Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research

The random uses of androgenic anabolic steroids such as dianabol (Alpha pharma)
especially among young people and adolescent could have harmful effects on health
.The aim of this study is to investigate the possible harmful effects of oral
administration of dianabol on the histology and hormones levels of the thyroid gland
in female rats. The study was carried out in the animal house ( College of
veterinaryMedicine / University of Al-Qasim Green . Twenty four female rats
(Rattus rattus ) were divided into 4 groups , three groups were given dianabol orally
at the concentrations of (0.05 , 0.1 , 0.2) mg/kgvrespectively on daily basis for six
weeks , and the fourth group, served as a control group, was injected by (0.9%Nacl).
Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were
estimate, Histological study included the histopathological changes in thyroid gland
tissue. The results showed a significant increase (p< 0.05) in the levels of TSH, T4,
and T3 compared with the control group .This study also showed changes in the
thyroid tissue that included hyperplasia of thyroid follicles, colloid material in most
follicles, little or no increase in the size of follicles which suggest that increased dose
of dianabol leads to pathological (Physiological and histological) changes noticeable
in most of the studied criteria.

Defects in insulin secretion by the pancreas and due to the cells may not respond properly
to insulin, hyperglycemia or diabetes will be occurred and cause to the failure in the eyes, heart,
kidneys and liver function. Nowadays, researchers looking for natural adjunct treatments to
control diabetes. Camel milk is having anti-diabetic activity possibly because of insulin like
protein (about 52 units/liter), that covered by fat micelles and can be an effective alternative for
insulin to treat type 1 and 2 and gestational diabetes. It is proved that camel milk is safe and
effective in improving long-term glycemic in the human patients and animal’s models. In one
study, daily consumption of 500 mL raw camel milk for 16 week in type 1 diabetic patients
(average age 20 years) decreased daily insulin dose and blood sugar. Also raw camel milk in
type 1 diabetic cases for 52 week and 3 months caused to significant reduction in HbA1c, mean
blood glucose and 30% reduction in required insulin dose. Type 2 diabetics cases consumed 500
mL pasteurized camel milk for two months, that mean insulin concentration was significantly
increased by the camel milk, but fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, blood pressure and insulin
resistance did not influence. Therefore, according to the studies, raw camel milk in type 1
diabetes patients caused to increase insulin secretion, reduce required insulin and insulin
resistance. Camel milk has immune-modulatory effects on the pancreas β-cells. Camel milk
influences insulin secretion via the proper activity of the pancreatic cells and insulin receptors.
Also this special milk improves diabetes complications such as dysfunction in the kidney and
liver function and diabetic wounds. In general, although according to the clinical trials, the raw
camel milk by 500 mL/day improved risk factors in diabetic patients. But it appears that more
scientific studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of processing’s methods of camel milk
on diabetes cases.

The current study was carried out to demonstrate the ability of chicken lice
Menacanthus stramineus to transmit Toxoplasma gondii by using PCR technique. The
blood was collected from the jugular vein of 85 chickens infested with ectoparasites
to investigate the existence of Toxoplasma gondii by latex agglutination test. The
results showed that 42 (49.41%) of chicken were infected with lice, lice samples of
Menacanthus stramineus were collected from chickens infected with T.gondii for
PCR investigation to confirm the presence of T.gondii in lice tissues and the results
were revealed the presence of T. gondii B1 genein 18(42.85 %) samples.

Sheep pox is an enzootic disease in Iraq and the regional countries. A huge amount of money either
spent on vaccines or lost due to the morbidities every year. For unknown reason, sometimes vaccination
is not efficient enough to provide the required protection. We conducted this study to investigate the
effect of the most popular pox vaccine on some physiological parameters, which may reflect any
adverse effect on the body. We used twelve adult ewes, divided into two groups (6/each); the first group
is the control, injected with normal saline (0.9% NaCl) intradermal, whereas the vaccine was injected
similarly in the animals of the other group. Blood samples were obtained weekly before and after the
treatment onset. Results revealed that there are changes in blood count parameters, starting from the
vaccination time (the second week). Interestingly, RBC count was decreased just after the vaccination,
whereas, a significant (p≤ 0.05) decreased in the WBC was also observed, with consequent significant
changes in the differential leukocytes count (DLC), These changes were accompanied with signs of reelevation
after two weeks of vaccination. In conclusion, there are unexpected changes in the RBC count
result from pox vaccination. Furthermore, the developing of immunity starts with a decrease in the
WBCs, which needs more than two weeks to restore the normal value.

This study tends to survey of common problems and diseases of fish aquaculture projects at
Raparin administration area which have 76 projects, three species of Cyprinidae, common carp, grass
carp, silver carp, in earthen and concrete ponds. By achieve the history of the disease outbreaks and
understanding management strategies which applied by farmers, on this bases the collection of samples
from different cases at different regions of Raparin area, clinical examinations done. The results of this
study indicate the blow diseases and problems of fish aquaculture projects. Bacterial infections,
hemorrhagic septicemia, Bacterial enteritis, Infectious dropsy, skin ulceration. Fungal infections,
Saprolegniosis, epizootic ulcerative syndrome. Parasitic infections, Gyrodyctylus infection,
Ductylogyrus infection, Argulosis. Bad management represented by poor nutrition, low applying
oxygen, and bad water quality.

The cats might severely affected and became carrier for Hemoplasma spp., so
the current study were aimed to investigate hemoplasmosis in cate in Basarh city,
Iraq.This work was conducted via examine (20) cats of local cat breeds in Basarh
city, using their blood samples for stained smear and blood parameters.The Giemsa
stained blood smears revealed seven (35%) cats infected with Hemoplasmosis.
However, thirteen (65%) was found negative. Diseased cats show pale and or/icteric
mucos membranes, dehydration, emaciation, loos of appetite, and weakness,
Moreover , a significant increase of body temperature, respiratory and heart rate was
indicated. Results was also show a significant decrease of RBC,HB and PCV of
diseased cats which reflected Normocytic Normochromic type of anemia
.Hemoplasma spp. of infected cats appears round or rod shape singular or chained
located on the cell membranes of the infected erythrocytes .It was concluded that
feline mycoplasmosis lead to deleterious effects which might terminated with death
of affected cats .

The objective of the study was to examine the normal liver using ultrasound technique for
measuring liver thickness, portal and hepatic veins diameter in clinically normal cattle, furthermore to
determine some liver lesions. Ultrasonography was used to evaluate the liver in 20 local cattle breeds of
different ages 10 of them have exhibited clinical signs of chronic emaciation, icteric mucous
membranes and decrease in milk production moreover, the other 10 cows were clinically normal. Liver
position, diameter and texture were explored from the right side of the abdominal wall in standing
position, without anesthesia by using 3.5 MHz transducer, after hair moistening by alcohol. The largest
liver thickness was measured at the 10 and 12 intercostal space and it was decreased gradually forward.
Normal liver has an echogenic appearance of equally distributed white dots and had a uniform mild
echogenicity, there were an anechoic round and tubular vascular structures, representing hepatic and
portal veins while abnormal liver has multi-hypoechoic circles. It has been concluded that, Sonography
of normal liver can be utilized as a good diagnostic references in animals with liver diseases.

Although sheep shearing is considered an important and a widely used process to cut off
the sheep’s wool, false wool shearing can cause serious problems by giving a chance to grow
bacteria. This study is aims to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the inflamed
wounds after false wool shearing process and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Laurus
nobilus extract against this bacteria. The results of bacterial growth showed that P. aeruginosa
produced characteristic colonies on nutrient agar with pigment pyocin and β- hemolysis on blood
agar and grew on MacConkey agar but did not ferment lactose sugar. In addition, the isolates
were positive for biofilm formation using polystyrene 96 well plate. Among 6 antibiotic agents,
the highest resistance was found with novobiocin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline,
respectively. Laurus nobilis extract had an antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa. The
results of this study revealed that hot and cold alcoholic extracts of Laurus nobilis with MICs
6.5 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml and 50mg/ml, respectively, were more effective than hot water extract.

Camels’ milk has gained so many attentions recently because of its unique therapeutic
effects. Iraq is one of the Arab countries with a long history of camel husbandry and few studies
regarding this important products’ compositions. In this study fresh milk samples from 78
apparently healthy she camels from Wasit province were collected and analyzed. According to
the results means ± Standard Deviation (SD) for Fat, Protein, and Lactose were 3.48 ± 0.95, 4.23
± 1.61 and 4.3 ± 2.56 percent, respectively. In addition, values for Total solids, Solid non-fat,
Salt values were 9.0 ± 1.43, 8.64 ± 1.75, and 0.73 ± 0.08 percent, respectively. And means ± SD
for Density was 1.031 ± 0.0032 g/cm3 in this study. Data analysis revealed that sampling date
was correlated with the milk’s fat, density, and pH (p<0.05). She camels’ age was correlated
with salt values of their milk (p<0.001); while, their parity numbers correlated with the protein
and salt values of the milk (p<0.05). Our findings fell within the published literature with minor
variations; however, higher means for fat, protein and lactose were yielded compared to studies
from other countries. Owners should be educated that they could obtain milk with better quality
and higher quantity by improving feeding and husbandry measures.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly contagious transboundary disease of
cattle with significant economic burden. Our study is based on a questionnaire
designed to describe the epidemiological features keys of LSD in Basrah and to
identify putative risk factors. The information obtained from this questionnaire
specifically included sex, age, vaccination status, clinical signs and the number of
death because of LSD in the cattle. This study was conducted from December 2018
to May 2019, with a total of 251 cattle owners participated in the interview. Out of
251 owners interviewed, 329 of their cattle were infected with LSD (accumulative
incidence estimated at 16.2%). The majority of owners (91.6%) admitted that they
did not segregate the infected animal from the rest of the herds. Respect to animal
management and farming system, the semi-intensive system of rearing animals was
the most common farming system adapted by farmers (70%) while only 30% were
kept under intensive system. The majority of the owners 97.2% (244/251) reported
they were not received any vaccine of LSD. The mortality rate; however, measured
at 2% and the case-fatality rate measured at 11%. The abortion rate among infected
pregnant cows was calculated at 10.5%. The study concluded LSD is newly
emerging disease in Basrah and various preventative measures including restriction
illegal movement of animals, vector control, farm biosecurity and, vaccination 91
program need to be considered to prevent further new incidence cases.

The aim of study was to explore the analgesic and sedative effects of tramadol
and metoclopramide co-adminstration in sheep. Injection of tramadol intramuscular at
5mg/kg body weight in sheep produced deep sedation, recompense and analgesia in
comparison with dose of 2.5mg/kg body weight which produced only mild sedation
and failed as analgesic dose. Intramuscular injection of metoclopramide at 20mg/kg
body weight in sheep produced deep sedation, recompense and analgesia in
comparisons with dose of 10 mg/kg which produced only sedation and failed as
analgesic dose. Intramuscular injection of metoclopramide at dose20mg/kg or
tramadol at 5mg/kg body weight in sheep each alone were produced deep sedation,
recumbence and analgesia while metoclopramide at 10mg/kg body weight or tramadol
a(t2.5mg/kg b. W) produced only mild sedation and each dose felid to produced
analgesia in sheep. Concomitant administration of tramadol at dose2.5mg/kg body
weight to sheep and metoclopramide at dose 10mg/kg body weight intramuscular as
sedatives not analgesia dose produced a significant increase in sedation score and
produced deep sedation with recompense as well as good analgesia in comparison
with control group and group of tramadol or metoclopramide alone.

This study was carried out to investigate the harmful effect of water fluoridation on both
(thyroid and adrenal gland) in adult male rats its weight about (400-300gm) exposed to sodium
fluoride(NaF) in the drinking water. We are used in this study (٣٠) adult male rats (albino) were
distributed randomly and divided into two equal groups (15 animals per group) . The first group
was given normal water and considered as a control group (control group), while the second group
were given drinking water with 100 ppm of sodium fluoride(NaF) (treated group). this study carried
out in the animal house in the college of Vet. Med.\ Tikrit University. blood was drawn through the
eye pupil for periods (0,30,60 days) in order to measure the following parameters: Measurement of
Glutathione(GSH) concentration, total cholesterol and blood glucose concentration . In addition
taking tissue sections of the thyroid and adrenal glands.The results of this study showed that
exposure of animals to sodium fluoride at a concentration of 100 ppm in drinking water for (60)
days cause adrenal and thyroid gland dysfunction, represented by a significant decrease in the level
of glutathione in blood serum on days 30 and 60 of the experiment and a significant increase in total
cholesterol and blood glucose concentrations.The results of the histological examination of the
thyroid gland of the treated group showed hyperplasia of the epithelial cell layer lining the acini vesicles, and severe lipid changes were seen in the function of Reticularis in the histological
sections of the thyroids gland of the same group animals. The results of this study confirmed the
harmful effect of sodium fluoride(NaF) on thyroid and adrenal functions in addition to its effect on
some biochemical parameters that are indicative of the occurrence of harmful effects of some
chemical compounds

Two Hundred and fifty samples of cow's milk from different parts of the
province of Basrah were collected from clinical and subclinical mastitis reported
using the California mastitis test between March 2018 and September 2019 and
examined using conventional PCR assay, Candida species was identified in 116/250
(46.4%). Based on conventional method and ID - Yst card system Vitek 2, Candida
albicans was the predominant 60/116 (51.7%), followed by Candida parapsilosis
15/116 (12.9%). Concerning the results of PCR amplification of 18S rRNA gene for
identification of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, this gene was present in 60 samples
in C. albicans, and in 15 of C. parapsilosis. Lactobacillus are an industrially
important group of probiotic organisms that play an important function in human
health through inhibiting dangerous and pathogenic bacteria growth, boosting
immune function, and increasing resistance to infection. Ten out of 250(4%)
Lactobacillus isolates were obtained from apparently healthy cow milk samples.
Lactobacillus isolates were identified according to phenotypic characterization and
molecular technique using PCR (16S rRNA) and sequencing, it was seen that L.
acidophilus formed 5 isolates (50%), L.amylovorus was three (30%), whileL.crisaptus formed only two (20%) only. The results of this study revealed that the
BLAST analysis at the NCBI gene bank gave 99.39% homology with L. acidophilus,
99.19% homology with L.crispatus and 97.59% with L. amylovorus. In vitro
antimycotic activity of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus) against C. albicans and C.
parapsilosis using agar well diffusion methods was adapted. The cell-free neutralized
supernatant (CFS) of Lactobacilli (105,106,107) were inhibited the growth of
pathogenic C.albicans and C. parapsilosis. It was also noticed that, L. acidophilus
showed the strongest antifungal activities against pathogenic C. albicans and
C.parapsilosis with different degrees of inhibition zones in comparsion with each of
L.crispatus and L. amylovorus, meanwhile, L. amylovorus revealed strongest
antifungal activity against pathogenic C.parapsilosis.

The objectives of current research were evaluate the efficacy of commercially available
Newcastle disease vaccine and determine the best vaccination program. A total number of 150
one-day-old unvaccinated chicks were divided equally into 5 groups. One vaccination program
were used for each group which differ from each other while group 5 was unvaccinated control
group. Serum were collected from all groups and five chickens from each group were sacrificed.
Afterward immunization HI geometric mean titer (GMT) rates were observed that both
seroconverted birds in Group 1 to Group 4 have risen statistically significantly, with statistical
significant changes. (p < 0.05). However, the birds in group 4 which had the best HI titers
(147). The levels of ChIFN-γ was measured by ELISA, there were also higher in the vaccinated
groups (group 1, 2, 3 and 4) than in the non-vaccinated group. Group 4 also had the best ChIFN-
γ level. The higher values of lymphoid organs (spleen, Bursa of Fabricius and thymus) indices
were in vaccinated groups are compared to non-vaccinated groups, while between vaccinated
groups there was no significant different (P < 0.05). Commercial ND vaccines are effective and
vaccination scheme of group 4 (live ND vaccine at 7th day of age by eye drop as primary
vaccine followed by live ND vaccine at 21st day of age by drinking water as booster dose) has
more protective effects in broiler chicken.

This experiment has been performed to assess the effect of partial substitution of fishmeal
with lentil seeds in common carp growth performance, feed utilization and certain biological
parameters (Fulton condition, Hepatic somatic index, Gills somatic index, Kidney somatic index,
Spleen somatic index, Intestine Length index, Intestine weight index). Fish from a private fish
farm were acquired in province of Sulaimaniyah, Iraq. Average fish weight ranged from 95-99
gm. Fish were divided into 5 treatment groups. The treatments were: T1: In fish diet 0% lentil
seed was replaced with fishmeal, T2: In fish diet 5% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal, T3:
10% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal, T4: 15% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal, T5:
20% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal. There had been significant differences in weight
gain, daily, relative, and specific growth rate as lentil seed replaced with fishmeal in fish diet.
Feed Efficiency Ratio, Protein Efficiency Ratio and Fat Efficiency Ratio was significantly higher
in T5 group than that of the other treated groups. No significant differences in the mean values of
Hepatosomatic index, Spleensomatic index and Kidneysomatic index were detected. Significant
difference in the mean value of Condition Factor was found among treatment groups. Intestinelength
index was significant among treatment groups according to fish weight while mean value showed non-significant cording to fish length. The performance and general health of the
common carp were significantly improved by raw lentil seed. Due to their low price in
comparison to fishmeal and commercially available in all markets, it is suggested to substitute
the fishmeal with raw lentil seed in commercial fish diet.

Bacterial contamination of table eggs is a serious public health problem around the world
due to increase the risks of food-borne illness. Disinfection of table eggs is essential to minimize
the possibility egg contamination from shells. In the current study, 100 samples (table eggs)
were collected from different supermarkets of Basrah city. Identification and disinfection of
bacteria on shell of table eggs were done in Veterinary Medicine College, Public Health
Laboratory / University of Basrah. Samples were cultured on blood agar, mannitol salt agar,
macConkey agar, salmonella-shigella agar, eosin methylene blue agar, and tryptic soy agar to
differentiate different types of bacteria before and after processing with lemon juice depend on
its morphology and Gram's staining. The detection of organisms for genus and species were then
done based on biochemical characteristics using VITEK® 2 system. The present study revealed
that the major contaminant of table eggs was with Gram-negative bacteria and the minor
contaminant was with Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria detected on shell of table
eggs (Leuconostoc species and Gemella bergeri) were resistant to lemon juice. However, Gramnegative
bacteria identified on shell of table eggs (Cronobacter sakazakii, Raoultella
ornithinolytica, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter aerogenes, Moraxella group, and Serratia
plymuthica) were sensitive. In conclusion, table eggs collected from supermarkets were
contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. Lemon juice was suitable to be used as an antiseptic
agent to minimize the contamination of eggshells with Gram-negative bacteria.

This study was designed to Evaluate the biological activity of Schiff base derived from
phenyl ethyl amine produced novel compound used in this experiment. Thirty adult male rats
age (10-14) weeks (150-200) gm weights were included and separate randomly into 5 groups (6
rats / group) and treated for 21days intraperitoneally (I.P) as follows:- Group 1 (control):
0.5ml/day of DMSO daily ,Group 2: 18mg/kg of NaNO2, daily ,Group 3 94 mg/kg of phenyl
ethyl amine daily ,Group 4 18 mg/kg of NaNO2, then after one hour 0.5ml/day from 66.8mg/kg
of synthesis compound daily , Group 5: 0.5ml/day from 66.8mg/kg of synthesized compound.
According to finding Results there was significant ameliorative effects of Schiff base against
sodium nitrate toxicity in several physiological parameters as (R.B.C. count , Hb. concentration ,
PCV. ,W.B.C. count MID%, TSH,T3 andT4 levels ) which the result showed there were
significant decreased in this parameters in group 5 where administrate sodium nitrate and after
one hour novel compound in compared with group 2 sodium nitrate alone .

Microbial resistance to antibiotics increase the risk of infection, so new approach was
investigated such as new plant extracts and nano technology, so this study designed to compare
the effects of Zinc oxide nanoparticles and Aloe Vera extraction in treatment of experimental
skin infection with MRSA. In vitro, both were effective against MRSA in well diffusions assay,
while in vivo, both were showed antibacterial effects and enhance tissue healing compared with
MRSA infective group with priority to Aloe Vera extraction.

This experiment was done to assess the effect of Chlorella, as a source of protein, and
germinated barley powder, as a source of natural prebiotic, on the performance of common
carp. The experiment was conducted by using one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) with a
completely randomized design (CRD). Higher significantly in T2 with 5% Chlorella and T5
(20% germinated barley). FCR recorded significant differences among treatment as compared
to T5 (20% germinated barley), and the opposite was observed in FER. T5 with 20%
germinated barley was differing significantly in each of the spleen somatic and kidney
somatic indices. Adding germinated barley leads to enhanced intestine weight index in T4 and
T5. The parameters were hepatosomatic and gill somatic indices, condition factor, fish weight
without viscera, fish weight without viscera and head, lipids, ash and moisture, organoleptic
evaluation of mean juiciness, flavor, color, and complete acceptance. We conclude that the
use of Chlorella and germinated barley potentially enhances the growth performance and fish meat quality. We recommend using both plants in earthen ponds to rely on using natural
products in fish feeding.

The aim of the study to evaluate the enhanced effect of aqueous extract of
rosemary on testis tissue in male rats after inducing hyperthyroidism by L–thyroxin and
compare with propylthiouracil effect. The animals (32 male rats) were divided into two
groups. The first group was a control group consists of 8 male rats that were treated with
distilled water for 12 days and the rest of the animals induced with hyperthyroidism by
levothyroxine 0.5 mg / kg subcutaneously for 12 days. After the induction, the animals
were divided into four groups each consists of eight male rats. The first group was the
control group and they were treated with distilled water for another 12 days, the second
group included male rats induced hyperthyroidism were treated with distilled water for 12
days orally, while the third group included male rats induced hyperthyroidism that were
treated with propylthiouracil at a dose of 10 mg / kg for 12 days orally, and the fourth
group included male rats induced hyperthyroidism that were treated with rosemary extract
at a dose of 12 mg / kg for 10 days, orally. The results showed that rosemary extract led to
complete healing of testicular tissue, unlike propylthiouracil.

The aim of this study is to propagate the non-virulent Newcastle disease virus in the
laboratory, determination the cytopathic effects in the inoculated chicken embryos, and
confirmation of virus growth by serological and molecular techniques by performing
haemagglutination and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests,
respectively. LaSota virus strain which is a live vaccine was used for this purpose. Nine-dayold
embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with the virus and further incubated for 48
hours; and the allantoic fluid was collected for further processing. Petechial haemorrhages and
congestions were observed in the inoculated embryos while in the un-inoculated eggs; the
embryos were normal and did not show any lesion. Virus growth in the allantoic fluid was
confirmed by performing haemagglutination and RT-PCR tests. These results support the
isolation of other viruses in our laboratories, which will contribute to perform other
experiments such as studying virus characteristics and observation of its pathological effects on
the embryos, preparation of viral antigens, sequencing of viral genome, and possibly
discovering new viruses.

Antibacterial drug resistance is an increasingly worldwide occurred health problem
presented by bacterial-originated defectiveness to the work of a wide-range of antibacterial
drugs. Uncovering the antibacterial effects of ethanolic extract of garlic (Allium sativum) (Glc)
and sumac (Rhus coriaria) (Smc) on Salmonella typhimurium isolated from chickens was the
main goal of the present study.Fifty samples of intestinal contents of chickens were collected
randomly from various farms located in Al-Diwaniyah province,All specimens inoculated into
on macconky agar, Salmonella-Shigella agar at 37c for 24-48-hr, also examined on XLD agar
and Salmonella CHROME agar Allium sativum( Glc) or Rhus coriaria (Smc )extract, at
different concentrations, or antibacterial drugs (control), 10mcg ciprofloxacin (Cip), 30mcg
amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Amc), 10mcg neomycin (N), were employed to test their
antibacterial activities (AAs) against S. typhimurium using agar-gel diffusion tests, The
experiment included an investigation about of one isolates from origin 6 isolates of S.
typhimurium , 6 out of the 50 chicken samples (12%) were culture positive for salmonella typhimurium , Significant (p˂0.05) increases in the AAs against S. typhimurium were shown by
Glc or Smc extracts when compared to those from the antibiotics. Moreover, these AA increases
were revealed to be incremented as the concentrations of those extracts were elevated. No
significant (p˃0.05) differences were demonstrated between the AAs of both extracts. In
addition, Cip, Amc, and N showed AAs against S. typhimurium; however, Cip revealed the
strongest AAs followed by Amc.

This study focusing on the importance of Candida albicans growth conditions on SAP8
and SAP10 genes expression, as a member of the Secreted Aspartic Proteases superfamily genes
that play a role in the pathogenicity of C. albicans and the effects of this conditions on the
pathogenicity of this bacterium in albino mice.Ten pathogenic isolates of C. albicans were
grown on two different conditions using RPMI1640 medium at 37° C for mimic host condition
and on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) at 25° C as in vitro condition. Sets of primers were used
to detect SAP8 and SAP10 genes expression in each condition. Forty BALB/c albino mice were
assigned to groups and inoculated with 1 X 107 cells/mouse of C. albicans grown in the study
conditions as challenge dose. Kidneys, lungs, and liver were collected to study the pathological
changes. Data show overexpression of the SAP8 gene in study isolates grown in RPMI1640
comparison to the SAP10 gene. Kidneys, liver, and lungs showed pathological lesions at a
different range of severity, a significant severe lesion in the kidney in mice injected with C.
albicans grown in RPMI 1640 medium, while in contrast the significant severe liver and lung
lesions were observed in mice injected with C. albicans grown in SDA medium. This study
points out that the growth condition of C. albicans plays a role in the pathogenicity of this
microorganism and SAP8 gene related to the infection process in the host.

The design and production of innovative and safer drugs attracted to organic
chemists is urgently required in order to synthesize new compounds with the potential
of biological and chemotherapeutic activities. We're reporting here, the condensation
of 4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonamide (sulphanilamide drug) with 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde
(vanillin), yielded derivative of Schiff base in good yield. Elemental
analysis (CHN), IR, 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy were used to characterize the
synthesized compound. Using the Balb/c mouse model, the toxicity of the
synthesized compound was determined. The up and down method of Dixon was
found to have a body weight of 1677.2 mg / kg LD50 and mild toxicity. The results
showed the ability of the prepared compound to improve the TWBC and DWBC
values approach to control, giving HSV a less harmful effect than the sulfanilamide
drug.

The aim of this research paper were to monitor the presence of source zoonotic bacterial diseases in
the physical tools that used in animal farms. That had a role in the store and the transmission of zoonotic
bacterial diseases to farmers and affected their health and the transfer to different farm products. As well,
which caused loss of the product and diseases to consumers that may affect farmers' health and animal
health. That was used principled method for bacterial isolation and identification. It was found bacteria
41%; it may cause damage to products from food poisoning to zoonotic bacterial diseases to consumers. It
was found the Gram-negative 69% and Gram-positive 31%, which were the most resistant bacteria to
antibiotics and causes zoonotic bacterial diseases. It was found Staphylococcous Spp. 39% and
Streptococcus Spp. 13%. Escherichia coli were 49%; (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebseilla pneumonia,
and Campylobacter Spp) were (17, 12 and 11%). (Actinobacter Spp. and Proteus Spp.), were (6 and 3%),
Salmonella Spp. was 1%. It indicated the existence of PTs as stores for that may be a source of zoonotic
bacterial diseases and may easily transmitted to humans or animal products, causing health and economic
damage. It was concluded that the zoonotic bacterial diseases could be transmitted from physical tools as
sources that were used in the farm and caused health damage and economic effects. That recommended
preferring quality physical tools to minimize the health and economic damage to decrease zoonotic
bacterial diseases to be not affected animal or human health.

The corona virus SARS-CoV-2 caused pandemic Covid-19 disease. At present there is no
vaccine or drug approved by FDA to treat Covid-19 disease. The high fatality rate and extreme
fast spreading of disease in the community make researchers to invent possible therapeutic
inventions a global priority. Recent studies suggested that Chloroquine (ChQ) and
Hydroxychloroquine (HChQ) can be used for the treatment of Covid-19 patients. In-vitro tests
suggest ChQ and HChQ have good efficiency towards SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this report, we
have reviewed latest literature information about ChQ and HChQ drugs to use for the treatment
of this pandemic.

The purpose of this study was to describe some characteristic features of the
intraglandular duct system in the lactating udder of adult indigenous cow by cast forming
and radiography study. Ten udders of local breed cows (5 for resin cast formation and 5
for radiological study), clinically appeared healthy and aged (2-5) years were obtained
from Al- shoala slaughter-house in Baghdad city. Our study primed to describe and
investigate of the intraglandular duct system of the local cow breed. The present finding
was showed that the duct system was a network of unequal sizes tubules which was
begins with the small intralobular ducts then interlobular duct empty into a collecting
duct which drain the milk into the lactiferous sinus by a several of lactiferous duct, the
lactiferous sinus forms a common cavity for each quarter of the udder which drain into
the teat sinus and then teat canal.

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is an important immune regulator
critical for immune homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that TGF-β1 has a
crucial regulatory role in CNS development and potential implications for
neurogenesis in a variety of TGF-β1-related CNS diseases: so the aim of the study to
investigate the association of the TGFβ-1 gene polymorphism with its plasma protein
plasma level (TGFB-1)in ASD patients, It's a case – control study atotal of 94 patients
with ASD, their age ranging from 2 to 13 years and 100 apparently healthy children
were used as a control which were matched by age and sex. TGFβ-1 levels was
measured by ELISA and TGF-β1(Codon 10 +869 C/T) and TGF-β1(Codon 25:
+915*G/C)Gene Polymorphism were detected by specific sets of primers.The mean
value of TGF-β1 was significantly low in the autistic group (95.91pg / mm) as
compare with the control one (117.08 pg / mm) TGF-β1(Codon 10: +869*T/C) gene
polymorphism showed heterogeneous results between autistic group and control
group

Histological sections of the embryos and fetuses of the Sprague Dawley rats were used
to study the ocular developmental stages. Microscopic examination indicated that the primordial
tissue related to the eye is found in the head fold region as an optic pit, then form the optic
vesicle. The latter is invaginated upon itself to form the optic cup. The lens vesicle, which had
separated from the ectoderm, was distinctly visible. Hence, lens capsule and fibers were evident.
The front lens of the eye is derived from the superficial ectoderm and from the cornea.
The optic vesicle is destined to form the retina. The mesenchymal cells found between the
margins of the cup and the lens is involved in the formation of the vitreous body. In conclusion,
the organogenesis of the ocular tissues in studied rats becomes evident when the optic cup and
invaginated lens placode were begun to be formed which can be
morphologically identified on the 12th embryonic day. The current information about the
embryonic and fetal development of the rat’s eye gives more concepts for subsequent
morphological and physiological works or experiments.