Iraqi Journal for Administrative Sciences

Because of correlation between derivatives prices and underlying commodity
prices in the spot market, it is possible to be used to reduce or increase a price
risk of spot commodities. For example, buy a spot commodity and sell call
reduces an investor's risk. If a commodity price has fallen, option price would
fall also Thus, the investor can buy back low- price option and make a profit to
compensate at least partially for a spot commodity loss. As is well known , the
investors have different risk preferences, some of them more risk tolerant than
others. But with that all investors are willing to maintain their investment at an
acceptable level of risk. And derivative markets enable those who wish to reduce
their risks of transfer or convert them to those who wish to increase it. Because
these markets are very active in reallocation of risk between the traders, there is
no one need to take the level of uncomfortable of risk. Hedgers are the party that
produce or deal with the spot commodity or instrument for the underlying
futures contract. These are looking for protection against price fluctuations by
taking positions in options opposite to their spot position. As a result, they are
struggling to manage the risk of unfavorable changes in commodity prices. This
is no different a lot from buying other forms of insurance, but in fact there is no
insurance company covering price risk. Because if prices moved against the
insurance company, all the customers will be creditors, so the futures options
market performs this important function which is represented by facilitating
convert of a price risk from hedgers to speculators. Thus, this research seeks to
achieve four goals , a clarify nature and importance of the hedging steps with
commodity futures options , and analytical discussion of its types, and explore a
mechanism to identify the optimum hedge ratio of spot commodity's price risk
by using the commodity futures options , as well as exploring the mechanism of
determining the number of commodity futures options contracts needed to hedge
a price risk of spot market position. The research has reached a number of
conclusions , the most important of them that traders prefer hedging by futures
options over hedging by futures as long as the broader state is uncertainty state
about a future price movement trend of commodity, in general, and energy and
crude oil, in specific. And the other preference reason is the large amount of
hedging strategies offered by futures options compared with the limited
strategies offered by Futures, also a trader could builds artificial futures
positions using futures options while he could not build artificial options
positions using futures alone. Hedging by futures options enable hedgers
everywhere in the production and marketing series to be work with narrower
margins lead to increase the free competition of the market, and this ends with
large cost savings for consumers. This research has reached to number of
recommendations, the most important of them that a need to adopt hedge
strategies of futures options contracts ( with the exception of synthetic strategies
which has similar characteristics to the futures strategies ) instead of hedge
strategies of futures contracts in the high volatility market as a market of crude
oil.

By reviewing the literature of the marketing department turned out that the
development of marketing ethics is an important mechanism for the company
can be achieved competitive advantage in light of a rapidly changing business
environment. With the transformation of the world from modernity to postmodernity at the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century changed
with corporate thinking and way of dealing with customers and took up the votes
to claim certainly on moral values in these companies and how to communicate
effectively and use friendly relations with customers and with the environment at
the same time. Was the objective of the study on the role of marketing
postmodern ethics in the development of marketing.
So began the study of the problem expressed in a number of questions of
intellectual and practical, Aimed at answering them through philosophy and
theoretical implications for intellectual variables addressed by the study, which
is (Marketing postmodern - Marketing Ethics). And then diagnose the level of
importance and impact and the possibility of their application in companies.
This study was applied to a group of international companies operating in the
United States through a sample composed of (109), a member of senior
management positions where The measuring instrument is designed to collect the
necessary data.

The study addressed the issue of financial capture and its impact on improving profitability indicators in commercial banks. Two very important variables in financial thought were studied, the first of which was the formulation of the capital structure in business establishments according to the capture theory, and the second was profitability indicators, which are linked to achieving the strategic objectives of the establishments. The study chose commercial banks. listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange as a field for applying the study, as (4) four commercial banks were chosen from among them, and the study planned a time series consisting of five years (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011), and the problem of the study was embodied in the intellectual debates and problems between Researchers and thinkers are examining the level of maturity of knowledge in how to differentiate between owned and borrowed sources of financing to build and formulate a capital structure that helps commercial banks in particular and businesses in general in achieving their strategic goals. Among the most prominent results and conclusions reached by the study is proving the validity of the hypotheses that were formulated and proving the existence of correlations and impact. He demonstrated the formulation of capital structure according to the capture theory and profitability indicators, which concluded that profitability indicators increase in commercial banks as a result of applying the capture theory philosophy. The most prominent recommendations that came out of the study are the recommendation of the necessity of monitoring the state of formulating the capital structure in commercial banks because of its great importance in influencing the levels of profitability and thus influencing the levels of achieving the strategic objectives of those banks. The study also recommended the necessity of adopting the philosophy and ideas of capture theory in formulating The capital structure in commercial banks because it is compatible with the Iraqi business environment, especially the banking business environment in Iraq.

This research came in an attempt to apply international academic classification standards that are based on the principles of quality education in order to maintain or improve the ranking of universities according to the international classification, which requires providing a database that facilitates the process of conformity with the standards and facilitates the arrangement of these organizations, including (university, college, institute, department). Scientific) according to its performance levels leading to diagnosing and treating the negative and positive aspects towards achieving rapprochement with corresponding universities in countries of the world.

This research seeks to determine the impact of authentic leadership behaviors on strategic human resource development (SHRD). In order to achieve this, four basic behaviors of authentic leadership were adopted: self-awareness, internal moral perspective, balanced processing of information, and relational transparency, based on (Wulambwa 95: 2008, et al) and the dimensions of strategic human resources development (SHRD) individual dimensions, HRD capacity, goals and objectives of SHRD, and the role of strategic partnership for (HRD) were adopted based on (Peterson 87: 2008). Some colleges of the University of Karbala were chosen as a field. The research was carried out through a questionnaire form that included (148) members of the heads of scientific and administrative departments, members of the teaching staff and employees, in addition to personal interviews. Factor analysis, Spearman correlation analysis, and simple regression analysis were used to test the research hypotheses using the statistical program SPSS. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that authentic leadership behaviors have an effective role in improving the dimensions of strategic human resources development at the college level of the University of Karbala. The research concluded. A number of important recommendations.

Strategic decisions are characterized by great importance and a clear impact on the future of organizations, and the issue of involving the organization’s resources, especially its middle staff, in the process of making and rationalizing these decisions is no less important. Based on this importance, the current research addressed the extent of administrative leadership’s participation in rationalizing strategic decision-making, and began The research consists of main hypotheses about the impact and relationship between the independent variable (participation) and the dependent variable (strategic decisions). The research hypotheses were tested in an important organization in the life of the citizen (the Middle Euphrates Electricity Directorate), and the research concluded that there is a correlation and a significant influence relationship between participation. Administrative leadership and rationalization of strategic decision-making. The research included a recommendation to the administration on the necessity of qualifying its cadres and enhancing their participation in the subject of strategic decision-making.

Health services are considered one of the highest priorities for all countries because they have a major role in the progress and development of countries because they are concerned with human health, and no development or progress can be achieved without them. In the past, it was said that a healthy mind means a healthy body, and based on this saying, in order to provide a scientific contribution to evaluating the quality of health services provided. In Iraqi hospitals in general, and Marjan Medical City Hospital in particular, as a model of the reality of these services, as the Iraqi health sector, like other sectors, has suffered from the bad conditions that have surrounded the country since the year (1980) until the present time due to the conditions of war, economic blockade, occupation, and political instability, and in order to improve the reality of These services: This research sought to determine the impact of intellectual capital in improving the quality of health services provided at Marjan Medical City in the city of Hilla, the center of Babil Governorate, and to circulate it to the rest of the health institutions in the country. One of the most important questions that the research attempts to answer is whether intellectual capital Helps improve the quality of health services in Marjan Medical City?). More specifically, it attempts to answer many questions that together constitute the problem of the study. The most prominent of these questions is: What are the steps that must be followed by the hospital under study to provide high-quality health services through the presence of intellectual capital? The research sought to achieve a set of goals, the most important of which are:
1- Determine the extent of the researched hospital’s ability to compete in order to provide distinguished health services through the presence of a distinct role for intellectual capital.
2 - Study the actual reality of the investigated hospital and reveal its capabilities in adopting or applying quality management in providing health services through intellectual capital and developing solutions and treatments through the results reached by the current research.

The research aimed to evaluate the efficiency of medical services provided to patients and visitors in hospitals in the city of Karbala by adopting a questionnaire form distributed to patients and visitors in order to survey their opinions. The quality of medical service provided to patients visiting government hospitals in Karbala. The research used a ready-made scale consisting of six elements: information services, nursing services, food services, doctors’ services, hotel services, and support services. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which was the weak quality of medical and therapeutic services and their failure to live up to the level of ambition of patients and visitors in general in the hospitals in the research sample. The research suggested several recommendations, the most important of which was the need to improve the quality of medical and administrative staff working in hospitals, as well as providing infrastructure and equipment. And therapeutic and service supplies to improve and develop the quality of performance.

In this research, ARIMA models were used to predict the number of cataract patients in Baghdad, as data from Ibn al-Haytham Eye Hospital was used. It was found that the ARIMA model (1,0,0) is the best model for the time series of cataract patients, and this is what was reflected in the indicators. Model accuracy tests: This model has been applied to forecast the coming months. It showed predictive accuracy according to accuracy tests.

The financial sector has become one of the important economic sectors, which has a pivotal role in achieving progress and nourishing the rest of the sectors that make up any economy and stimulating them to grow and compete. As it overlaps with important work and relationships with other sectors. The financial markets sector represents an important part of the economies of major and developing countries alike, as it has a significant contribution to the size of the gross domestic product and has a major impact on employing workers and mobilizing other economic sectors. The financial markets sector has features that differ from other sectors, as it invests large and diversified capital. There are many contracts in terms of specifications and time factor (time periods). In view of the potential losses that may befall all sectors and entities related to the market sector, including investors, official bodies, and lenders, the process of clarifying the impact of interest rates on the stock market was an extremely important topic. The main goal of financial analysis is to provide the concerned groups with information and data about the company’s financial situation and evaluate the company’s performance during a certain period in order to assist in the company’s financial planning process, verify the extent of the company’s ability or failure to achieve goals, and obtain indicators that show whether the company’s policies are... Are they sound or need to be amended, and then help in the decision-making process within the company? Financial ratios are one of the most important and most commonly used financial analysis tools, as they express the mathematical relationship between two values or two or more items in the financial statements, and through ratio analysis The financial position of the company and its performance during a certain period can be evaluated by making comparisons between the financial ratios of a particular company and the financial ratios of similar companies. This enables the company's performance and financial position to be compared in successive periods of time and to determine its performance trends. One of the most prominent uses of financial ratio analysis is to determine the strength of the financial position of companies in the event of large fluctuations in the level of interest rates, as fluctuation in interest rates is one of the problems that many try to deal with with caution because of the danger it represents to the companies’ business, as the fluctuation in interest rates is summarized in: The benefit is that the company is unable to achieve a reasonable return on its investments and is unable to pay its obligations to creditors and fulfill its debts.

This research sought to determine the role of talent management strategies and the characteristics of knowledge makers in enhancing organizational citizenship behavior by applying it in our Iraqi organizations. In order to achieve this, the dimensions (strategies) of talent management were adopted (attracting talent, selecting talent, developing talent, maintaining talent), and the dimensions (strategies) of talent management were adopted. Knowledge creators (achievements and challenges, individual growth, excellence, independence, directed goals). Also, the dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior were adopted (altruism, civility, awareness of conscience, sportsmanship, civilized behavior), and the employees of the registration divisions and their managers in the colleges of the University of Karbala were chosen as a field for research through a questionnaire form. It included (100) employees in the investigated colleges, in addition to personal interviews. The Spearman correlation coefficient and the t-test were used to determine the significance of the relationship between the variables, and the F-test was used to determine the significance of the regression equation. R-test was also used to interpret the amount of the effect of the variable. The independent variable in the dependent variable. One of the most important conclusions reached is that talent management strategies and the characteristics of knowledge makers have an effective role in enhancing organizational citizenship behavior. The research concluded with a number of recommendations, including the following: Focus on attracting talented workers, which enables the college to enhance citizenship behavior. Focus on attracting knowledge makers. Benefiting from their stock of knowledge acquired as a result of experience and learning and investing it in enhancing organizational citizenship behavior, working to encourage the practice of citizenship behaviors necessary to reward their spontaneous and voluntary efforts. Consolidating and supporting positive organizational values in the work environment, such as justice, equality, participation, and loyalty to the organization, the necessity of moving from the local concept of citizenship to global and humanitarian citizenship, especially in our globally open and culturally diverse society.