certainties and imposed teachings, and their rebellion brought them back only the thought of Greece and the Romans, where freedom was, and they started a movement of translation of Greek thought into Latin and European national languages that were in the process of emergence at that time: such as Italian , French , English, and German.
Humanism is that philosophical conceptualization that trusts and optimizes man and his capabilities. In addition, the human being is for him the supreme value that has no value above it. And for him man is an end in itself and not a means in any way during the middle ages they spoke of human etiquette and divine etiquette. And they meant by the first the entirety of the worldly knowledge that they teach students in the Faculties of Art and Rhetoric. As for the second, they used to study it in colleges of Christian theology, where they were interested in religion and the Gospel, explaining it and commenting on it. Theological studies clearly dominated human studies throughout the middle ages. This is because the divine sciences are higher than the human sciences. Philosophy was the servant of Christian theology.

The beginnings of American activity in the Arabian Gulf region go back to the first half of the nineteenth century, when the United States of America began its activity in the Arabian Peninsula through missionary missions and commercial trips. Commercial activity was the most prominent feature of American interests during the nineteenth century in the Arabian Gulf region. Until that activity developed into American relations with some Gulf countries, including the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the State of Bahrain and the Sultanate of Oman. Perhaps the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the most prominent area of American polarization, as the history of bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United States of America dates back to the early thirties of the last century in 1931, when the signs of oil discoveries appeared in the Kingdom and oil exploration and marketing companies began practicing their activities commercially. As for Bahrain, missionaries were The most prominent features of the American activity there, as it embarked on about eight or nine missions of its educational and medical activity there, but the first American activity in the Arabian Gulf region was on the Omani lands, despite the thousands of kilometers that separate geographically between Oman and the United States of America, but the attention of The United States has been heading towards it, since its independence in 1877 AD, where American interests and activities began to grow clearly.

The civil war in El Salvador, 1979-1992, is one of the important civil wars that took place in Central America, which took place between the poor classes demanding reforms and the government controlling the goods of the country. Equality between the classes of the people, and after the development of the conflict between the parties, external intervention began by supporting the conflicting parties, so the United States of America appeared in support of the government in El Salvador and offset by the Soviet Union, Cuba, Nicaragua and Mexico that supported the rebels. 1992 via the Chapultepec Peace Agreement. The Salvadoran Civil War is the second longest civil war in Latin America after the civil war in Guatemala, during which it witnessed mutual violence from both sides, including killing, displacement, deliberate intimidation, targeting civilians, child recruitment, and other human rights violations, the results of which were the disappearance of an unwarranted number Exclusive of civilians, and more than 75,000 people were killed, according to United Nations reports, and in 1990 the United Nations began peace negotiations, and the results of those talks in 1992, the signing of the Chapultepec Peace Agreement, a final peace agreement between the combatants in Mexico City, and an official end to the conflict, The country has achieved an uneasy peace but is still trying to repair the damage to the economy, environment, and institutions For negotiations(), Kristani promised to hold direct talks with the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front to end the civil war.

The strategic importance of Sudan and Somalia increased after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, which made the two countries the subject of the ambitions of the colonial states in various historical stages, as Sudan was linked to Somalia culturally, socially and historically. High importance in the global map, as the two countries bring together joint struggle and heroic relations during the African continent's quest for independence and the defeat of colonialism. Sudan is among the first countries to form strong relations with Somalia, which led to the strengthening of the bonds of relationship and cooperation between the two countries, which witnessed rapprochement to a large extent. Thought, art and education, as the two countries are linked by a common history and human and cultural overlap. Sudan is also one of the most prominent supporters of the stability, unity and security of Somalia, and Sudan is linked to Somalia religiously in order to establish justice, defeat the occupier, and restore and liberate Somalia from the hands of the colonizer, which indicates the interaction and actual participation in the unity of the struggle Through the historical events of the two countries, and through the Somali resistance leaders’ benefiting from important matters, including military tactics, field command and battle management to resist occupation through their influence on the renewal Sufi movement in Sudan . The Sudanese-Somali political relations also had a major role, especially for what happened in the Horn of Africa region, as the border issues between Somalia, Eritrea, Sudan, Ethiopia and the issue of South Sudan formed common issues between the countries of the Horn of Africa by clarifying the roots and motives of the differences between these countries, and in order for Sudan to be able to From playing his positive role in the Horn of Africa and towards Somalia, he must solve his internal problems, particularly the problem of the south. On the contrary, Sudan's role remains a marginal and ineffective role in foreign policy.

This research aims to describe the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) activities and provide an overview on JICA reconstruction assistance for Iraq. It is chartered with assisting economic and social growth in developing countries, and the promotion of international cooperation. JICA is supporting the construction of the infrastructure and institutional system which would contribute to upgrading citizens' lives through studies and capacity development programs. JICA's support to Iraq is primarily focused on: 1) the promotion and diversification of industry for economic growth, 2) strengthening the basic economic infrastructure, and 3) building a foundation for the livelihoods of the people. The conclusions show that JICA is currently conducting various technical cooperation projects, as well as studies for infrastructure rehabilitation and construction as well as emphasize that JICA has been one of the biggest donors supporting Iraq’s reconstruction and development since 2003. Although JICA helping Iraq and Iraqi people with minimum interest rate, they are facing many difficulties. The delay in Al-Hartha water project due to some problems related to Iraqis side such as security and others are examples of that challenges. JICA assistance have contributed to the uplift of the life standard and reduce the suffering of Iraqi people. There are much works from Iraqis side to do for achieving the JICA goals for improvement and development of Iraq.

When European delegations and troops began to move towards Southern Rhodesia because of the natural resources that attracted the attention of Europeans, white businesses began to extend their influence in Rhodesia in particular and in South Africa in general, as well as to send missionary missions aimed at establishing the cultural and political awareness of colonial states among the rich Africans who learned different European languages and then were able to learn the culture of European countries, which crossed great strides in political awareness and civil freedoms of the individual, which helped to The emergence of national movements on the political scene, represented by the African national opposition parties, despite the colonizer's numerous attempts to continue to extend his influence politically, economically and socially, has fragmented the ideas of the colonizer and brought them back.
The Rhodesian situation continued to be managed by the British South African Company, which began to extend the railways to facilitate the task of controlling the area north of the Limpopo River to open it to British adventurers, as the colonizer Rhodes is one of the most prominent figures who supported British influence and colonialism in Africa in general, and Rhodesia South in particular, wherein 1880 he contributed a large share to the founding of the mining company De Beers and became its first mentor as he urged his government, which was characterized by hesitation. In this part of Africa to extend its influence, a decision was made to establish the southern colony of Rhodesia on July 30, 1923, later known as the Constitution of 1923, it became an autonomous colony, and so Rhodesia obtained (autonomy) according to the British recognition, as it was called Rhodesia, relative to the British colonizer Cecil Rhodes, Rhodesia included different races of human beings, but the most important of these races, the vast majority of which are living in the southern regions African.

Algeria suffered from French colonialism that lasted for many decades and left its impact on all aspects of life in Algeria, political and social, most importantly the economic one. Oil and its use globally has made Algeria a large farm to supply the best types of grain and fruits to France. The steps towards searching for it since 1870 and with timid beginnings, did not result until the fifties of the twentieth century except in small discoveries that did not put France in the ranks of the other colonial countries that laid their hands on the most important sources of this wealth in the Arab world and the Middle East, until France converted to exploiting the vast Algerian desert and actually came The result is astonishing with great discoveries that France worked to monopolize for fear of the ambitions of major competing countries and issued laws regulating work and created oil companies It operates and extends the pipelines and creates ports and tankers for the export of crude oil to France, then allows the participation of other European countries and the United States in partnership contracts with French oil companies and within French terms so that the oil does not come out of the French grip and to benefit from the most important findings of other major oil companies in the methods of research and exploitation of oil , until the year of independence came in 1962, in which Algeria gained its political independence, but the oil remained in the French grip and the oil laws that France created to exploit Algerian oil apply to it.

In this study, the ratio of researchers from the teaching staff to the teaching staff in universities of higher education in solid independent countries with relations, Iraq and marriage coefficients was studied, and the beautiful realism was identified, which indicates a study of the mechanisms of publishing in those transportations, which indicates the increase that occurred in those countries that were there increase in its revenue.
The research was completed by designing a questionnaire consisting of fourteen main questions distributed to a sample of four hundred lecturer, with various scientific titles in the faculties of engineering, sciences, health and medical technologies and the Institute of Technical Medicine.
The study also showed the small number of publishers with various scientific Arab journals (57.5%), especially those who hold assistant lecturer, where their percentage was the highest (98%), and the reason is due to their lack of knowledge of the Arab journals in which they can publish and the slow speed of publication that may extend For several years, a number of researchers also proved this in the body of the questionnaire and the difficulty of delivering the fees required for the publication process.
The study also found that most of the teachers supported publishing in international journals, where the total percentage of those who find difficulties for all scientific journals was low (21.5%), especially those with advanced scientific (professor 10%, assistant professor 13%) as the easiest and fastest to publish, while those who did not They had previously published in it, as their problems revolved around their ignorance of contacting these journals to deliver research and the required publishing fees for that

After Croatia joined the Yugoslav federation, it found that this union was not based on well-studied foundations by the united parties, and therefore this union faced several problems, including the inequality between the United States in terms of development and wealth, as well as the supremacy of the Serbs over other countries, Serbia emerged as the dominant state in the political and economic corps in the former Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia, as it controlled the money coming from Croatia and Slovenia, which are among the richest republics of Yugoslavia, as well as the acquisition of all high positions in the state for the benefit of the Serbs, in addition to the development of national thought in Europe, Accordingly, Croatia found that it was necessary to withdraw and declare its independence from this union, which did not satisfy them with anything of development and justice. Several other factors helped to declare this independence, including the collapse of the Soviet Union as well as Croatia's knowledge of the Serbs' intentions towards its desire to realize the Greater Serbia project, as well as the importance of The religious side and its role in igniting this conflict and declaring the Croatian War of Independence in 1990.
Then the national and religious feeling latent in the hearts of the peoples of Yugoslavia appeared, and the wars of independence in Yugoslavia, including the Croatian ones, began to appear on the eve of the Communist disintegration.
It was the Serbian project, which aims to expand its lands to the west and north, and includes areas in Bosnia, Croatia and Vovodina that were inhabited by many Serbs, as well as the Adriatic coast, meaning that it wants to live almost as it was in the former Serbian kingdom, which the Serbs call the Greater Serbia project It is one of the reasons why Croatia declared its independence because of its desire to get rid of Serbian hegemony.

The lineage of the Jaafar bin Abi Talib family goes back to their grandfather: Abdul Muttalib bin Hashem bin Abdul Manaf, whose lineage extends to Nizar bin Maad bin Adnan, meaning that the lineage of this family goes back to the Al-Adnaniyah Al-Madhari, and they are the Arabs of the North, that is: the Hejaz, of authentic Arab origins.
The distinguished position of the Jaafar bin Abi Talib family in the Quraish tribe, and in Bani Hashim in particular, is due to their affiliation and descent from their father Abi Talib, who had the best sons: Jaafar, Aqil, Ali (PBUH) and Talib, as well as a number of daughters, and this became The branch is known as: the Talibis, who made many sacrifices; In defense of Islam and jihad against its enemies, foremost among them: Jaafar bin Abi Talib (may God be pleased with him), the martyr of the Battle of Mu’tah in the year 8 AH / 629 AD, as well as the sacrifices of his two brothers: Aqeel and Imam Ali (peace be upon him).
The Jaafar bin Abi Talib family had an important and prominent role in intellectual and scientific life, represented by their role in religious sciences, most notably: the interpretation of the Noble Qur’an. A memorizer and interpreter of the Noble Qur’an, he recited it in front of the Negus, the king of Abyssinia, until he succeeded in persuading him to stand by the immigrant Muslims, and to understand the message of Islam that the greatest Messenger Muhammad bin Abdullah (PBUH) carried. Jaafar had rhetorical abilities, strong expression, and distinguished sobriety, which made him qualified to read and interpret the Holy Qur’an, as emerged in the interpretation of the Qur’an from the Jaafar bin Abi Talib family: Abu Al-Hasan Muhammad bin Yaqoub bin Yusuf bin Jaafar bin Ibrahim bin Muhammad bin Ali bin Abdullah bin Jaafar bin Abi Talib, one of the grandsons of Jaafar al-Tayyar, from this upper house.
From the family of Jaafar bin Abi Talib (may God be pleased with him), several characters emerged in the narration of the noble hadith of the Prophet; Because most of the Ahl al-Bayt were brought up religiously by the founder of the Ahl al-Bayt School, who is the Messenger of God (peace be upon him), and after him Imam Ali (peace be upon him) with all his children.
There are other scientific fields in which the Jaafar bin Abi Talib family had contributions, including: wills, historical narratives, protest, i.e. debates with the Umayyad rulers and their leaders close to them, which confirms that they left clear imprints in the intellectual and scientific field in general, and in religious sciences in particular.

Medicine in the two centuries (3-4 AH/9-10 AD) witnessed a development, both at the level of treatment methods or at the level of diagnosing the disease, and the description of medicine that went beyond the description of the compound to psychiatry, so the writings of the doctor Abu Zakaria al-Razi (d. Evolution, and at the same time we find commitments to the ethics of the medical profession, especially what he wrote in the book “Akhlaq al-Tabib”, the book “spiritual medicine”, the book “The Secret of the Industry of Medicine”, “Al-Mansoori”, the book “Al-Hawi”, and others, and thanks to the This is due to the genius of the physician Al-Razi, as well as to the caliphs of the Abbasid state, and the sultans of the Samanid state who encouraged and honored scholars, and he had a fortune in honoring him. Therefore, he excelled in the professionalism of his profession, as a chief physician, and the extent to which he fulfilled the covenants enacted by Hippocrates and Galen, with what the physician Al-Razi mentioned in particular about the advice of the physician, helping him to visit his patients and treat them.
I review this study in a number of sub-elements: Doctor Abu Bakr Al-Razi (his life, culture, era, end), then introduce his most important writings, to review after him the most important names, articles and letters of Doctor Al-Razi from one element, the books of Doctor Al-Razi, and then go to the definition of the books of Doctor Al-Razi. Through the human dimension, then I review some of what is related to medicine to him, and singled out the last element of the physician’s ethics in his dealings with the various social classes, and all these elements were based on what I found in the writings of Doctor Al-Razi, and I ended the study with a number of conclusions.

The study of the subject of our research focused on the role of narrators and how they made the historical event of personalities in a way that is almost closer to the truth and reality, by following the approach of filling the fictional void that exists in that event, for the benefit of a certain group or party. It has a signification and a far-reaching impact in its use and circulation later, and therefore the tracing of these traces became after them many writers, researchers and people of the common people alike, until I was considered one of the priorities of ammunition and the heritage of this Islamic world and it was the best
A model we have chosen for this field is the personality of Hind Bint Utbah and the narratives put in her that explicitly and implicitly demonstrate her courage and heroism according to the theory of the Scottish philosopher Thomas Carlyle, the theory of heroes. In explaining the extent of the interdependence and relationship of this theory with our personality that we have mastered for study and research. As for the second axis, we have summarized in it the most important of those texts that referred to the issue of the heroism and power of Hind Bint Utbah’s personality and to what she made until she was immortalized by history and Islamic heritage

The purpose of this study is to shed some light a part of the social life of the rich class, as this class is one among of the important and influential classes of society in those human societies and over the ages because this class possessed huge and influential funds in economic and even political life. The rich or the wealthy sought to live in luxury in various aspects of their lives, so their tables and the types of luxurious foods and drinks that were on them were the focus of our study. The Islamic conquests had a great and stimulating role in civilized initiatives in various fields, including food and drink, as the wealthy, by virtue of their movement for the purpose of commercial work or the like, took the opportunity to see and learn new foods and drinks, so they enjoyed eating the best of foods and the best drinks. The motive behind this was to flaunt their wealth. We also explained in this research many as pccts afdaily life, including the etiquette of eating and how to sit at the table, as well as the types of food and drink that the wealthy the peapls used to enjoy, as well as the expensive tools they used for their food and drink.

Undoubtedly, the Umayyad Alawi relations may appear in the tensions, the escalation of positions, revolutions, and the numerous Alawi movements that emerged from the womb of suffering, against injustice, exclusion and defamation from the media of the Umayyad rulers and throughout their periods of rule. To draw close and courtship to the Umayyads in order to obtain material gains in the Umayyad state, so they falsified and deceived the noble Prophet’s hadith and the work of liars in changing the features of the narration in the service of the Umayyad media, including primarily the main ones in the House (peace be upon them), their companions and their followers, they worked at the beginning of the matter Accusing the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) of witchcraft, fortune-telling and insanity, and accusing him of lying, because the basis for that are the Umayyad rulers and those who followed them since that time. peace be upon him) and pave the way for his son wants, and he liquidated the opponents of his rule by threat or threat, as did his predecessors from the Umayyads when they accused Abu Talib, he died an infidel; Because he protected the Islamic call and preserved the message and his companions from harm, so the Umayyads tried against Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in confrontations either militarily or intellectually, trying to stand against the ideas and followers of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them.
He attacked the inability of the Umayyads to distort the image of Abu Talib and the image of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in their favor, but they failed in that, so our topic came to the Umayyad assumptions of the relationship of Aqil, a student with Muawiyah, an analytical study, the new episode of those facts in Arab history

The distinguished position occupied by the Arabic language throughout its ages motivated me to present this language and dive into its ancient language, so I chose the ancient Yemeni language as a model for this given language. It must be noted that this study was not linguistic in itself, but rather mixed the ancient historical study, i.e. what was written by excavation and archaeologists in the references and ancient historical sources of information after analysis and change of that ancient Yemeni language from the ancient Yemeni inscriptions. The study was based on references and sources of linguists and ancient history.
The study proceeded from the adoption of the comparison between the subject in the ancient Yemeni Arabic language and the subject in the classical Arabic language, and standing on the issues of difference and compatibility between the actors and the extent of divergence and convergence between them. It is the owners of previous studies
Among those issues are:
1-The subject of the language and idiomatically.
2-The question of the types of the subject.
3-The issue of giving precedence to the subject over the verb.
4-The issue of the presence of the subject in the case of masculine and feminine, singular, dual, plural, indefinite, and knowledge.

The history of the Islamic Arab state is full of figures who had a role in the emergence and the consolidation of the Islamic state and elevating its position, as they had a historical role and positions that helped in the formation of events and influence or be influenced by important personalities to take steps that had important historical dimensions in the life of the Islamic nation. Contemporary of the Holy Prophet Muhammad in his blessed life, but he was not successful in seeing him, and in the pre-Islamic era he was the leader of his people and was over the donkey tribes. The Noble Messenger sent to the kings of Yemen inviting them to Islam. thul-Kalaa responded to his call and entered Islam. He had a role in spreading Islam. He had heroics in the conquests of Syria against the Crusaders, where he valiantly defended Islam and achieved victory, and he had positions recorded by history until he took the Levant, after its conquest, was a residence for him and his followers, although he relinquished the prestige and authority that he enjoyed in Yemen as the master of his people and as a leader of the leaders of Yemen, to the extent that his people used to prostrate to him when the sources mentioned that he was claiming Lordship. In the pre-Islamic era, he entered Islam, abandoning all that prestige and authority, freeing all his servants and servants for the sake of God Almighty. He became a simple human being like the common Muslims, until he became close to Muawiyah when he took over the caliphate, so Muawiyah brought him close to him, cut him off the estates and lavished him with money, and despite his positions, he was not successful at the end of his life because The truth was overshadowed by the truth, or he was deceived by the world and its adornment, so he deviated from the truth until he was killed in the Battle of Siffin while fighting against the legitimate Caliph, Imam Ali bin Abi Talib

The research dealt with the study of the life of Imam Al-Kadhim and the most important social situations that he promoted, And lineage in terms of mother, father, and birth, he was born in the Al-Abwa area between Mecca and Medina during his parents’ journey to the Hajj. As for the upbringing of the Imam, he was brought up in a religious and scholarly family, and his father loved and honored him and guided him to honorable customs, so he acquired at an early age the elements of correct Islamic education I have prepared the front Al-Sadiq, his son Al-Kadhim, was a complete preparation in order to assume the leadership of the Islamic nation after him. He was called the Imam with many titles, the most important and most famous of which was Kazem Al-Ghayd, meaning that he was suppressing his anger about what the oppressors had done to him of abuse and exhaustion until he was martyred in prisons alone and was buried in Baghdad On the western side of the Quraysh cemetery, secondly: As for Imam Al-Kadhim’s social stances with the people, many of them were his call to do good and he considered it a duty of all human beings He brought joy and happiness to people’s hearts by fulfilling their needs and facilitating their affairs. He helped the needy and did not delay in answering the needy. He also worked on guiding people to the right path, guiding them to the right path, and reforming them socially Examples of that, the Imam was striving to redress people’s thoughts by helping them in the affairs of their lives, and also teaching them the true Sharia and issues of lawful and forbidden and the fulfillment of rights The unjust, he paid great attention to Muslims, and was very patient with abuse and generous even with those who hurt and insulted him. Third: Imam Al-Kadhim’s position on poverty and the poor in society. He was generous with all people, especially with the poor Kindness, charity and generosity, Fourth: The Imam’s position on the family and women. He emphasized the role of women in society in general as she is the whole of society and not half of it, and thus he applies what came in the Qur’an and the Prophetic Sunnah. Fifth: Asceticism and worship of Imam Al-Kazim in society had a great impact and as a result of his asceticism he was called a slave The righteous was a lot of prostration and worship of God.

Domes consider a construction method to make roofs of arch or domed shapes those common found in all civilizations from a very early periods. It is also seem common found in ancient Iraq from pre-historic periods due constructing and factional purposes. Such methods considers better than a flat roof because with the dome we can create spaces and heights within the complex of architecture, for this reason it was used in the Islamic architecture, in addition it raise our spirits of dignity and majesty. As well as dome has spiritual and holy realm since dome inspired by the sky as it has been interpreted, so with its shape, height, colour and sanctity which give its real features those all related to the god, and spread in all kinds, such as religion and secular architectures, because it has features of construction, function, and sanctity purposes, as fellow:
This study is bringing up the early domes, stages of its development, and the types as specific feature of the Arabic-Islamic Architecture.
This study concentrated on conical domes, precise geometrical design of conical shape, which has two types, conical-ribbed ( stringed-shape like or toward) and conical مقرنصة (pineal shape) because it looks like a pineal. Iraq was a place where such kind of dome was appeared, developed perfectly, and was variety to other types, and such verity resulted from the environment where these domes were erected. In addition, such domes were very commend found in shrines and architecture of the holy building since 3rd and 7 th of the Hegira (6 th- 13 th AD).
In this study is a field work research dealing with the (Mashhed al-Shames
Dome roofing is the most common in human architecture, especially in Iraqi architecture, due to the lack of wood for this, in addition to that vaulted ceilings are more suitable for architecture than flat ceilings because the domed ceiling provides structural benefits, which is the balanced distribution of weights on ceiling cranes, whether walls or ceilings. Columns or pillars, and the wide spaces and high heights provided by the dome ceiling, which are compatible with some of the halls that increase their prestige, majesty and sanctity.

This research, entitled (Religious Systems and Beliefs of the Mongols in the Seventh Hijri / Thirteenth Century A.D. (Historical Study), and the research included three sections. The first topic continued the religious perceptions and beliefs of the Mongols before Islamic conversion, and focused on the fact that the Mongolian society was a pagan polytheistic society in which it spread. Myths and deviant beliefs that do not believe in God, and whose fate is controlled by religious leaders called the shamans, who charted the path of the features of the pagan religious Mongol society. Religious beliefs and postulates towards embracing the Christian religion, especially his orientation towards the Nestorian sect, and the one who worked on paving the Mongol society’s path towards believing in this religion was Sultan Hulagu, who worked to consolidate its pillars by building Christian churches and monasteries in different parts of the Mongol state, and the third topic came under the title (Islamic religion, the embrace of belief and religion among the Mongols), after the Mughal society embraced all religions and sects from Paganism to Buddhism, and from monotheism to Christianity, the Mongols embraced Nestorian Christianity, and this matter allowed Pope Innocent IV to communicate with them, but the majority of the Mongols after that adhered to religion and Islamic law as a method to follow to correct the mistakes of those religions, especially the deviant ones, and to adopt it as a religion Officially in the Mongol state since the beginning of the seventh century AH / the thirteenth century AD, and the sources and references of the research varied between Arabic and English books, letters and university theses, as well as research and studies that contributed to the addition of scientific material to this research, and God bless.

Dictators usually tend to an easy rule to spread fallacies, by falsifying history to serve their whims and purposes or following the requirements of establishing their authority and finding legitimacy for their actions, and leaving or obliterating what serves those who preceded them in building or editing. Because the narration is one of the works that Muslims pay great attention to, being the second source of Islamic legislation, the Umayyads rulers have resorted to falsifying what was narrated from the Prophet (PBUH) by employing some narrators whether men or women, making them a tool in their possession
The researchers conducted the course of accurate tracking of all aspects of his life, and not only the researchers studied the details of the biography, but also studied the biography of the narrators who came and details of the history of the Prophet (peace be upon him), many of the narrators appeared, some of them became a tool in the hands of the authority to write a history that corresponds to the requirements of establishing their authority and finding legitimacy for their actions, every Muslim historian had to study the biography of these storytellers and scrutinize what came of them in defense of the Messenger of God and peace be upon him and to purify Islamic history by what he commented on. Clutches of the authorities
So our research was devoted to the study of a figure of Muslim narrators whose narrations were an important tool of Umayyad falsification of history and the legalization of their actions, namely, Arrabee’ Bintul Mu’awath Al-Rabi’ bint Mu’adh bin Al-Harith bin Rifa’ah bin Al-Harith bin Sawad bin Malik bin Ghannam bin Malik bin Al-Najjar. her mother is Umm Yazid, bin Qais bin Zaoura bin Haram bin Jundab bin Amer bin Ghannam Bin Adi bin Al-Najjar
.

The research aimed to know: the principles of human rights included in the content of the book, History of Arab-Islamic Civilization for the fourth literary grade. And the degree to which fourth-grade literary students acquire the principles of human rights that are included in the content of the history of Arab-Islamic civilization, and the difference in students’ acquisition of human rights principles according to the gender variable. The research community was represented by students of the fourth literary grade (males and females) in the schools of Karbala Governorate, the Hindi Education Department for the academic year (2021-2022). 76) males and (69) females for the fourth literary grade, and the researcher chose (400) male and female students, (216) male and (184) female. Research tools: - Analysis form (analysis list) the content of the book on the history of Arab and Islamic civilization for the fourth literary grade. It measures three levels (knowledge, discrimination, application). In analyzing the results, the researcher relied on the statistical package for educational and psychological sciences SPSS. The results that were reached are the following: - Weakness of including human rights principles in the history book of Arab Islamic civilization for the fourth literary grade - history book The Arab-Islamic civilization for the fourth literary grade has obtained a percentage in the recurrences. The number of repetitions was (6), and with a percentage of (19.35), and the average acquisition of the principles of human rights by fourth-grade students was (66.66) - females outperformed males in the degree of acquisition of human rights principles. In light of the findings of the research, the researcher came out with a number of recommendations, including: - Emphasizing the inclusion of human rights principles on a large scale in history books in general and history books for the preparatory stage in particular. - Providing curriculum developers with information on the importance of including human rights principles in history books. Because of its effective impact in the teaching of history for the preparatory stage. - Develop a guide on the principles of human rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in (1948 AD), from which the teachers of history can be benefited from in the teaching of history. - The researcher suggested conducting some future studies mentioned in detail in the fourth chapter

The current study aims at finding out "The Effect of cognitive apprenticeship strategy on the achievement of second Intermediate school students in Arabic Language and Development of their Deep Understanding". By testing the following null hypotheses:
1.The is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of the students of the experimental group who study according to the Cognitive apprenticeship strategy and the control group who follow the traditional way in the achievement test of Arabic grammar.
2.The is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of the students of the experimental group who study according to the Cognitive apprenticeship strategy and the control group who follow the traditional way in testing their deep understanding.
The researcher followed the experimental design with partial control and chose Al-Ietimad secondary school randomly among all secondary schools of Babylon Governorate, the experiment is implemented on a sample from the second-intermediate school female students on the first course of (2021-2022) and the experiment took (12) weeks and the first five subjects of the textbook. Two groups of three were chosen randomly for the experiment, the number of the students of the study sample came to(61) students , with (30) student in group (B) which is the control group and (31) students in Group (C) which is the experimental group. The two groups were equivalent by few variables as (intelligence, achievement test scores of the previous year, listening comprehension test), to accomplish the aims of the study, the researcher prepared two tools which are the achievement test and the listening comprehension test and after attaining their validity and reliability, and after completing the experiment they were implemented on the study sample, and to process data statistically, the researcher used the (SPSS), the results showed the following:
3.The is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of the students of the experimental group who study according to the Cognitive apprenticeship strategy and the control group who follow the traditional way in the achievement test of Arabic grammar.
4.The is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the mean of the students of the experimental group who study according to the Cognitive apprenticeship strategy and the control group who follow the traditional way in testing their listening comprehension.
In light of the results, the researcher recommended using the cognitive apprenticeship strategy to teach Arabic language grammar and suggested to make similar studies for the same strategy with different subjects.

The members of society suffer from pressures resulting from changes in daily life and at all levels, including social, educational, political and economic. Familiarity and courage social support types, including advice or a kind word or the provision of money or a set of information that benefit the individual in his life. The subjective vitality makes an effective contribution to mental health and lasting well-being and because it represents the individual’s ability to resist stress under pressure by not showing negative feelings that Decreased subjective vitality leads to increased suffering of students in the fields of education and work, and the increase in subjective vitality enables students to organize and control their thoughts and behaviors in a purposeful manner.
The current research aimed at the following: 1- Measuring the perceived social support and self-vitality among university students 2- Knowing the differences in the perceived social support and self-vitality according to gender (males - females) 3- Identifying the correlation between the perceived social support and self-vitality. In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher adopted two tools of perceived social support and it consists of (29) items, and subjective vitality consists of (40) items, enjoying honesty and stability. Research Results as following: 1- Students are characterized by the presence of perceived social support and subjective vitality. 2- There are no statistically significant differences between males and females in perceived social support and subjective vitality. 3- There is a correlation between perceived social support and subjective vitality.

The current research aims to analyze the activities of social studies books for the primary stage in the light of the skills of the scientific investigation. Paragraphs were added to them, then the researcher began analyzing the activities within the content of social books for the primary stage according to the skills of the scientific investigation, and to make sure of the stability of the analysis, the researcher used other analysts and by using the Cooper equation, the coefficient of stability between the researcher and the first analyst reached (92.5%) and between the researcher and the second analyst (85%) (Between the first analyst and the second analyst (82.5%), and for the purpose of extracting the results, the researcher used the repetition and the percentage repetition of the skills of the scientific investigation, and the search resulted in the following results: The highest skill achieved is the communication skill with (52) repetitions and a percentage repetition of (31.13%) then followed by Procedural definition skill by (34) repetitions and percentage repetition (20.35%), then classification skill by (32) repetitions and by a percentage of (19.16%) and then Maha Observation time by (26) repetitions and by a percentage of (15.56%) and then the skill of experimentation by (8) iterations and a percentage of (4.79%) and then the conclusion skill by (4) iterations and a percentage of (2.39%) (2) Two repetitions with a percentage of (1.19%) is the skill of imposing assumptions and interpreting data, while the skill that has been achieved (one repetition) and with a percentage repetition (0,59%) is the skill of controlling variables, as well as the skill that did not have any repetition within the results of the analysis and was Its percentage repetition (zero%) is the skill of measurement. In light of the research results, the researcher reached a set of conclusions and recommendations.
Conclusions
1- Not to include all the skills of scientific investigation in the content of activities in the social books for the elementary stage.
2- Focusing on the observation aspect in most activities, which affects the lack of students being able to practice other thinking skills.
Recommendations
1- Reconsidering the activities that are included in the social books for the elementary stage, in line with the reality of the labor market, knowledge economy and scientific and technological development .
2-The necessity for the authors to review the content to get rid of the typographical errors in it, in order to preserve the scientific accuracy that modern books should have.

Communicative body movements (gestures) are of great importance in human communication and in creating a deep impact on others, hence the idea of the title, so we took upon ourselves the study of the semantic variation arising from gestural movements, and because the topic is broad, we paved the way for it by introducing gestural movements in general, then we limited ourselves to the context The Qur’anic, and the nature of the research necessitated the treatment of the subject in three sections related to the movements (head, eye and hand).
In the first topic, we talked about (the head area) and its gestural movements, and it was divided according to its connotations into two parts: the first section dealt with the movement of (mockery with symptoms), and the second section studied the movement of the head that leads to the connotation of (humiliation, fear and surrender).
Then comes the second topic (the eye), in which we talked about the eye and its linguistic significance, then we went back to its gestural movements. The topic was divided into three demands according to the evidence achieved. The first requirement was about the realization of the significance of (fear) in the movement of the eye, and the second requirement was about the significance of (humiliation and refraction). The third requirement is a study of the significance of (sarcasm).
As for the third topic, it was about (the hand), we paved the way for it by talking about the hand and its linguistic connotations and then gesturalism. The topic was divided into three sections, the first section was about realizing the connotation of (regret), and the second was about the connotations of (miserliness and generosity.

The current research aims to know (the effect of the optimal experience strategy on the acquisition of Arabic grammar among students of the fourth scientific grade), the researcher followed the quasi-experimental approach, relying on the experimental design with controllable and the experimental design of the sample, which is the sample preparation of the partial test, which is a partial test design. Al-Musayyab for Boys, affiliated to the Directorate of Education in Babylon, and the sample included (67) students. The researcher rewarded the two research groups in (the chronological age calculated in months, the grammatical concepts test), the researcher himself studied the students’ strategy using the group’s thinking methods, during the experimental period, in an experimental manner. The experiment, which lasted a whole semester (the first) of the academic year (2021-2022), the researcher prepared a test of linguistic concepts and consisted of (30) items of the type of multiple choice, and applied it to the research sample before and after, using the SPSS procedures. Research and extracting the result of the research, the researcher reached the superiority of the students of the experimental group who studied with the optimal experience strategy over the students of the control group in the post-test, and in light of the result, he concluded The researcher used the optimal experience strategy to give the students the opportunity to create the spirit of work and training in preparing conceptual and cognitive maps as well as the thinking that occupied a great space in the minds of the students. As well as the steps of the new strategy spread the spirit of enthusiasm, love of participation and vitality, as well as arousing an atmosphere filled with knowledge and knowledge. It also included a number of recommendations, such as the possibility of adopting the optimal experience strategy in teaching Arabic grammar for the intermediate and preparatory stages. As well as informing Arabic language teachers and teachers of the effectiveness of the strategy and informing them of its steps through seminars and scientific courses. The researcher suggested using the optimal experience strategy on different genders and for different grades in the educational stages. As well as using the optimal experience strategy to teach branches other than grammar (such as expression or literature).

The research aims to study the identity in the titles of critical books of the Arabic novel within a cognitive reading concerned with the ability of the title's threshold to achieve cognitive communication; The title is indicative of the body, whether the product is creativity or criticism, and the attention to the threshold of the title does not depend on the creative body, as the problem of addressing is not limited to the creative side. In the critical books under study, we find the problem of critical identification of identity lies in the monetary pampering. And the extent of compatibility or difference of the threshold of the monetary address with its body, and standing at the semantic formation of that monetary address and the extent of its effectiveness in the communicative process. The lengthening and lengthening of the titles of critical books of identity in the novel and the presence of poetry in its linguistic formulations contributed to generating the gender overlap between the novel and the critical text.
And we will stand at the most important reasons for the inaccuracy of denoting the thresholds of critical titles of identity in books criticizing the Arabic novel on critical texts; Being a group of research or articles published in different periods of time, and the author’s failure to declare this leads to a failure in the correlation between the critical text and the title’s threshold on the one hand, and the weakness of the communicative process with between the critical text and its reader.
The research includes a brief summary and an introduction in which we stand at the issue of addressing in books of criticism of identity in the Arab novel, and then proceeding to critique the thresholds of titles of identity books in criticism of the Arabic novel based on the historical sequence of book publications in order to provide a clear vision of the presence of the identity function in the thresholds and we mean Thus, the main or secondary presence in the context of the address mentioned the most important findings of the research with a list of proven sources.

Religious, linguistic, and literary sciences are among the most prominent sciences that flourished in the environment of Mosul during the Atabaki rule (521 AH - 660 AH), and among the scholars who combined the Qur’an, jurisprudence, language, grammar, literature and poetry, and excelled in these areas, Ibn al-Khabbaz, the grammarian, who was one of the grammarians and his literary knights. Gentle soul, sweet phrase, and the book (Al-Ghurra Al-Makhafi fi Sharh Al-Durra Al-Alfiya) is one of the early explanations of Yahya Bin Maat’s millennium, which dealt with that millennium with explanation and clarification. Away from stuffing and stretching. he was not intolerant of a particular grammatical doctrine, but rather said what he deems correct, and from here we chose the patterns of his responsestothescholarsinthebook of his responses. hidden bangs; Because the subject of patterns has not had its share of study,He did notshed light on the arguments of these responses to him, as he responds in order to protest, and is likely to be persuaded, in addition to the fact that these patterns are considered a pattern of grammatical thinking patterns, and there is an expansion of the responses due to which the responses have become mentally developed patternsof grammaticalists. ; Hajj is based on persuasion and enjoyment.
It seemed to us to define the paths and methods of research in the light of an introduction, nine demands and a conclusion, and the sources and references of the research. His name, his lineage, his knowledge, his death, his works, then talking about the pattern, and the response. Al-Hajjaj, in language and terminology as a vocabulary of which the title was composed, and then I mentioned the patterns of Ibn al-Khabbaz’s responses to scholars in demands, as follows: First: The logical pattern. Second: the weighting pattern. Third: the ordinal pattern. Fourth: The pattern of responding with weakness. Fifth: The style of the scientific response. Sixth: The style of responding by acting. Seventh: The pattern of responding to the witness. Eighth: The style of critical response. Ninth: The response pattern in the percentage of illusory opinions. Then a conclusion with the results of the research, the sources of the research and its references. It appeared to me in the light of studying the patterns of responses to scholars that he used a comprehensive, blocking style and graphic performance palatable to the understanding of the recipients. It contains words that are acceptable to the recipients, so this blog came to take into account the tastes of the recipients. And the expansion of the patterns of responses according to Ibn al-Khabbaz was investigated, whether weak or justified or weighted, and it seems that the stability of terms, the stability of grammatical rules, and the extrapolation of issues had an impact on this reactive coloration and diversity.
logo in this blog.

Lamentation poetry is one of the wonderful arts of literature that combines the power of imagination, the sincerity of emotion, and the warmth of feelings, and it is the crying of the dead and their mourning by remembrance of their praises, their courage, and the agony of their separation. On the idea of aches and pains on the linguistic origin on the word (ratha) and lamentation in the terminology of linguists, the crying of the dead and enumerating his good deeds in black and prose, Among the well-known words in lamentation are son, lament, and mourn. The eulogy is: the praise of a man after his death. The mourning is the crying of the dead and the enumeration of his good deeds. As for the obituary, it is: the obituary of the dead by broadcasting his death or telling of it among the people and with these four words: lament, lament, lamentation, and eulogy appear from the poetry of lamentation. death and from In the old days, the lamentations of kings, individuals, poets, orators and scholars, and the Arabs used to present poets to preachers in their exploits (because they needed poetry that would limit their exploits and enhance their status) and among the lamentations are family, loved ones, friends and relatives. For this reason, lamentation became a form of praise for the ancients by explaining the qualities of morals, generosity and courage. For this reason, Al-Jahiz believes that the narrator is not a poetry narrator until he narrates the poetry. The language of poetry and feeling in lamentation varies in poems according to For its various purposes, but in lamentation and flirtation, he made it clearer in it than others. He built the volatility of poetry on four basic rules, as he said: (The rules of poetry are four: command, prohibition, news, and intelligence) and lamentation is the truest of the areas of emotion and the finest poetry. Because we say that our elders are burning)

This research aims to follow the biography of a great scholar and writer from the scholars of the fifth century AH in the country beyond the river, notably the literary judge Abu Jaafar Al-Bahathi Al-Zawzani. Although he is a judge and hadith, most of his poetry has gone against the direction of the poets from the jurists and scholars who followed the teachings of the Islamic religion in their poetry. This was clearly evident in the purpose of satire that was distinguished by al-Bahti, and was unique in it, as it was characterized by obscene and obscene satire among scholars and scholars.
The research plan was divided into two sections, the first: entitled (Al-Bahathi Al-Zawzani, his biography and poetic purposes), in which the poet’s biography was presented, including his name, title, birth and upbringing, as well as his culture, works and poetic purposes. He introduced us to the poet and his biography extensively, because this writer had not previously studied or introduced him to him, so this research is unique in this aspect. As for the second topic, it was titled: (Satire of the virtues in the poetry of Al-Bahati Al-Zawzani, motives and connotations), in which I investigated the motives of satire, specifically the spelling of the virtues in the poetry of Al-Bahati Al-Zawzani, which was divided into two parts: the satire of the moral and moral aspects, and satire of absurdity and obscenity.

Whenever the term COMMUNICATION is mentioned, we immediately think of telephones, radios, mobiles, comsats, books – in short all the devices related to VERBAL COMMUNICATION which, basically, requires language. It is, thus, one of the basic needs of human existence. Considering the importance of communication to us, it is, in fact, not fair to associate it with one single method of communication which is language. “[S]haring of knowledge [can be achieved ] by a number of means. These include visual methods such as sign language, auditory, such as voice and music and physical such as touch” (Via the Net1). Here comes the role of NON- VERBAL COMMUNICATION. Terms like body language, gestures, proximics, eye-contact, paralinguistics, haptics, silence and many others cover the pages of the scholars’ publications related to this area. The current article seeks to contribute(1) a general panorama of past –present literature on the distinction between verbal and non –verbal communication ,(2) a classification of non-verbal communication role for both man and animal which is a leading critical part ,and(3) a sketch on the power of non-verbal communication in reality , fiction ,and even art as an intriguing issue which is neglected in the literature on non-verbal communication

This research seeks to find out one of the phenomena of the Arabic language, which is the phenomenon of assimilation in the sounds of this language, in terms of its interest in sounds and their influence on each other. In turn, it leads to the phonemic harmony between the sounds of the language. This research has shown that adjacent voices differ in the percentage of their influence among them, as it may not be more than that one of the voices loses some of its qualities to converge or harmonize with the qualities of the sounds adjacent to it, and this influence may reach that this sound perishes by a neighboring sound, leaving it in no way. And this annihilation is what the scholars have termed “al-dghham”. Which is one of the prominent acoustic phenomena. The scholars of Arabic in general and the scholars of intonation and language in Andalusia in particular were interested in it, because of its importance in the linguistic lesson, especially in the Qur’anic readings and the science of intonation. Its importance lies in getting rid of the weight that makes pronunciation light on the tongues, and contributes to achieving vocal harmony and shortening the muscular effort. They studied the letters’ exits and their qualities as an introduction to studying the phenomenon of assimilation in order to distinguish between similar and convergent letters in the exit or adjective, because they saw that studying the letters’ exits and their qualities is necessary to understand the phenomenon of assimilation.
The scholars of intonation and language in Andalusia dealt with inclusion, but the scholars of intonation have dealt with it more broadly and more accurately than linguists to the extent that they excelled in absorbing all forms of assimilation according to the type of influence. As for the linguists, their talk was limited to combining similar and convergent ones, in order to get rid of the heavy weight that accompanied the pronunciation of the two and the convergent ones.
The scholars of Andalusia also dealt with the issue of strength and weakness in detail, and Makki Al-Qaisi is considered the oldest who spoke on this subject and elaborated on it, as he developed its theory, and many of those who came after him followed him. The research clarified the vocal impurities that are caused to some sounds due to proximity, such as loudness and whispering, occlusal and opening, and nasal. This indicates the delicate sense and careful observation that the scholars of Andalusia enjoyed.

The current paper tackles the phenomenon of Associating Negation with Interrogation in the Glorious Quran. It has been noticed that a number of Quranic verses starting with interrogation are associated with the subsequent negative sentences. The outcome of this association is a meaning which , in turn , represents the goal of the study .The Glorious Quran was chosen to be the field where the phenomenon of the Association of Negation with Interrogation is investigated . This is due to the fact that the Glorious Quran embraces a variety of styles , rich vocabulary , eloquence of words and speech , and rich meanings ,etc.; it is Allah ,The Almighty , wording . Searching in the Quranic verses , the phenomenon at hand sounds to be distinguished . This is why it was chosen for the current study.
The study adopts two approaches – descriptive and analytical .The former involves extrapolation and identification of association between negation and interrogation in all the Glorious verses . As for the latter approach , it involves analysing the two associated sentences of interrogation and negation to come up with the required meaning of using association.
The study started with an introduction giving some details on the topic and the phenomenon . It is divided into two sections. The first section is titled “Association of Negation Sentence with the Sentence Started with Interrogation Character” whereas the second one is titled “Association of Negation Sentence with Nouns of Interrogation” . The research ends up with a conclusion where the most striking results are mentioned followed by an appendix including the Quranic verses of the phenomenon at hand.

This study reveals the structural trend in the theory of the novel, by standing on the time period from which structuralism emerged, which was the stage of modernity. The theory of the novel, and it was a fertile stage in the history of the novel, as the novel writers ushered in a new era of narrative writing in general The curricula that appeared before modernity (historical, psychological, social) focused on the originator and the contexts surrounding the text and neglected the text. Emphasis on the personal perspective. Focusing on the personal awareness of the individual’s mind has become one of the features that determine the novelty’s modernity. Self-awareness is the main topic in it, and the orientation towards the depths of awareness culminated in the most important characteristic that describes the modern novelist style (the stream of consciousness) as well as limiting its attention to limited, incomplete views. The stochastic 'and proceeding from the text and focus too much On the language and attention to the aesthetic form of the text, and focus on studying the internal structure of the text, and all of these laws started from a basic thing which is the new realism, and also the research depends on the most important critics who established this direction, as well as identifying the most important structural procedures in the narrative criticism by standing on a number of issues Narrative, including the interest in the element (time) and was the beginning of interest in it at the hands of the Russian Formalists, and (narrative perspective). The structural difference about the narrative perspective was distinguished, in addition to the variation in the way it was dealt with by the abundance of terms that were called upon, including: vision, point of view, focus, and focus Narrative, scope, etc., and (location), (description) and (personality).

Modern Babylon is a link in the chain of history closely linked to what preceded it and what followed it. The arts in the modern era of Babylon are characterized by originality of style, and the Ishtar Gate is the largest and most impressive of Babylon’s monuments, and its name was found on the algebraic rock that was found among the ruins of the building.
As this artistic architectural work carries aesthetic and artistic values, the research focused on the aesthetic forms (geometric and botanical) executed on the Ishtar Gate completed during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, who restored it during his reign (604-562) BC. The type of decoration was determined in line with animal and plant shapes, with few geometric shapes.
The research included the entire community, which is the Ishtar Gate, with its animal, plant and engineering shapes, and the number of models in the final sample sum was (3) decorative models. 1. The bull. 2. the Dragon. 3. The flower of the baboon (baboon). The researcher used the method of collecting information by searching and reviewing the books of specialization dealing with animal shapes, mythical animals and plant forms, as well as by looking at pictures of the portal and pictures of complex and mythical animal shapes.
And through documented books about the Ishtar Gate and the forms in it. Using the analytical descriptive study method of animal and plant forms according to the elements of composition, sovereignty, movement, texture, harmony, repetition, proportions and proportion.
The study resulted in the results that were reached through the analytical study of the problem, which are proven in detail in the folds of the fourth chapter of the current research, and then reached conclusions, among which we mention:
1.The researcher concludes that the religious and ideological basis had the greatest impact on the artist’s production of the works that he photographed and executed, whether on the walls of temples, palaces or seals.
2.The researcher also concludes that the intellectual basis of infinity for the Babylonians was the artist's view of expressing the start, for the animal forms that were composite were the expression of the beliefs of the Babylonians at the time.

Each state, with its institutions and those in charge of them, has goals that seek to raise a righteous and normal generation, capable of managing the wheel of the future, bearing values and ethics. It came implicit in the midst of the textual discourse, and through cultural criticism procedures, critics can come out with the implications, potentials and connotations of the texts, and the hidden values they carry with them that are transmitted to the mentality of the child.
Therefore, the researcher proceeded to study the texts of the children's theater according to the mechanisms of cultural criticism in the research tagged with (Children's theater texts, an analytical study in the light of cultural criticism, Hussein Ali Harf as a model).
The current study includes four chapters, as the first chapter was the methodological framework, and after research and investigation, the research problem emerged with the following question: (Can cultural criticism come up with cultural, educational, and educational implications in Hussein Ali Harf’s theatrical texts?), and the importance of the research was a serious attempt to cherish the land of theatrical texts. directed to the child, and extracting its contents to reach a system from which benefit is obtained, and the aim of the research was: (analysis of the texts of the child’s theater in the light of cultural criticism), while the objective limits of the research were represented by: (studying the educational and awareness implications inherent in the theatrical texts of Dr. Hussein Ali Harf). ), As for the spatial boundaries, they were in (Iraq) with temporal boundaries represented by (2006-2009 AD), and the research dealt with specifically the terms mentioned in the title of the research.
As for the second chapter, the theoretical framework was divided into two sections, the first topic came (Children’s Theatre, Origins and Concept), while the second topic was included under the title (Cultural Criticism: What is it, the mechanisms of cultural criticism), and the second topic was followed by the previous studies, and then (what the theoretical framework resulted from pointers).
As for the third chapter, the research procedures, it is divided into the research community represented by the theatrical texts of the writer Hussein Ali Harf from the year (2006-2009 AD), and then the research sample, as the play (The Fake Wolf) was chosen by the writer in the year 2009 AD, and then the research method represented by the analytical descriptive research method. The indicators of the theoretical framework were chosen as a main tool for the research As for the fourth chapter, it came with the results and conclusions that the research came out with as well as a set of recommendations and proposals, and the research concluded with a list of Arab and foreign sources and references.

The study aimed to look closely at the manufacture of leading titles with news through electronic press websites and to analyze the methods of their formulation, in order to set theoretical and stable rules for their manufacture; And to contribute to making it available because of its effects in reducing the poor reception and readability of news, and reducing the problematic (reader of headlines) that is remarkably prevalent among different types of audience in light of digitization communication.
The study employed the descriptive approach to set press rules for the manufacture of the multiple types of prescriptive titles derived from samples of news headlines published in some electronic press websites in the Arabic language.
The study revealed that press websites adopted different formulas to lure the recipient, and in some news headlines they relied on employing more than one type of headlines.
The study showed that the journalistic practice in making the persuasive news headline relied on: employing reason, drawing numbers, referring to time, news and seducing details, news and ambiguity in the name, ambiguity in the name and news, and derogatory label, preamble, and a persuasive news title, mentioning two events, one of which is ambiguous. Starting with the place and luring the news information.
The study revealed the formulas adopted in the manufacture of the inductive citation title, which are: the inductive news quotation, the descriptive inductive quotation, the inducing news and quotations, the quotation and the interrogative question.
The study also found that the forms of making the interrogative title either consist of one syllable: the interrogative question, or two syllables It consists of two types of headings, one of them is an interrogative one: the interrogative and the inductive news, the news and the inductive question, and at the end is a preface and an inductive question.
It also showed that the manufacture of the persuasive rhetorical title was represented by many forms: addressing the recipient, rhetorical preamble and persuasive speech, preface and persuasive speech, news, rhetorical questioning, questioning and addressing, news and addressing for referral, and then quoting rhetorical inductive.

In this paper, the terrain characteristics of Al-Sharhani drainage basin and its secondary basins were studied, which is located in the eastern parts of Misan Governorate in southern Iraq, within the eastern Tigris region. The study was conducted using 5 geomorphometric parameters listed in Table 1. with the use of the SRTM (Digital Elevation Model - DEM) and Landsat ETM+7 satellite image with a resolution of 30 m for the American satellite, as well as 1/50000 1/100000 topographic maps, and 1/250000 geological maps, the Spatial databases were created, using a GIS environment. The results showed that there is a direct influence of natural factors (surface, climate and geological structure) in the formation of the basin's topography features. The results also indicated that the relief ratio was 9.849 m/km, which is a low value that reflects the characteristics of the plateau in the region, and the relative relief value was 3.345 m/km, and the relationship was negative between the drainage basin area and the relative relief values. As well as the hypsometric integration value, which is 0.681 km2 /m, which is a low value because the basin is at the beginning of the geomorphological development stage, the ruggedness number was 0.415 which is a low value due to the low density of the discharge, while the texture ratio was 7.149 streams/km, this value indicates that the basin has a medium texture.