political issues

The sustainable development with its economical، sociable ،environmental sectors formed an essential rule provide the needs of the country ،and this is possible to be accomplished through realizing the challenges we faced ، so the renewed development aimed to find a balance between the economic needs without exhaustion the natural sources ،in consideration the environmental factors ،whereas the aim of this development is human himself ، so the renewed development is in need of keeping and saving the capability of futural generations of from the benefit of natural sources and concentrated this study on the concept of sustainable development and its economical ،social ،environmental factors ،besides the wise judgment ،and this study discussed the aims of the sustainable development and updated it by conclusions and recommendations about the necessity of the activated the programs of sustainable development to make it progressed to keep at the least of respectable living and healthy life and education for every individual in just، fair form for all without any discriminations.

The issue of cyber security has emerged as one of the most important precautions against political and economic conflicts between countries as a result of electronic or cyber wars that target infrastructure, facilities, government institutions, industrial networks and research and are in one way or another able to disrupt the operation of vital infrastructure, and in this regard, China had many motives for force. Cyber and its enhancement, including political, economic, military, and security, as China is the first country to add a sovereign character to cyber because it imposed absolute control on the part of the state and became subject to the so-called (Great Firewall) with extensive cooperation with countries in this regard.

The experience of the Tunisian revolution is a symbol of political and economic reform، because it is based on consensual legitimacy represented by the experience of the Supreme Authority for achieving the goals of the revolution and political reform and democratic transition. The announcement of the democratic transition in Tunisia، it seems more smooth and flexible after the experience of the elections in November 2011، and the political arena in Tunisia currently includes Many political and Islamic parties، However the Al-Nahda movement Party has had great and prominent role since the beginning its establishment until the present time. As stated in its political program، it seeks to achieve comprehensive economic and social development، and that freedom، justice and honoring the human being are the essence of the message of Islam.

The Kuwaiti-Iranian relations fluctuated during the period (2011-2020) between cooperation، tension and calm. Sometimes relations between the two countries are cordial and at other times close to a break. The regional and international developments and differences in Kuwaiti-Iranian views were real obstacles that faced the course of relations between the two countries. Iran still rejects the foreign presence in the Arab Gulf region and demands the necessity to formulate a regional security system in which it is an effective party، which is inconsistent with the defense agreements concluded between Kuwait and the United States of America. However، the Iranian and Kuwaiti sides are aware of the need for their relations not to be based on a complete rupture، and they exploit the mutual trade and economic relations to reduce tension between them in order to preserve security in the region، with the importance of emphasizing good neighborhood، enhancing trust and mutual benefits، leading to the creation of a security and regional system based on several foundations: Foremost among which is the renunciation of resorting to force and resolving all outstanding issues through dialogue and negotiation.

The recourse to diplomacy of influence to the digital field has been steadily increasing in all its types, such as applications, websites, social networks, and others. The huge and continuous development in technical capabilities and information technology has helped to bring about a radical change in diplomacy and the digital field and the emergence of new forms of it, the most important of which is digital diplomacy, which is One of the pillars of soft power in drawing relations between countries, as well as facilitating interaction between diplomats and Internet users to serve the foreign policy goals of countries, including the United States of America, \\"the subject of the study.\\"
In this context, the study touched on the issue of digital diplomacy in terms of its definition and importance in the foreign policy of the United States of America, leading to the various means of digital diplomacy to communicate with peoples for the purpose of influence, and to improve their bleak image.

Political power is considered one of the most positive and negative social phenomena affecting human life, negatively if it is used unilaterally and employed to serve a person or group without serving the public, and positively if it is codified and used in a manner that serves the interest of the general public, and most importantly for that The effect is that it takes different dimensions. The influence was not limited to the political side only, but its impact was economic, social, cultural and security.
Obsession with power is the most dangerous disease that afflicts the holder of political power. When clinging to power becomes exaggerated, the person with power will do anything in order to remain in power, killing, assassinating, arresting or torturing anyone who thinks that he is a competitor or opponent, and because of the seriousness of this behavior Most political systems, especially democratic ones, tend to prevent their existence, and despite all the measures taken by these regimes, they may witness the presence of an obsession with power among their candidates or those who reach power through elections, but the methods that a person with an obsession with power follows in order to remain in democratic systems differs from the methods Tired in tyrannical regimes, and therefore the methods of treatment will be different, and in both cases the danger of the obsession with authority remains in need of a serious pause and it must receive studies commensurate with its danger and its consequences for the present and future of human societies.
In order to get rid of the phenomenon of the obsession with power, the people are supposed to rely on themselves in making any desired change, and therefore they must not wait or rely on a solution that comes from outside, because countries in general deal with the event according to interest, put the people\'s interest aside, advance their interests and work on Achieving it even if it is at the expense of the people who are defeated over it, and the treatment remains dependent on the nature of the existing political system, as the means of treatment under authoritarian regimes are difficult and complex, while the treatment of the power obsession under democratic regimes is easy and available.

The political scene in the Middle East region today is completely different from previous years, especially after the occupation of Iraq in 2003. The roles of the region’s countries and the weights of the main powers have emerged: the internal and external problems of Iraq, the rise of Iran, and the decline in the status of Saudi Arabia and Egypt. The strategy. This was exemplified by the rise of Iran as a regional power in the region that has invested remarkably change and elaborate planning, and this is clearly evident in the Iranian nuclear program under which the strategic papers in the region were arranged again and Iran\'s exploitation of the vacuum after the political chaos and weakness that afflicted Arab countries in general Especially after the events of September 11th.
Therefore, the Islamic Republic of Iran entered a new phase in its foreign relations after the nuclear agreement it signed with the (5 + 1) group, which was signed in July 2015 and entered into force on January 15, 2016, and this phase was marked by an improvement in Iran\'s relations with A number of countries and their retreat with other countries, while the reluctance and reluctance to implement the agreement remained on the American side throughout the last months of President Barack Obama\'s rule, who opened a different page of the relationship with Tehran. With the coming of Donald Trump to the presidency, Iranian-American relations returned to a triangle of absence (trust, tension, and threat), as he expressed in (President Trump\'s) statements and translated them into a series of sanctions and breaches of previous promises, and the equivalent in (Tehran), from Escalation and struggle for influence in more than one geography, all of which are common

The difference in the patterns of war is not a new phenomenon, as it indicates throughout history that there is a noticeable difference in it, as it refers to the nature of the difference and development in the military capabilities and strategy of the warring countries, and that this difference and development is mainly due to the nature of \"war\" Something of a subjective nature and an objective nature. This change was reflected in the nature of the solution on the subjective nature and not the set nature, because war is war, but the modes of its waging are changing and evolving, and it is recognized that the war is often between two similar parties, then it is called war: symmetrical, or regular If its two sides are states, or it may be called “asymmetric war”, “irregular war”, or “asymmetric war”, as if one of its parties is non-state, in which a representative from “non-state” is usually used, Also, \"asymmetric\" methods are used, to target the vulnerabilities of \"countries\" to achieve a disproportionate effect.
In this research, we will discuss the concept and philosophy of \"asymmetric wars\", and then the historical rooting and development of \"asymmetric wars\", their types, and a statement of the concepts close to them, and their characteristics, in a way that enables us later to know the formula of those wars in our world today, as an \"asymmetric war\". It is not subject to the rules of “regular war,” by virtue of the fact that one of its two sides is an entity other than the state, and that most of its fields are not identical battlefields.

The middle class is a wide non consistent mixture consist of individuals and groups that its position allowed for them to access political and cultural work and it was described as \"Democracy Yeast \" because it contribute in building a democratic society .As the matte concerning Iraq this class becomes a class that belongs to the state government .Although the feeling of optimism that dominate Iraq after 2003 but this class has no role in building Iraqi democratic society because of a bad political , economic and cultural conditions but creating the conditions and necessities to establish democratic society still subjected to the change in political , economic and cultural conditions for the interest of raise , building and a role for middle class again

This study aims to monitor the phenomenon of terrorism, which dominated the course of international relations after the end of the Cold War, and it seeks to show the dimensions of this phenomenon at three levels: international politics, international law, and international regulation

Starting with the gradual construction of a theoretical and practical framework for political engineering, the process of political engineering required a comprehensive assessment of its applications and mechanisms adopted by countries to reach real development, eliminating the manifestations of backwardness and catching up with developed countries, and in this context, Rwanda and Singapore were the two most important contemporary experiences that lessons can be drawn from.
In order to find a realistic picture to evaluate the experiences of wise leadership, which represented the diagnosis of the status quo, the practice of public policies, and the engineering of strategies to achieve the goals, it was worthwhile to address Malaysia and Brazil, as the most important experiences of contemporary political engineering based on rational leadership, and in it the role of political leadership that Political engineering adopted.

The Turks, elites and governments, sought, from the dominance of their faith, justifications for the formation of their entity value system, anchoring in their performance the imperatives of strategy and politics together in favor of the renewed construction cycle that has become throughout the history of the Turkish Republic. The regulatory officer for the permanence of the Turkish political system since its inception in 1924 AD and its adoption of the Kemalist principles that Turkish politicians maneuvered to summon or mix with their historical legacy, as is the case with the theories they created after the Justice and Development Party came to power in 2002. As the theory of civilizational transformation and the theory of strategic depth. In their minds, strategy is leadership and direction, not only direction, and this is what made Turkey re-read the status of the Middle East in its strategic perceptions and political programs until it wove from its wide imagination alternate proposals to direct it towards it.

The year 2003 witnessed remarkable developments in the issue of dealing and protection through effort. To guarantee the rights and freedoms of their members in the 2005 constitution, but there are negative images that reduced the effectiveness of these arrangements, and it is clear that members of minorities lack many means of protection, which was the most dangerous turning point in 2014. ... and what the terrorist organizations left in large areas. from Iraq. Most of them were areas where minorities were concentrated, such as Nineveh, Diyala and Salah al-Din, and today, after the defeat of the terrorist organizations (ISIS), members of minorities still lack the means of protection that would reconnect them with The social system that needs to implement the means, mechanisms and arrangements to advance these facts. Minorities because they are an integral part of the Iraqi social fabric.

Kenyan-Somali relations are characterized by a state of weak stability and tension since their independence from colonialism in the 1960s, and since the collapse of the Somali state with the fall of the regime of President (Mohamed Siad Barre) in 1991, Somalia has suffered from a wave of turmoil, internal divisions, terrorism, security, political and economic problems. With its repercussions on the neighboring countries, and the most prominent country that suffered from these repercussions was Kenya, and for this reason Kenya began since the 1990s to engage directly in the rounds of Somali national reconciliation, Its main goal was to banish the negative influences of the rival Somali factions from it, knowing that there are thorny issues and complex disagreements linking Kenya to Somalia and due to their abundance only, the research focused on the most prominent of which are: the dispute over the maritime borders between Kenya and Somalia, the Jubbaland project, as well as the clear interference in Somali affairs. The interior

The African continent is gaining great importance in Turkish external politics , which is seeking to extend its influence and restore the ancient glory .The brown continent is still an ancient continent until now despite the long years of colonialism, in terms of natural resources, minerals, water sources, and earth the midwife for cultivation , as well as in terms of influence, dominance and expansion, as the continent consists of several poor and marginalized countries exploited by the imperial powers in the past Turkey has historically been a prominent presence in the most important countries of the continent strategically ,as the Ottoman caliphate controlled the countries of the North as well as the countries of the horn of Africa. It is well known to observers that the new role that Turkey wants to play in international relations in today\'s world after its arrival Justice and development party to power, as well as the extension of its influence to areas rich in wealth of the world, such as the African continent, which has much of the untapped sources of nature .The problems of dividing water between the Nile Basin countries, piracy in the Horn of Africa, or ethnic tendencies in sub-Saharan countries all affect, directly or indirectly, the stability of the Middle East to which Turkey belongs.

This research studies the relations between the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council and the countries of Central Asia, which today are entering a new stage of development in the political, diplomatic, economic, investment, technological and military fields. This topic, the Central Asian region has been far from the interests of Arab researchers for many years, and we believe it is still today.
The research deals with four main sections with conclusions and future visions. The first topic deals with the Central Asian region, the location and strategic importance, and the second topic discusses the regional players in Central Asia, namely Turkey, Iran, Israel and Pakistan, and the third topic the international players, the United States of America, Russia and China, and the fourth topic, It deals with the dimensions of relations between the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council with the countries of Central Asia in the political, diplomatic, economic, technological and military aspects, then the research concludes to the conclusions and the future vision based on the presentation of three future scenarios for these relations.
Central Asian countries believe that cooperation with the Arab Gulf states is achieving positive results for them in the economy, trade and investment, and bringing in Arab capital to achieve development in them, and that political rapprochement creates a balance that supports balance opportunities with Iran, Turkey and Pakistan, and leads to combating cross-border terrorism, and it appears clearly there. Gulf trends led in particular (Saudi Arabia and the UAE) towards Central Asian countries, and that (Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan) in particular are countries that have economic and strategic weight, and have a great desire to cooperate with the Gulf Cooperation Council countries in the future.
Gulf strategic dialogue with the countries of Central Asia must be conducted to create a roadmap to remove the challenges and difficulties facing the development of relations between the two sides in the political, economic, cultural, technological, scientific and security fields, and the tourism and cultural movement with the Central Asian countries that were Islamic, urban, historical and archaeological landmarks, and vice versa must be supported. Removing challenges and barriers from the Asian tourism and cultural movement towards the Gulf capitals, because at the core of the development of inter-state relations is that of societal and not only hierarchical supremacy.

The conflict between the United States and Iran can follow more than one path depending on their relations in the past, which have been being marred by tension and aggravation from the detention of the employees of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran in 1979 and the conflict it caused over the last four decades to the severe crisis in the era of the Trump administration and its repercussions on Iraq in case it develops into an open or limited military confrontation, or it may become less intensive if agreements that preserve the interests of each party and their foreign policy objectives are reached. Such agreements are made more likely occur by the challenges of the internal environment of each of the two countries, even if they differ in their nature and severity, as well as the changes in the international external environment, the environment of the conflict zone, and each party\'s view and awareness of its interests in it.

The water reality in Iraq indicates a real water crisis caused by internal issues related to poor investment in the water field and misuse of water، and external related to the control of neighboring countries over the sources of water resources and controlling the amount of water in an unfair manner and does not take the interests of other countries except according to their interests.

Although the Iraqi and Lebanese societies have witnessed at certain periods, (Iraq after 2003 and Lebanon for the period 1975-1990), societal, identity, religious, doctrinal and national conflict, in which social memory was exploited and employed negatively, increasing conflict intensity and the depth of societal rift, however, the study sample in both societies revealed a deep desire and a great willingness to renounce the memory that fuels conflict, particularly it revealed that the past, despite its importance, yet it is not recalled as a past but for the sake of taking advantage of its lessons, in order not to repeat them in the future. So, there is a desire to remember the happy past away from the painful one. In conclusion, the study has revealed the possibility of dismantling and re-constructing social memory, in a way that establishes an integrated unified society that transcends the negative conflict-fuelling past and focuses on a future that is framed by a positive relationship within the framework of citizenship

The aim of this paper is to analyze and highlight the philosophical conceptualization of human dignity by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant and how his reflections in this regard can provide a compelling theoretical ground and an underpinning for recognizing and elevating human dignity to the pinnacle of constitutional values. Kant is one of the foremost thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment and the most prominent figure in the world of moral and legal philosophy. Many of his ideas are directly related to the concept of human dignity, Kant become one of the most frequently cited philosophers who analyzed the philosophical and ethical dimensions of human dignity. His ideas in this regard had a great impact on establishing human dignity as the highest constitutional value, especially in the German Basic Law 1949, which considers human dignity as a non-derogated value, which means that the human being is an end in itself and not a means to achieve the goals and objectives of others, including the state. Consequently, there is no justification for violating or diminishing human dignity by the state. On the contrary, the goal of the state’s existence is to promote and respect human dignity, and this is a duty incumbent upon all state authorities, executive, legislative and judicial