Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences

This paper presents a study on a new method of electroplating, using a high-density paste instead of traditional electrolytic solutions. The method was tested on iron samples, which were coated with copper. The thickness of the copper layer was measured using a leoi-44 experimental ellipsometer, revealing a thickness of 318 nm for the sample treated with the paste method, and 400 nm for the sample treated traditionally. The corrosion resistance of the samples was also tested, showing similar results for both methods. The paper concludes that this new method could be useful for treating specific areas of large or fixed metal objects, such as tanks or pipelines, and for artistic decoration on metals introduction.

The Generalized Recurrent Neural Network (GRNN) and Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) algorithms are two powerful techniques that can be used to optimize motor drive speed. GRNN is a type of artificial neural network designed to process time-series data, while IWO is a metaheuristic optimization technique inspired by the behavior of invasive weed species. To optimize motor drive speed using GRNN and IWO algorithms, data on motor performance over time must be collected and used to train a GRNN model that can predict future motor performance based on past performance. By optimizing the parameters of the GRNN model, the optimal combination of parameters can be found to maximize motor efficiency and performance while minimizing energy consumption and wear and tear on the motor. The objective of this study is to regulate the speed of a Per Magnetic DC (PMDC) motor with high precision and rapid response using a GRNN/IWO controller. The IWO-GRNN controller exhibits superior damping response and reduced overshoot in comparison to conventional GRNN controllers. Additionally, the drive current limiting mechanism ensures that the motor operates within its rated continuous current limit during continuous operation. The IWO-tuned single-loop GRNN controller outperforms the single-loop GRNN controller when tuned. The GRNN-IWO controller provides excellent damping response and minimal overshoot, enabling faster control response of the DC motor, with an accuracy of 98.85% compared to MATLAB-tuned IWO.

Today, the service of Voice over Internet Protocol or (VoIP) is one of the most used service around the globe in many fields, especially with video conferencing applications. Different applications and also many communications companies around the world use the VoIP service. Communication stakeholders aim to keep old customers happy and attract new customers. There was a need for some kind of service quality measures. Metrics are used to quantify the quality of transmission link are known Quality of Service (QoS). Whereas, user satisfaction level is identified by using Quality of Experience (QoE). This paper conducted a simulation model for VoIP service over heterogeneous, using OPNET modeler. This work aims to compare the user satisfaction level of the VoIP service by using different coding schemes in the application level of the User Equipment (UE). The measured QoS parameters over the heterogeneous transmission link were IP packet delay, IP Packet jitter, IP packet loss, MAC layer delay, PHY layer throughput in the network. Additionally, in this simulation model the use of E-Model to assess QoE level using Mean Opinion Score (MOS) metric in predicting the VoIP call quality. The results using the vocoder G.729A during the (30) sec of the voice call simulation time were as follows: Delay 0.57 mSec, Throughput of 290 Kbits/sec, Jitter of 0.02 uSec, MOS value of 3.76. The results using the vocoder G.711 during the same aforementioned time were as follows: Delay 0.25 mSec, Throughput of 70 Kbits/sec, Jitter of 0 Sec), MOS value of 3.08.

Filter bank multi-carrier offset-quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC OQAM) is a hot topic in 5G multi-carrier research. In order to achieve high data rates and reliable wireless communication, receiver channel equalization is required. This is because of the equalizer's excellent spectral efficiency, exceptionally low side-lobe leakage, zero periodic cyclic prefixes (CP), and multiphase filter design. However, a number of degradations, including fading, Doppler shifts, and intermittent symbol interference (ISI), are added to the transmitted data symbols as they traverse the wireless channel, reducing the network's overall quality. To mitigate the negative effects of channel defects, many channel equalization algorithms have been developed for use in modern telecommunications networks. Six different equalizer approaches have been implemented. Using the Pedestrian A and Vehicular B channel in our simulations, we examine how well they function. The system was simulated using MATLAB's Communications Toolbox (an M file). Bit-error-rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were used to evaluate the outcomes. The Bit error rate was calculated by checking for differences between the sent and received bit sequences. The best value of the bit error ratio using frequency domain equalization and the time domain equalization 5.4 and 4.7 , respectively.

In cellular networks, there are usually times when the density of the network changes at different times of the day, where congested areas attract a large demand for communications and data, which generates peak demand at specific times of the day, and vice versa also happens in the same area but at another time of the day, and in order to meet the needs of this changing demand the network must keep pace with changes in the density of the areas served. This can only be done if the network has a dynamic ability to handle the change in traffic density and demand intensity, which requires turning on/off a certain number of Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) that represent the Radio Frequency (RF) front end of the mobile network. For the purpose of providing a reliable and acceptable telecommunications service to users and financially useful to network operators by rationing energy consumption and meeting the required needs, dynamic 5G networks can do this by relying on a Dynamic Cloud Radio Access Network (DC-RAN) that enables them to respond to demand variables by shifting several types of coverage cells into a single serviced area and stopping them when needed.

This study goals to reduce the importance of expensive commercial activated carbon while removing heavy metals from wastewater using cheap, locally available materials (rice husk). To accomplish this goal, a variety of pH values were tested, and it was found that batch studies at pH 5 had the best Cadmium ion removal effectiveness. 180 minutes was determined to be the ideal contact time for the process, and it was discovered that as contact time increased, adsorption effectiveness increased. 180 rpm is the recommended shaking speed, given studies on how agitation speed influences batch adsorption. The effectiveness of the rice husks capacity to eradicate Cadmium Cd (II) from aqueous solutions and absorb it, has assessed. The study revealed that Cd had a 98% effectiveness of removal. The recommended adsorbent's maximum Cd adsorption capability in a batch system was found to be 7.38 mg/g. Three models— Freundlich, Temkin, and Langmuir—were fitted to various equilibrium isothermal experiments. For this system, the experimental best fit was provided by the Freundlich isotherm model, with an value of 0.97. The equilibrium isotherms were discovered to be of a favorable type. When the correlation coefficient (R2) values of each curve for the four models are compared, it appears that the Elovich model best captures the kinetics of the Cadmium ions adsorption onto rice husk. Were the values (Elovich> pseudo-second order> intra-particle diffusion> Pseudo-First Order). According to the research, rice husk may be useful for filtering out wastewater from contaminants and impurities. So, It is a good alternative for expensive activated carbon.

One of the most useful tools in water resources engineering is the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) relationship, which may be used in the planning, design, and operation of water resource projects and a wide range of engineering initiatives to mitigate the effects of flooding and torrents Al- Shuwaija in addition to the designs of rain networks within Cities nearby.

This research aims to find the curves of intensity, duration and frequency (IDF), determine the intensity of rainfall in Shuwaija, and derive an experimental method for estimating rainfall intensity. Rainfall records dating back 20 years were relied on as well as the processing of missing data for five plants. A set of tests was used for probability distributions using programs (ESY FIT, HYFRAN-PLUS), and Log-person type 3 was found to be the appropriate option for the probability distribution. For the AL- Shuwaija area, any return time with a given storm length may be predicted using a median empirical formula. The research found that the highest intensities occur over the shortest periods of time and that these intensities vary greatly with the return period, but that over longer periods, there is no fluctuation in intensities.

Cement production significantly contributes to carbon dioxide emissions, which increase global warming. Therefore, reducing cement consumption can support efforts to reduce that risk. On the other hand, the consumption of industrial wastes in concrete production contributes to improving the environment. Industrial waste can be used as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to enhance concrete properties. This paper reviews the effects of SCMs, such as silica fume, fly ash, metakaolin, and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The findings show that SCMs enhance packing density and reduce permeability. The impact of SCMs on concrete properties appears after a period of curing depending on the availability of calcium hydroxide and activity index. Calcium hydroxide produced from cement hydration reacts with silicates of SCMs to produce additional calcium-silicate hydrates that enhance concrete strength and minimize the relatively large size of calcium hydroxide, which lowers porosity. Silica fume and metakaolin raise water demands and reduce workability, while GGBFS and fly ash improve workability. Silica fume, metakaolin, and (10) μm particle size of GGBFS increase early-age strength, (10-45) μm particle size of GGBFS enhances strength after 28 days, while fly ash raises the strength after 90 days. For low cement content, 10 % or less silica fume, (10-30) % fly ash, (10-20) % GGBFS or metakaolin are considered the perfect percentage to arrive at best strength. For high cement content, (25-30) % silica fume or 40 % fly ash is considered the optimum ratio to reach the highest strength.

The aerodynamics of slotted aerofoils under various Reynolds numbers were numerically studied. Moreover, vibration of aerofoils due to the wind flow was also investigated. Different Reynolds numbers (0.25, 0.4, 0.7 and 1) ×106 were utilized using an Ansys noncommercial version. A slotted asymmetric aerofoil, which was NACA4412, was chosen to implement the concept of the current investigation. The base aerofoil was compared to an experimental study to check the number of cells above and around the aerofoil. The slotted aerofoil appeared to have more momentum on the suction side. Moreover, the slotted aerofoils then subjected to an oscillatory motion due to the wind flow with 15Hz frequency.

Buildings often use air conditioning systems to regulate the indoor thermal environment in terms of temperature and humidity. These parameters are hard to control within the desired limits by only using traditional constant-speed compressors and constant-speed supply fans. The constant-speed devices with on-off control methods consume a high rate of energy and provide unsatisfactory control, especially for indoor humidity. Therefore, variable speed compressor (VSC) technology was developed to overcome the problems of control and energy consumption. In this study tested a split-type air conditioning system with a capacity of 1 ton (12,000 BTU/hr, 3.5 KW) of refrigeration was tested using R410A as the working fluid under different operating conditions. The system consists of a VSC, an air-cooled condenser, an electronic expansion valve (EEV), and a direct expansion evaporator (DX) with a variable-speed fan. The effect of compressor speed, degree of superheating, EEV opening, and supply fan speed on system performance was considered. Through experiments, concluded several points. First of all, the highest superheat was 20 ℃ at constant compressor speed. On the other hand, the smallest superheat was 10 ℃ at constant compressor speed. The performance coefficient increases when the compressor speed decreases. The highest value of the COP is 4.71, which can be obtained at the compressor speed of 3000 rpm and DS is 20 ℃, while the lowest value of the COP is 1.74 at the compressor speed of 5000 rpm and DS is 10 ℃ because of the increasing the compressor speed leads to an increase in energy consumption and a decrease in the COP, increasing the closing of the expansion valve opening leads to an increase in DS because of a decrease in the flow rate of the refrigerant to the evaporator. Finally, refrigeration capacity and COP increase linearly with evaporator temperature and airflow velocity due to the heat exchange process.

In current work, CFD simulation of "shell and helical coil heat exchanger" has been done using ANSYS FLUENT package 19.2. Numerical study involved design of helical tube with different curvature ratio (di/Dc) 0.166, 0.153, and 0.142 and different coil pitch (30, 50, 75, and 100) mm has been chosen to study the effect of curvature ratio and coil pitch. In shell side cold fluid (oil) "flow rate" is varying from (0.06 - 0.1) kg/s and hot fluid (air) velocity ranges are from (20 to 48) m/s in helical tube with inlet temperature (200, 225, 250) °C. It has been found out that increasing "oil mass flow rate" from (0.06-0.1) kg/s cause decreasing "oil outlet temperature" about 3% and increasing "heat transfer rate", with percentage 37%. From numerical results the curvature ratio 0.142 gives higher heat transfer rate and oil outlet temperature while higher Dean number and Nusselt number in coil with curvature ratio 0.166. Also, results show increases of coil pitch led to increasing in overall heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number of the shell side. while, heat transfer, oil outlet temperature effectiveness and pressure drop, decreases along the coil with increasing coil pitch.

Devices for cryogenic cooling based on the Stirling cycle include pulse tube refrigerators. They are often employed in a variety of applications, including space exploration, superconductivity, and cryogenic research, where small and dependable cryogenic cooling is necessary. A working gas, commonly helium, is compressed and expanded in cycles within a closed system to operate a pulse tube refrigerator. The goal of theoretical research on pulse tube refrigerators is to comprehend the system's thermodynamic behavior and performance characteristics. In order to obtain greater cooling efficiency and lower temperatures, these studies are strivinge to improve the design parameters and operating conditions. To forecast the system's performance, theoretical models are taking into account a number of variables, including heat transfer, pressure drop, gas dynamics, and fluid characteristics. The outcome demonstrates how a system's temperature gradient. The ansys program was used to conduct a thermal simulation, as well use solidworks to draw geometry design the temperature gradient is 3 W/m2, reaching 47 K. The heat load increases as the temperature rises, reaching [43,58,79,90,111,156,] K at [3,4,5,6,8,10] W/m2. With a temperature gradient of 88.034k in the first order and 340 k in the second order, the simulation approach demonstrates that the best scenario achieved 105 K. The best example with a difference in heat load was at 3 W/m2, reaching 108K, Results revealed a 5% error rate temperature decline at the pulse tube.

This experimental and numerical study investigates the effect of porous media on the thermal storage behaviour of a refrigeration duct system. The study presents the transient behaviour of heat absorption and Nusselt number for different velocities and porous media presence/absence cases. Results show that the heat transfer rate decreases over time, with the presence of porous media, providing resistance to heat absorption, particularly at relatively low velocities. The Nusselt number decreases slightly over time, but it increases as the velocity increases in all cases, with the maximum value observed at a velocity of 3 m/s. The presence of porous media significantly enhances heat transfer, with an improvement of up to 150% at a lower velocity of 1.5 m/s and 110% at an inlet velocity of 2.25 m/s. The study provides a comprehensive visualisation of the heat transfer process through contour analysis of temperature distribution, allowing better understanding of the thermal storage system’s design and performance. The findings have implications for the optimisation of thermal storage systems in various applications, including energy-efficient buildings and renewable energy systems.

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo), one of the key elements of the hydrological cycle, is crucial for managing irrigation and drainage systems. In order to estimate monthly ETo, this study tested the prediction abilities of a unique hybrid methodology that coupled data pre-processing with a hybrid model composed of an artificial neural network (ANN) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO). In order to train and evaluate the model, monthly meteorological data were collected in Al-Kut City, Iraq, from 1990 to 2020. A range of statistical indicators were used to assess the model, including RMSE, NSE, and R2. The outcomes showed that the model, with a coefficient of determination of 0.93, is effective and has good simulation levels.

Significant volumes of non-biodegradable solid waste are related to industrial activity in Iraq, with waste plastic being one of the most notable. 24 samples were used in this study to test the effectiveness of recycling waste plastic to make concrete. Four different ratios of waste plastic from both green and conventional concrete were used as a partial replacement for gravel: 0%, 30%, 60%, and 100%. All of the concrete combinations were tested at room temperature. These tests include compressive strength and abrasion resistance. The compressive strength was determined by molding 36 cubes. In this study, concrete mixes were cured for 3, 7, and 28 days. The apparatus created in the Construction Laboratory of the Civil Engineering department at Wasit University was used to measure the rate of concrete erosion by directing a high-velocity jet of a water and sand combination at concrete samples. A determination was also made on the impact of the impingement angle. Using two distinct angles (45 and 90) with the horizon, experimental estimations were performed. The results of the experimental studies showed that the flow inclination angle of 45 with the horizon can achieve the highest rate of erosion, while the flow inclination angle of 90 with the horizon can achieve the lowest rate. Additionally, the results showed that erosion decreased as the plastic percentage increased with age. This study confirms that recycling waste plastic as a gravel substitute in concrete offers a promising solution to lower material costs and address some of the issues with solid waste that plastic presents.

In the modern landscape of telecommunication, wireless mobile connectivity and migrating voice telephone services to IP technology are two of the most prominent developments that are transforming the landscape. These two concepts can be utilized together using networks which carry voice services over wireless LAN (VoWLAN). However, due to the unique characteristics of each, certain issues inevitably arise and must be handled to allow for successful deployment. In this paper Dijlia university campus is simulated using OPNET 14.5 modeller carry out extensive simulation scenarios to examine the VoIP capacity in a single cell WLANin regards to three IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards which are (a, b, and g) as well as applying different packet sizes, data rates and codec types in VoWLAN scenarios .Depending on this evaluation, selection IEEE 802.11g and decrease in the number of users consider the best choice for transmission voices over WLAN in college.