Al-Rafidain University College For Sciences

The crime of digital terrorism (terrorism via internet) is a kind of terrorist crimes. The terrorist crime is very old and taken place for a long time in different kinds, but its new kind is digital terrorism took place due to the technological advance witnessed by the world. The terrorist crime could be confronted by the traditional legal texts. Such legal texts cannot face the digital terrorism which means that there should be new legal frame works that enable the societies to face the crime of digital terrorism, terrorism via internet on one hand. This kind of crime is taken place by a means totally different from that terrorist crime before on the other hand. Sometimes these means are considered crimes even there is no action to be punished. The use of internet in certain methods to reach certain goal is formed a crime whether actually there is terrorist crime or not.
This means that confronting the crime of digital terrorism entails removing a number of criminal rules even some constitutional criminal principles in order to face such crime and punish the doers. Thus, the rules governing the terrorist crime whether of responsibility or punishment are different from the rules that governing the normal crimes and sometimes are exception of the general rules. This topic has been dealt with from the legal angel with statistics done by surveying to collect data to find out the other legal opinions.

Background: Stannous fluoride is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. It has been incorporated into dentifrice formulations and shown to be effective in the prevention and reduction of gingivitis (17, 18, 20), the aim of the study was to determine whether conventional tooth brushing and twice daily use of a brush on 0.4% stannous fluoride (SnF2) gel would be more effective for controlling plaque accumulation and gingivitis than conventional tooth brushing alone.
Materials and Methods: A randomized, six month, single examiner blind. Gingivitis study conducted according to the guide lines for evaluating chemotherapeutic products for the control of gingivitis. 0.4% stannous fluoride gel was tested against a commercially available negative control dentifrice (Crest Complete, KSA). The sample of the study included two groups, the first; control group (N=30) used tooth brushing with standard fluoride tooth paste( Crest Complete ,KSA),while the second; study group (N=30) used tooth brushing with the same tooth paste, supplemented with a 0.4% stannous fluoride gel used twice daily for the entire six month-study period. Clinical assessment involved plaque index(1) gingival index(2) and bleeding on probing index(3) were performed at base line, three and six months post-treatment.
Result: The stannous fluoride gel (SnF2) group had highly significant lower scores for plaque index (PL.I, p< 0.01), gingival index (GI, p< 0.01) and bleeding tendency at all examinations than did the control group. For the study group, mean baseline PL.I score was 1.83, at three months it was reduced to 0.84and after six months it was 0.54.For the GI. Mean baseline GI. was 1.60, at three months it was 0.82 and after six months it was reduced to 0.57.
Conclusion: It is concluded that the use of 0.4% SnF2 gel is an effective adjunct to mechanical tooth cleaning in decreasing plaque and gingivitis.
Key words: Stannous fluoride, plaque, gingivitis.

The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence and severity of dental caries among(6-9) years old children in two different socioeconomic background area in Baghdad city .
Dental caries diagnosis was done according to criteria of WHO(1987).
The total sample composed of 240 children (120 males and 120 females).
Results showed that the prevalence of dental caries for the total sample was 100%, in another word caries free percentage was zero. Result showed that for the primary dentition dmfs and dmft values were higher for males aged 6-7 and 7-8 years in high socioeconomic class (7.8 & 4.2 , 9.7 & 4.7) than in low socioeconomic class (6.7 & 3.9 ,7.2 & 3.2) with statistically no significant differences ( p> 0.05). For children aged 8-9 years in low socioeconomic area the values were higher compared with those in high socioeconomic area for both gender.
For the permanent dentition the high social class showed higher prevalence of dental caries compared with their lower social class counter parts except females aged 8-9 years with low socioeconomic status recorded higher DMFS and DMFT values ( 2.66 & 2.6) compared to those in high socioeconomic (2.6 & 1.8), while the relation was not significant ( p>0.05).
Generally the present study showed that the prevalence and severity of dental caries for primary teeth was higher among children with low social class (dmfs & dmft) than those with high social class, while the results were reversed for the permanent teeth.

Informatic era is supporting the needs for electronic solutions for the money transfer and electronic commerce, e-commerce, especially when the electronic services became available in any where by most governments. All these services and commerce activities are requiring Internet's charges payment by using credit cards. Gradually, these cards become very common in use by most companies, enterprises, banks, and governments to satisfy the needs of the customers.
This research produces a survey, comparative study between e-payment techniques, to specify the best one which is suitable for Iraq to be used in the companies, enterprises, and government to support the e-commerce and money transfer. This specification is accomplished according to the properties of the techniques and the availability of Iraq Infrastructures.

Steganography is allowing a user to hide large amounts of information within image and audio files. Steganography is still in an experimental phase and no general theory is available
This research suggests method of sub-image (secret image) hiding inside a covered image using discrete wavelet transform, in this method we hide secret image inside details information applied on a covered image.
In this way, sub image must be shrinked its values in order to accommodate high resolution details, after this process is accomplished we must try to re-arrange shrinked secret image in simple manner by changing row positions and then changing columns position which get hide secret image and then convert to the inverse discrete wavelet transform it.
The proposed system is tested using PSNR criteria and has proved that there are no tangible changes between the cover image and stego image

Technologies and information systems are spread in all societies in advanced and less developed countries. These technologies affect their movement as they organize means of transport, communication, commerce, economy, industry and means of war and peace etc. Because of this scientific progress, the crime developed also, and new type of criminal appeared with new means far from the known classical form of crimes.
The subject of this research is the crimes of information technology and how to prove it. This subject considered as a very important subject because it revealed new aspects and forms of crimes that connected with the development of means of usage to computers and Internet. Therefore, real need and deep research in the practical problems connected with this investigation of proof to information technology crimes, considered very important.

Thinning is the operation that seeks to reduce a connected region of pixels of a given property set to a small size. One of the most applications of thinning is the image recognission.
In this paper, we proposed a new algorithm for thinning an image using Neural Net approach called (Thinning Back- propagation algorithm, TBP), the results show that the operation considered including Zhang Suen algorithm, Hilditch's algorithm.
Applying Zhang Suen and Hilditch's algorithms showed that the output of the Hilditch's algorithm is better from the presence of shape accuracy point of view.
The proposed Thinning Back-propagation (TBP) algorithm is superior to other algorithms; the results show that the Hilditch's algorithm gives somewhat better results than Zhang Suen algorithm, therefore the proposed TBP has been implemented depending on the Hilditch's algorithm.
The accuracy of the TBP is equivalent to Hilditch's algorithm but it is a little bit faster than Hilditch's algorithm. Experimental results are presented to compare the performance of the algorithms.

The research aims to draw attention to vocabulary strategic thinking elements and decision, especially at the level of middle management in organization so as its level to ensure effective contribution to achieving the goals of their organizations through the adopting of the concepts and applications of the strategic management at the level of thinking and decision.

Questionnaire was distributed to (16) heads of scientific departments in a number of colleges of the University of Baghdad, designed to capture level of management and its impact on strategic decisions.

The study has conclusions and recommendations. The most important conclusions that the correlation between the two sides strategic think and decision and the operating environment , University work have been identified as dynamic environment for the growth of strategic thinking of the mangers (heads of departments ) who have focused their attention on the appropriate decisions they are taking to the potential of their departments at the expense of their suitability and balance with the decisions adopted in other departments within same collage

The interest of the time series focuses on the relations that linking the variables phenomenon and time, and to build a model suitable for time series requires the attention of parametric phenomenon, and Adaptive filtering method is one of the most important ways to build time series, In this paper, we used the Adaptive filtering method of non-Gaussian moving average model from first order MA (1 ) for several distributions of intermittent and continuous for a number of different volumes of samples and using simulation techniques.
The values of estimators by Iterative process and by Adaptive filtering method increases as the size of the sample increased, The values MSE and MAPE to MA(1) model decrease as the sample size is increased, and for all kinds of discrete and continuous distributions.
Keyword: Time series, Moving Average model, Iterative process, Adaptive filtering

The idea of this research is based on measure the cost of information in educational organizations, as an economic resource generates revenues that can be measured in concrete and diagnose intangible as the cost incurred for that resource. The process of analysis and measurement of the cost of information in educational organizations have exceptional importance as a contribute to an effective contribution to achieving the mission, objectives and strategy of these organizations and to serve the national economy.
The researcher on the results of the cost of each type of information that is produced in the learning organization (information science and information and accounting information the Internet), and the cost of information is electronic and manual where the importance of that in the process of directing the Department to the amount of introduction of technology in the production of information and its importance in shorthand many of the realization and as well as to keep pace with progress in educational organizations in the world.

This research aims to estimate and analyze the function of rice production in Najaf area Governorate through analyzing the relation between inputs and outputs, then to estimate a technical and economical efficiency in using the resources of production through their ideal elements. Also to limit the ideal standards in using the elements of production. This research depends on cross section data which presents the size of production in 2009 season, presented by (72) farms in the area. Statistical analyses used Cobb-Doglas function to clarify the relationship between inputs and out puts.The economic derivative was calculated in order to identify the pattern of the usage of Capital and labor resources . The optimum combination of these were found by using (131) hour/donum ,and(400285) dinar/donum,and the optimum production stands at(777.7) kg/donum,while the average production for each donum was (575)kg/donum.

After the success of the public revolutions in our modern history, this could breathe down the haughty countries and jeopardize its historical interest to danger. After all this success the great countries start to use media and politics to (negativize) each revolutionary movement raising here and there by picturing it as violent movement or call it terrorism. The colonial media start to ensure by studies and psychological studies that the revoluter is a terrorist with violent personality, trying by this intention mixing between the resistant public revolutions and the violent and terrorist activities to show the human community that there is no resistance it’s just terrorism and terrorize each revoluter or resistance group as they described the Lebanese Party (Hezbollah) and Hamas Movement in Palestine as terrorist organization. Moreover, the resistance in Iraq has been mixed with terrorism equaled to (Al-Qaeda) organization – all called terrorism or by other negative terms, so in this research we try to define each terrorism and resistance, and to find the difference between them in the International Law and the UN, charter.