journal of the college of basic education

Before Islam, women were deprived of their rights and were given birth as infants who had not seen anything of the light of the world yet. When Islam came, it protected women, raised their status and status, preserved their rights, and recommended that they be treated gently and kindly, voluntarily, at a time when women lived during the period that preceded the Islamic message. Tragic conditions, and they consider female birth to be an abomination, so female infanticide was widespread. However, in the period after the Islamic message, especially in the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), she had the right to freedom of marriage and to choose a husband, and it was not permissible to force her to marry a man she did not want, and she also had an important role. As she contributed alongside men in building the Islamic state by performing different and diverse roles, and for this reason Islam gave women their full rights that had been robbed of them in previous religions and in people’s beliefs.

This research examines the concepts of synchrony and diachrony as two important elements in a dialectical duality in modern linguistic studies. Synchrony focuses on language within a specific period without considering temporary changes that occur in the language. Diachrony, on the other hand, studies a single language over time and examines the changes that occur in it. Saussure's categorization tends towards a historical approach to the study of language, which we do not follow in this study. Instead, we shed light on the temporal movement within words, whether verbs or other lexical items containing temporal connotations. We investigate all of this and its impact on the Holy Quran, particularly in Surah Al-Zumar, analyzing its stylistic features in the text, as it constitutes a clear phenomenon in Surah Al-Zumar, as we will see through the research.

Many schools of historical criticism started in the seventeenth century with the methods of verifying manuscripts, to the nineteenth century, when the methods of historical research were proven that culminated in the school of historical criticism. With the "linguistic method," we will open a new school for historical studies, and these are some of its points:
The study of the origins of words to find out the oldest ones. For example, did “Baal” the Canaanite god precede “Bel” the Babylonian, god, or vice versa? Because the two deities hold the same function. According to linguistic development, the Canaanite word is the oldest, because the hard Arabic phoneme "Ain" ((ع turns into the light Arabic phoneme "alif (ا) and not the other way around.
Investigating ancient Arabic manuscripts concerning the Greek or Syriac origin translated from it. This investigation helps to control an Arabic text that transcribers have distorted over hundreds or sometimes thousands of years, and thus we obtain a more accurate text. For example, by returning to the Syriac or Greek origin, we were able to change Arabic words, on which all Arabic manuscripts were unanimous: “little/few” in Arabic becomes “biography”, “mind” becomes “lien”, “to pull” becomes “exist”, “careful” becomes “assertive” and “simplicity” becomes “vitality/activity”.
In investigating these manuscripts, we understand very well the development of Arabic writing and the development of grammar. This helps us to criticize the sources, and re-read them. It also helps us in determining the meanings of words in their time before their meaning evolved as it is known today, so we checked it more.

Lady Fatima Al-Zahra has a high position in Islamic thought, and her Fadak sermon contains deep Islamic knowledge.
The research consisted of an introduction and preface to the sources of moral education in Islam and demands about the moral educational landmarks that were in: the etiquette of greetings, the morals of hypocrisy, the morals of gentleness, and the morals of firmness, and through an interpretive Qur’anic study so that the goal would become clearer through the opinions of the commentators in explaining the Qur’anic verses, followed by a conclusion and a list of sources.

Vanity is one of the traits that form from the beginning of an individual’s formation during the early childhood stage. It strengthens when it receives repeated reinforcement and reward from parents until it becomes part of the components of the personality as a clear manifestation in the later stages of life in adolescence and adulthood, and its behaviors are of a selfish nature, and the trait of vanity comes. An effective response is the person’s relationship with himself, the ideas he forms about it, and the degree of his adherence to them and his defense of them, including the intervention of other elements such as self-esteem and maintaining dignity and moral character.
For the personality and position that a person places for himself
The current research aims:
1- Identifying the trait of vanity among outstanding students
2- The significance of the statistical differences between males and females.

Perhaps the great status of the discipliner, teacher, or sheikh, that he was chosen to teach and discipline the children of the caliphs so that they would be role models for the common people to follow, had a great impact on the scholars’ competition to reach this high status. Perhaps what was said about the teacher is to demonstrate the greatness of his status, as he said (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) “But I sent a teacher. And it was said about him (the right of a teacher is greater than the right of parents, for the parent is the reason for present existence and mortal life, and the teacher is the reason for everlasting life.” All of this had a great impact on our choosing to study the personality of the scholar Al-Baghdadi Ibn Tabarzh, who graduated. In seeking knowledge from a teacher to boys in one of the Baghdad stores until he became a scholar who was referred to in Lebanon and given scientific titles such as Musnad al-Shamiyyin, Sheikh of Hadith... and others, and travelers began to flock to him from all sides.

Islamic law came in an integrated manner and did not legislate anything pertaining to an individual without an individual or a group without a group. It is general and comprehensive, and just as it was concerned with the affairs of men, it is concerned with the affairs of women and legislates its own legislation for them. Women are half of society and are responsible for acts of worship like men, except that they are sometimes excluded for their own reasons, and since Prayer is the mainstay of religion and it is the great pillar of this religion. Islam paid great attention to it, and the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, emphasized prayer in congregation and in mosques. It is a confirmed Sunnah, but this applies to men. Are
women like men in this emphasis?
The desirability of performing prayer in groups for women is the best because the basis of the rulings for women is always to cover them in order to protect them from any covetous person, and for them to pray in their home is the best according to the agreement of the scholars according to the Sharia texts mentioned, but it is desirable for them to witness the prayers of Muslims in large groups such as the Eid prayer, the rain prayer, etc., so that it can be achieved. For this great virtue, and so that there is a balance in repelling the evils from them and achieving the benefits for them, and this is a great balance with which
our noble Islamic Shiites excelled

Constructing scale for the arts of dealing with others and illustrated etiquette among kindergarten children. The research sample consisted of (200) male and female children aged (5-6) years in the (primary stage) from the (Jannat Al-Zahra) kindergarten affiliated with the Governorate Education Directorate. Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, and to verify the objectives of the research, the two researchers built an illustrated scale for the arts of dealing with others (etiquette) for the kindergarten child, in which it relied on social learning theory. The scale for the arts of dealing with others included (50) items distributed over (10) arts, and was The psychometric properties of the scale were extracted, including validity and reliability. The data was analyzed and processed statistically using the Statistical Package for Psychological and Social Sciences (SPSS), and the two researchers concluded with a set of recommendations and proposals.

The aim of the current research is to identify the social responsibility of female students in the kindergarten department and identify self-differentiation and the correlation between social responsibility and self-differentiation. The researcher used the descriptive correlational approach and the sample consisted of (200) female students from the kindergarten department, a delegation. The researcher prepared a social responsibility scale and adopted the (Shakir) scale. (2024) for self-differentiation, and using appropriate statistical methods, the results showed that female students enjoy social responsibility and self-differentiation, and that there is a correlation between responsibility and self-differentiation.

This research falls within the studies of objective interpretation, and is related to the unity of the vocabulary that described descriptions of the Prophet in the Meccan and Medinan eras, and they are woven with sophisticated rhetorical subtleties. Its knots were arranged in response to the extent of the influence of these verses in clarifying the descriptions of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, with the aim of clarifying their concept and miraculousness in their context, and their behavioral outcomes for the Muslim. It adopted the inductive and descriptive-analytical approaches, and built it on a preface in which I explained the concept of the Qur’anic verses and their types, and four demands; The first came in the actual Qur’anic verses explaining the Prophet’s existential descriptions, the second in the derived Qur’anic verses explaining the Prophet’s existential descriptions, the third in the derived Qur’anic verses explaining the Prophet’s nihilistic descriptions, and the fourth in the effect of the Qur’anic verses in forming a picture of the apostolic biography. I concluded that the total of these unique items amounted to thirteen scrap gems. Ten of them are existential, distributed equally between derivatives and verbs, and three of them are nihilistic derivatives. It was colored by the eyes of rhetoric in the Qur’anic use of it, and some of them were noticed by a group of ancient commentators, among which I expanded its graphic capacity and conveyed to it subtle connotations that sunk into the depth of taste, and that the Muslim is addressed by its conceptual dimensions according to his assignment. The research recommends including the Qur’anic meanings in the topics of Qur’anic sciences, reporting them in academic studies, and compiling a reference book for them that addresses them from their various dimensions.

The idea of the research came to focus on the school of Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq, peace be upon him, which was the school of continuous giving and permanent production in all intellectual, jurisprudential, and ideological fields.Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq, may God bless him and grant him peace, is the sixth of the Twelve Imams among the Jaafari Imam Shiites. He is a descendant of the House of Prophethood and an inheritor of its virtues, virtues, glory and wisdom. He is a spiritual leader who is knowledgeable of the Qur’an and the Sunnah. He is diligent in deriving rulings in the light of the Holy Qur’an. He was in his piety and asceticism, his religion and piety, his knowledge and his jurisprudence. An example to follow.
If we mention Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq, may God bless him and grant him peace, we mention the highest honor, the most majestic, and the greatest personality among the pioneers in the history of Islamic thought, whose words had strength and support for the nation, and who became one of the treasures of science and knowledge, then it is obligatory for us to research some of his merits and shed light on his educational and humanitarian positions in... Modest study. Being guided by the educational curriculum of the People of the House, peace be upon them, is one of the basic building blocks of the ladder of doctrinal, intellectual, political and social construction that Islam has approved as a method for correcting belief and regulating.

The study aims to explain the saying of the Noble Messenger (may God bless him and his family and grant them peace) (No harm, no harm), which was considered one of the major rules that jurists rely on in incidents and new issues as a guide for him. That is why I saw many of them using it as evidence; Which prompted me to read about this rule, what is its origin and meaning, to find how the jurists were building most of the chapters of jurisprudence on it and ruling on its issues. Indeed, most of them believe that it is sufficient to return the entire Islamic jurisprudence to this rule, and thus it became clear to me that the greatest purpose of Sharia law is to bring about righteousness. And ward off Corruption, if we know that the interest is bringing benefit and repelling harm, or repelling harm from creation and preventing harm, and that is by preventing it starting with all methods of prevention, ruling to remove it after it occurs, and considering the impact resulting from it to make amends to the harmed and hold accountable the one who caused the harm.

The eastern Mediterranean region is considered one of the most promising regions in the production of energy sources, as it has gained great importance due to the huge discoveries of reserves of energy sources, and countries have begun to accelerate their steps to reach this region, which is witnessing intense competition between them.
The competition for energy sources in the eastern Mediterranean is characterized by great overlap and multiplicity of parties between regional and international powers, especially if the subject of competition is to obtain energy sources, which is the strategic commodity that all countries of the world seek to obtain in order to continue the sustainability of life and development processes in them.

A number of reasons have contributed to the exacerbation of the problem of drinking water pollution in the city of Baghdad, which has left negative effects on the health of the city’s residents who use water for drinking and cooking purposes and harshly for other domestic uses. The study aimed to identify the reasons for the exacerbation of the problem of water pollution in the Tigris River as well as to identify The nature of the pollutants that increase human diseases, and laboratory analyzes were conducted Some of the chemical and physical elements that cause contamination of drinking water for some water purification plants in the city of Baghdad, which amounted to (10) elements between the years (2018 and 2023) for the purpose of comparison between them. The results of the analyzes showed that all elements were high for the year 2023 compared to the year 2018, which indicates that Water pollution has increased, and this is an indication of the seriousness of the health situation accompanying it and affecting the health of the city’s residents, while all measures are being taken to reduce it.

The current research aimed to identify electronic blackmail among female university students, and to identify the impact of the counseling program (solution-centered counseling). To achieve the objectives of the current research, the following null hypotheses were derived: There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group members in the pre- and post-tests on the electronic blackmail scale among female university students, and there is no statistically significant difference at the significance level ( 0.05) between the average scores of the control group members in the pre- and post-tests on the electronic blackmailing scale among female university students, and there is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental and control group members in the post-test on the electronic blackmailing scale among female university students, In order to identify the effect of the solution-centered counseling program in reducing electronic blackmail among female university students, the limits of the research were all female students of the College of Basic Education/Al-Mustansiriya University for morning and evening study for the academic year ( 2023-2024). In order to achieve the objectives and hypotheses of the current research, the researchers adopted the experimental method. The sample of the experiment was (20) female students, and the researchers adopted the design of the experimental groups and the control group with pre- and post-tests. Equivalence was made between the experimental and control groups in the variables (age, father’s achievement, mother’s achievement, and the female students’ scores on the electronic blackmail scale), and the researchers adopted a scale Electronic blackmail and the construction of a counseling program (solution-centered psychological counselling). The researchers verified the psychometric properties of the scale by analyzing its items visually and statistically, and also calculated its reliability in two ways (test and retest, Cronbach). Validity was verified with indicators of apparent validity and construct validity. The second is constructive The brief psychological counseling program. The research reached a set of results, including: There are statistically significant differences between the average scores of individuals in the experimental group in the pre- and post-tests on the electronic blackmail scale after applying the counseling program. This difference is in favor of the experimental group, that is, a function in favor of the post-test. There are no significant differences. There is statistical significance between the average scores of the members of the control group in the pre- and post-tests on the electronic blackmail scale. This is an indication that the control group was not affected and the variables were controlled for not being exposed to the counseling program. It was also found that there are statistically significant differences between the average scores of the members of the experimental group and the control group in Post-test on the electronic blackmail scale after applying the counseling program. The counseling program (solution-centered psychological counseling) also proved to have a significant impact in reducing electronic blackmail, as the effect size reached (0.612), which is a large value. The research came out with a set of recommendations and proposals.

This research aims to address the structures of the nominal sentence for caution (report) in the Holy Qur’an and reveal the significance of these structures. It is known that the nominal sentence consists of the predicate and the predicate, taking into account the rank between them, and it precedes the predicate. Because grammarians believe that the predicate is a description in its meaning of the subject; Therefore, it came in proportion to the description in the delay, and since the news came in advance of the subject in all places of the root (balagh); Therefore, the topic will be treated according to the idea of precedence and delay and their significance through the context in which the sentence appears.

The aim of the current research is to define and measure the digital competence of female students in the kindergarten section according to the academic grade variable. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researchers built a digital competence scale, Basilotta et al.,2022consisting of (27) items, and the scale was applied to (150) female students from the kindergarten section, and for the four grades ( The first, second, third, and fourth), and the psychometric properties of the scale were extracted, represented by both types of validity (face validity and construct validity), and reliability was extracted using the Cronbach equation, and the reliability value reached (0.60), and it was concluded that there is digital competence among female students of the kindergarten department. Children, and depending on the grade, the digital proficiency of third-grade female students was higher than in the rest of the grades. In light of the research results, the researchers presented a number of recommendations and a set of proposals.

Many Western ideas have spread in our Arab and Islamic world that have recently arrived and taken root in the Arab and Islamic mind and had a great impact on changing the ideas of the people of society. Among those ideas and cultures is the culture of gender or sexuality. This term, which has recently spread throughout the world, means separating the male and female genders and defining a new gender identity acquired from a person’s sense of himself and the characteristics he desires to have, such as a male living with a feminine identity, and the opposite for a woman, living with a masculine identity. Thus, we find that the new gender identity is not formed by the individual at the moment of birth, but is determined later by the individual’s social and psychological influences and factors.
These Western ideas and cultures that are alien to Islamic societies have been adopted by the United Nations and international organizations, and approved by human rights organizations and Western laws, and they are considered an identity that any individual has the right to carry, without having anything to do with physical and organic differences between individuals and considering the imposition of equality that must be achieved between men and women. By adopting such ideas and cultures and encouraging the United Nations to enact such systematic laws, the intent of which is to spread corruption, obliterate religious identity, ignore the nature of God with which He created people, spread absolute freedom, and spread homosexuality without restrictions or limits, ignoring the Almighty’s saying: (O people, We have created you from a male and a female, and made you peoples and tribes so that you may know each other. Indeed, the most honorable of you in the sight of God is the most pious of you).
It calls for the liberation of women from the restrictions of male control and domination and complete equality between them and men, reaching the concept of gender by exchanging roles between men and women without objection from members of society or the principles of divine religions, especially Islamic legislation. In this research, the researcher attempts to shed light on the concept of gender thought, its origins and culture, the most important reasons that led to the spread of this culture in our Islamic societies, and to clarify the Islamic ruling on it and ways to address it ideologically, intellectually and socially.

The study investigates a surah of the Holy Qur’an from one of the manuscript interpretations. This interpretation was initially classified by its author under the title Jami’ al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an when he was forty years old, and at this stage the book was brief in its first form, but within thirty-three years of its writing The first version added many footnotes to the book, then the author refined, revised, trimmed and corrected the book until it came out in the form it has now. Then the author changed the name to Jami’ al-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an.

Despite the awareness and guidance efforts undertaken by educational counselors for students in Iraqi government schools about electronic blackmail and its harms, the researcher noticed, through her experience with some male and female counselors and inspection visits to the progress of practical education in schools, that there are some counselors who do not pay much attention to the harms of electronic blackmail, and this may be due to Some counselors are afraid of school principals and families to talk about it or discuss it effectively, or that some of them need more training and qualification on how to deal with it, which may directly affect the success of the ways educational counselors deal with the harms of electronic blackmail in the required manner. Which leads to a weak focus of educational counselors in building their monthly or annual plans regarding ways to confront or limit the damage of electronic blackmail, which directly affects the decline in students’ academic achievement and the weakness and collapse of the student’s personality, which may sometimes lead students to commit suicide. Therefore, identifying It is clear to the educational counselor’s awareness role in reducing the harms of electronic blackmail in government schools in Basra Governorate, to enable them to help reduce the harms of electronic blackmail in Iraqi society.
The study attempted to answer the following questions:
1-What is the role of the counselor in reducing electronic blackmail in Basra Governorate schools?
2-Is there a difference in the role of the counselor in reducing electronic blackmail in Basra Governorate schools according to gender, experience, and residence?
The importance of the current study is evident in:
1-The current study represents a purposeful attempt to help educators and parents follow up on students and encourage them to preserve their personal privacy to avoid falling into blackmail and its social and psychological repercussions and to make them more wise and aware of the consequences of revealing information. As well as controlling their emotions and minds optimally and adopting realistic standards and behavioral goals for personal responsibility.
2-Social media has become the preoccupation of many people, devouring their time Their privacy was published. It got them into unnecessary problems, including electronic blackmail.
The study aimed to identify:
1-The role of the educational counselor in reducing the harms of electronic blackmail in Basra Governorate.
2-Explaining the impact of the study variables (gender, experience, residence) on the role of the educational counselor in reducing the harms of electronic blackmail in government schools in Basra Governorate.
The scale was applied to a sample of (116) male and female educational counselors distributed among several schools in Basra Governorate. The researcher decided on the scale (Muatasem 2020), and the number of items was (51). The researcher established validity and reliability for it, and the rating scale was four-pointed (always applies to me = 4. Sometimes applies to me = 3, rarely applies to me = 3, never applies to me = 1. The results of the study were interpreted after using the SPSS statistical package to analyze the data. The researcher reached a set of recommendations, including the necessity of subjecting new educational counselors to training courses while serving in a role. Educational guide to reduce electronic blackmail.

The purpose of the present study is to determine how the Polya approach affects first-year middle school students' social studies performance. The Umm Al-Muminin Girls' Middle School first-year students in the city of Baghdad for the academic year 2023–2024 were the only subjects of the present study. An experimental group and a control group with pre- and post-tests were part of the researcher's partial control experimental design. There were sixty-eight female students in the first intermediate grade that made up the research sample: thirty-four were in the experimental group and thirty-four were in the control group. By creating an accomplishment exam with forty multiple-choice questions, the researcher was able to assess the factors that
were reliant on the study. Its reliability and validity have been established. The T-test, arithmetic averages, and suitable statistical treatments were applied to the data in order to examine it. Additionally, the Cronbach's alpha equation and the achievement test results demonstrated statistically significant differences favoring the experimental group that used the Polya technique for their studies. For the duration of the current semester, the research experiment was conducted.

The current research aims to identify the structure of the physical concepts test for kindergarten children. The Listening Foundation tested the physical concepts after reviewing the theories and studies related to the subject of its research, as the physical concepts test includes (32) items distributed over nine sections, each area (4) items for each. In the field, the test instructions for each calculation were prepared and the scientific instructions for building the group were prepared. The test score was determined (0 - 1) with two alternatives to it (true - true). The automatic gain of the research tool was verified, represented by: honesty and consistency, and the validity of the two aspects was verified: honesty. Virtual, construct validity, and physical concepts were extracted using the test-retest method and the internal consistency coefficient of K 20 equation

The research aims to evaluate the educational competence of primary schools (governmental and private) in the center of the sub-district in Babel Governorate, as the city of Medhatiah is distinguished by the presence of a number of primary schools, which reached (26) schools (governmental / private) distributed throughout the city, as for the number of educational staff The number of students reached (593) teachers, and the number of students reached (12204) male / female students, while the number of academic divisions reached (316) divisions. And it became clear through evaluating the data that there is a defect and a clear lack of violation of the approved standard, as it was found that the pupil / school indicator. In (20) schools are higher than the standard, while schools that scored less than the approved standard are (6) schools. As for the pupil / teacher index, and this indicator (20 pupils / teacher) was adopted in order to measure the efficiency of the educational service in the city, as it became clear that the general average for this indicator reached (21) pupils / teacher, and this indicates a mismatch with the approved Iraqi standard, schools The numbers that scored higher than the standard amounted to (14) schools, and the schools that scored less than the standard amounted to (8) schools, while the schools that took an index in conformity with the Iraqi standard reached (4) schools. And the pupil / division index. When applying this indicator, we notice that there is no match with the approved Iraqi standard (30 students / divisions), as it was found that the number of schools that registered higher than the approved standard amounted to (21) schools and the schools that registered less than the standard are (4) schools. As for the statistical analysis of school sites in the GIS programs, it shows that there is a random distribution of the sites of the original schools in the study area. Regular distribution and weighted according to neighborhoods and population were not taken into account in it. The research concluded that there is no application of the standard and this is due to the scarcity of school buildings and the lack of educational staff, not to mention the presence of large numbers that have not enrolled in schools due to the economic situation and education requirements. The research recommends the necessity of intensifying official and popular efforts to increase the number of school buildings to eliminate duplication and employ more cadres than the existing one. Official and popular education on enrollment in education because of the basis for the renaissance of the region and the nation. It is also recommended to follow technical methods in choosing the appropriate site through geographic information systems based on the required standards and weights.

The research aims to know the reality of traffic accidents in Iraq for the year (2022), with the exception of the Kurdistan region, by analyzing and classifying these accidents to reach knowledge of the spatial variation of the number of traffic accidents according to the governorates of Iraq and the reasons for their occurrence, and the research relied on the analytical approach and the quantitative approach in analyzing traffic accidents based on the latest data issued by the official authorities, as well as the use of the descriptive approach in classifying traffic accidents according to the place of accident, and the research reached a number of results, the most important of which are The collision accidents are the most frequent accidents according to the nature of the accident, which reached the highest in the province of Basra and the adult (1117) accident and by (17%), and that the province of Baghdad was one of the highest provinces incidence of traffic accidents according to the category of road, which was on highways with accidents amounting to (378) and (13%) of road accidents in Iraq. And that all traffic accidents had negative returns due to the material and human losses they caused, which was the factor of speed and non-compliance with traffic laws and regulations the main reason for their occurrence.

The participation of Iraqi women in political life is an urgent necessity and a social demand aimed at the advancement of society. It is also linked to all economic, social, political and cultural changes and transformations in society, and to their political role, and the interrelated relationship between women and men. Women in Arab countries in general, and in Iraq in particular, face great difficulties in the process of political participation, especially in candidacy and election, in accessing legislative authority, and in participating with men in making decisions that shape the state’s policy.
The obstacles that stand in the way of women’s political ambition and participation in the essence of the political process represented by parliamentary elections is the title of the research, which included two chapters and a number of sections. The first chapter shed light on the practical journey of Iraqi women after the establishment of the Iraqi Kingdom, which was a parliamentary constitutional kingdom in which decision-making was limited to men. Without including women
While the second chapter dealt with the entry of women into the political process starting in 1980 and their participation in the elections for the Iraqi National Council, and their obtaining (16) seats in the National Council, but it was not at the level of ambition and did not relate to democratic foundations. Al-Fadl also included the state of the change that he underwent. The political system in Iraq after 2003 and the negatives and positives that accompanied this stage of dangerous developments in Iraqi society represented by the issuance of the Iraqi Constitution of 2005, which paved the way for women to participate more broadly in their entry into the political process.

The subject of climate change occupies an important place in modern studies because of its importance and direct or indirect connection to human life and living organisms. Climate change is not limited to temperatures and their increase, but rather extends to most of the climate elements and phenomena. Temperatures and other climate elements are the result of a change in what The atmosphere is now an integrated and interactive system, and the effect that occurs in every place can be transmitted to another place.
The maximum temperature is important because it represents the highest temperature rise of the day, became clear from the study that the impact of climate change is very significant in increasing the average maximum temperatures during the fall months. In the first cycle (1973-1982), the average maximum temperature for the months of September, October and November reached (40.3 - 33 - 23.7). Celsius respectively, with a standard deviation of (2.26 - 2.07 - 2.28), and in the second cycle (1983-1992), where it recorded (39.8 -32.7 -24.1) Celsius, with a standard deviation of (2.21 - 2.50 - 2.37) respectively, and in the third cycle (1993-2002) it recorded (40.2 - 34.7 - 24.8) C with a standard deviation of (2.46 - 2.76 - 1.84), and in the fourth cycle (2003 - 2012) Humidity rates reached (40.4 -34.4 -24.4) C with a standard deviation of (2.18 - 2.75 - 2.13) respectively, and in the fifth cycle (2013-2022) rates were recorded at (42.5 -36.8 - 25.2) C with a standard deviation of (2.32 - 3.35 - 1.95), respectively, and the amount of deviation from the general average varied at each station in the study area.

Due to climate change represented by rising temperatures, And the lack of rainfall due to repeated drought cycles and the decrease in water supplies entering Iraq, As well as following primitive agricultural methods and unconscious use of natural resources, including water resources , Therefore, this research came to reveal the deterioration of soil and its increase in salinization in the center of Dhi Qar Governorate between the years (1993-2023). Using satellite data by employing spectral indicators and the outputs of the extensive analytical capabilities of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Therefore, two satellite images were chosen for the Land sat satellite, one for the year 1993 and the second for the year 2023, Through these two visualizations, the high level of soil salinity in the study area was tracked and identified. The important indicators used to study the soil salinity index, represented by the salinity standard index (SI), And the modified soil salinity index (NDSI), The results of the indicators revealed a clear increase in the rates of soil salinization in the center of Dhi Qar governorate and an increase in the rate of change, especially in the type of lands with very high salinity. The results of the Salinity Standard Index (SI) revealed a high rate of change during the study period in the aforementioned variety, amounting to 183.25). As for the Modified Soil Salinity Index (NDSI), it also recorded a clear increase in the percentage change in the type of land with very high salinity, Amounting to (3514.45). It can be said that collecting the results of soil salinization indicators warns of soil deterioration in the study area during the last three decades. In order to preserve the soil and protect it from deterioration, It is necessary to adopt tools and methodologies that will stop soil deterioration and salinization in order to preserve this important natural resource

The current research aims to evaluate the history textbook for sixth-grade literary class in light of contemporary global trends. To achieve the research objectives, a descriptive analytical approach was employed. After reviewing the literature and previous studies on the subject, researchers compiled a list of criteria for contemporary global trends, consisting of 42 standards distributed across seven areas: decolonization of knowledge, flexibility of curricula for multimedia, comprehensive and technological education, application-based learning curriculum, inclusion of social and emotional learning, leveraging digital technology in education, environmental curriculum, and integration of research and innovation as curricular dimensions.
The validity of these criteria was verified by presenting them to a panel of experts, and their reliability was ensured using a test-retest method. The analysis tool was applied during the second semester of the academic year (2023-2024). After collecting and statistically analyzing the data using frequencies and percentages (commonality coefficients), the following results were obtained:
. 1The history textbook for sixth-grade literary class included 17 out of the 42 standards of contemporary global trends in curricula, while 25 standards were not included.
. 2The percentage of ideas not covered by contemporary global trends standards in the sixth-grade literary class textbook was 62.7%, whereas the percentage of ideas covered by these standards was 37.2%.

The age of the population is in a state of permanent change and varies from one society to another, from one region to another, and from one period of time to another, and studying it according to gender contributes to knowing these changes and drawing future plans and expectations.
The governorates of the Middle Euphrates witnessed a change in the median age of the population according to gender during the years 1997 and 2020, as it was found through the application of the statistical formula for calculating the median age index that the research community is classified within the category of young societies in 1997 whose median age is (less than 20 years), It has moved to the category of mature societies in 2020, whose median age ranges between (20-29 years), with the exception of Babil Governorate, which is still among the young societies due to the high fertility of the population. The median age index also revealed a higher median age for females than it is for males during the years 1997 and 2020, and the distribution of the age index for both sexes in 1997 showed that Karbala governorate came first, then Najaf governorate followed, but the change occurred in Babel governorate, which was It occupies the third rank among males, to be the fourth among females, and Diwaniyah Governorate ranks third instead of the fourth rank among males, and this discrepancy is due to the difference in gender ratio. As for the year 2020, males were organized into three ranks, as three governorates ranked first, namely Karbala, Najaf, and Diwaniyah, with an index of median age of (20.5324) years, and Muthanna Governorate came in second place, with a very small difference in the median age index of (0, 0004) between them and the governorates of the first rank, and at the bottom of the order was the Babil governorate. As for females, Al-Diwaniyah governorate topped with an index of (21,0692) years. Followed by Muthanna Governorate with an indicator of (21,0692) years, then Karbala Governorate came in third place (21,0690) years, then Najaf Governorate (21,0689) years, and finally Babil Governorate with an indicator of median age of (19,1911) years. This change requires stakeholders and decision makers to invest this change in drawing up targeted population and development policies to achieve integration between population and development.

The current research aims to identify the level of anti-self-accusations of psychologically abused female middle school students. The current research is limited to psychologically abused female students (middle school students). The current research population was (4185) female students from the second middle school stage in Al-Muqdadiyah District and Khanaqin District, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education. Diyala for the academic year (2023-2024), for the purpose of conducting statistical analysis of the anti-self-accusations scale, the researchers chose a sample consisting of (400) female students from the middle school, and after processing the data using the SPSS statistical package, the research reached the following results, and the results indicate that the female students included in the current research They have a high degree of self-accusation. Statistical analysis of the results of applying the anti-self-accusations scale showed that psychologically violent female students have accusations directed at themselves because of the burdens and difficulties of life. This may lead to the creation of psychological conditions, situations of conflict, and negative emotions resulting from a feeling of helplessness, weakness, and contradiction between life. Reality and ambition, and the research came out with a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: using the anti-self-accusations scale in psychological centers due to its ability to give indicators of the level of feelings of anti-self-accusations, developing awareness programs and psychological guidance for those who suffer from anti-self-accusations, and staying away from methods of constant blaming and reprimanding for the simplest mistakes. And work to follow up on the students’ problems and find out what psychological pressures they are suffering from, and work to reduce their effects through joint cooperation between the educational counselor and the students.

The world is currently witnessing a tremendous and remarkable development in various fields, which has been called the technical revolution. It has brought about major transformations represented in the Internet, digitization, and the ability to store information and ease of obtaining it. This revolution has contributed to governments and institutions reconsidering adopting the concept of digital transformation by replacing traditional processes with digital, and developing strategic plans to achieve its goals with high quality and efficiency.
Digital leadership is defined as: a new method of administrative work that requires planning, organization, direction and control in order to continue progress through the optimal use of information and communications technology within the organization with the aim of developing its performance and providing services to beneficiaries at the lowest costs.
An effective leader must be able to innovate, create, innovate, deal with variables efficiently, and be able to formulate goals and achieve them by adopting the elements of creativity and innovation, which in turn depend on the capabilities represented in (fluency, flexibility, originality, and sensitivity). He also has the ability to communicate between subordinates, which they all contribute to moving the organization towards the right direction, as innovation is considered an important factor in the organization’s success and achieving competitive advantage, and to create a sense of urgency and appropriate momentum around digital transformation, and to be able to overcome challenges and manage emergency crises effectively.
Digital transformation includes a group of Technologies that are employed in organizations to varying degrees, including the Internet, artificial intelligence, digital platforms, machine learning, social media, and big data, and then various functional practices, and new competition mechanisms.
From the above, the problem of the current research can be summarized by answering the following question: What are the implications of developing effective digital leadership in dealing with challenges and managing emergency crises?
The importance of the research lies in: We are addressing a modern and important concept in the field of successful leadership. Today’s organizations are striving to keep pace with this digital transformation, which makes them competitive in the market to survive. This requires the presence of skilled leaders who are able to rethink how the organization and individuals use technology and processes and change and develop business performance, which is In effective digital leadership.
The current research aims to identify the implications of developing effective digital leadership in dealing with challenges and managing emergency crises (a psychological vision). This goal will be achieved by addressing the following topics:
1. The concept of digital leadership
2. Dimensions and skills of effective digital leadership.
3. Principles and models of digital leadership development.
4. Interpreting the concept of effective leadership according to psychological theoretical frameworks.
5. Strategies for developing and achieving successful digital leadership
6. The challenges and crises facing effective leadership during the digital transformation journey.
7. The implications of developing effective digital leadership in overcoming challenges and managing emergency crises
The researchers used the descriptive analytical method as an approach to their research, and at the conclusion of the research, a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals were presented to complete the scope of the current research.

The research aims to show the attention of the hadith scholars to the hadith of the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family, as they distinguished his words from the words of others so that the words of the revelation of prophecy would not be confused with others. This distinction came through extrapolation of the prophetic hadiths, collecting and probing the paths, then examining them and determining whether they were unique or not, and all of that in order to They determine whether some of the narrators included their words with the words of the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family, or not, and then they set some rules and regulations for knowing the included hadith. They presented many examples and divisions that indicate their keen interest in this matter

The aim of the current research is to identify stressful life events among boarding school students. And stressful life events among students residing in Baghdad Governorate. The significance of the differences in stressful life events among boarding school students and their peers from Baghdad Governorate residents. The significance of the differences in stressful life events among boarding school students and their peers from Baghdad Governorate residents according to the female variable. The significance of the differences in stressful life events among boarding school students and their peers from Baghdad Governorate residents according to the male variable. The significance of the differences in stressful life events among students of internal departments and their peers from residents of Baghdad Governorate according to the scientific specialization variable. The significance of the differences in stressful life events among boarding school students and their peers from Baghdad Governorate according to the humanitarian specialization variable. The current research was limited to students of the internal departments at Al-Mustansiriya University in the Ibn Al-Haytham and Ibn Sina Complex from the morning preliminary studies and of both genders (males - females) and for the academic year (2023/2024). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the Al-Dhalmi scale (2012) consisting of (43) items, and after verifying the validity and reliability of the scale, he applied the scale to a sample consisting of (320) male and female students. The results showed the following: that the students of internal departments have a low level, and that the students Among the residents of Baghdad Governorate, the score was low. There is a difference between the students of the internal departments and their peers, in favor of the females of the internal departments, and a difference between the females of the internal departments and the females of Baghdad residents, and in favor of the females of the internal departments. There is no difference between males in internal departments and residents of Baghdad, and there is no difference between students in internal departments and residents of Baghdad Governorate in scientific specialization. There is a difference between the students of the internal departments and the residents of Baghdad in the humanitarian specialization and for the benefit of the students of the internal departments. The researcher recommended a set of recommendations and proposals.

The Banu Marin played an important role in the history of Al-Aqsa Morocco, and their reign witnessed prosperity and strength at its beginning, but after the killing of Sultan Abu Anan Faris Al-Marini (749-759 AH / 1348-1358 AD), a major shift occurred in the political system of the state, as actual power was transferred from the hands of the sultans. Young people who lacked experience in ruling, were placed in the hands of their ministers who took themselves as guardians over them. These sultans, who were hidden under the guardianship of their ministers, had a negative impact on the state, which led to the deterioration of its conditions in all political, economic and social aspects, as well as the interference of the Jews in its affairs, and they controlled the reins. The state, and corruption began to spread in the body of the Marinid state, and this angered the people, which prompted them not to submit to this violence, and they launched a revolution, as a result of which the Marinid state ended, and its last sultan, Abd al-Haqq bin Abi Saeed Othman II (d. 869 AH / 1464 AD), was killed, and its eventual fall.

This research examines the concepts of the purposes of Sharia law and its divisions, such as necessities (the five universals), needs, and improvements, and the relationship of each of them to sustainable human development, which God Almighty has recommended in His Book and His Prophet in his Sunni, by taking care of the human soul, taking into account its conditions from a spiritual, mental, and material standpoint, paying attention to its health, and taking care of aesthetic matters, such as taking care of the environment and its sources from the agricultural and animal standpoint.
And water and attention to his preventive health condition and his psychological state because human beings are God’s creation on earth. He honored them by building it and taking care of it and provided for them with good things to live in it in peace

The research shed light on the issue of the position of the religious authority in Iraq regarding the elections of the Constituent Assembly in the years 1922-1924, starting from the beginnings of those elections, which constituted an urgent necessity for the Iraqi political system under the British Mandate, in terms of the fact that the Council was the first parliamentary council whose primary tasks included the legal establishment of state institutions. Modern Iraqiism, such as approving a constitution for Iraq and approving a law for parliamentary elections, thus consolidating the democratic constitutional system that is compatible with the nature of the declared political system, and on the other hand, ratifying the Iraqi-British Treaty of 1922, which was formulated to regulate the relationship between Iraq and Britain, the state, It was mandated under the League of Nations resolution to impose the mandate system, which was approved at the San Remo Conference in 1920. Its initial position stipulated its agreement to hold these elections in exchange for conditions that the British Relief House and the Iraqi government had to implement before holding those elections, and which revolved around ensuring that national elements were not excluded from the elections. Elections by allowing Iraqi parties and associations to carry out their work while allowing freedom of the press and returning those whom Britain exiled from Iraq after the twentieth revolution, and after the procrastination of the British and the Iraqi government, they issued the terms of reference Religious fatwas prohibited Iraqis from participating in elections, and they had a good response among Muslim clerics of all sects. The matter went beyond the support of some Christian clerics, which gave a national character to the situation. The bodies responsible for holding elections were closed in many cities of Iraq, and thus the elections were postponed, and they were not held. It was carried out only after the harsh and harsh dealings with the religious authorities took place at the end of 1923, so that the council was opened in March 1924.

The study aims to clarify the meaning of creed, its importance and the depth of its impact on societies and human life, as belief in societies is the main engine for the acceleration of civilization development in it. The gods are the ones who inspire their minds in building civilization, and they are the ones who participate in war and triumph over their enemies. The contemporary civilized man now who has the correct belief sees the extent to which his society has been deeply affected by the creed and from its teachings, development and culture and reliance on the light of reason in building the civilized culture of his society, which is the course of his lofty evening. Looking to the reality of things, universes, existence and feeling to satisfy his mental, heart, and taste desires, in order to appreciate his place in this universe, and in this life.

The clerics have taken on political action since the fall of the Ottoman Empire. An undeclared alliance emerged between the two institutions - so to speak - the Shiite and the Sunni. They agreed to fight the new occupation and form a national state. Therefore, several religious movements and parties emerged adopting that vision since the events of 1918 in Najaf and onwards. Sunni religious groups also coalesced into movements and parties that culminated in the Iraqi Islamic Party. Therefore, the religious establishment, both Shiite and Sunni, did not stand by and watch the events in Iraq, or the activity of the secular and liberal movements that have been active since the middle of the twentieth century.
The research touched on the phenomenon of political Islam, its relationship with Iraqi governments, the extent of their interference in the state, and the state’s official position on those movements. The research was divided into several paragraphs that followed the growth of religious movements in Iraq from the founding of the Iraqi state until 1979

The Iraqi Communist Party was considered one of the active Iraqi parties in the political history of Iraq, and it had an influential role in the Iraqi arena, especially since it carried the banner of defending the working class, or what it called in its literature the toiling people, or (the proletariat). Therefore, it is not surprising if they joined under its banner and leadership. At the beginning of its formation, it was formed by a number of members of the working class, but this does not mean that it is the only party that adopted the concerns of the Iraqi working class and defended it.
Abdul Razzaq Al-Safi is considered the most prominent figure of the Iraqi Communist Party who fought to achieve the goals and principles in which he believes. He began his political activity early in his life when he was a student in the College of Law, and his political positions varied depending on the events that Iraq witnessed in the late royal era. .
Opening words (Party - Iraq - Communist - Royalist)

Almighty God made the Sacred House the Qibla of Muslims, honored it, and made it sanctity in the souls of Muslims, especially for visitors and intending pilgrims and Umrah performers, because of its clear feelings and verses.
The focus was on the ritual of (Al-Multazam), which is the place between the Black Stone and the door of the Holy Ka'aba, which Hajj and Umrah pilgrims go to supplicate there. Because it is one of the places in which supplication is answered, so the researcher collected, and studied the "marweyyat" (narrations) that were mentioned in the statement of commitment to supplication in this blessed place in the books of hadith, to clarify its importance to the one who visits the Sacred House of God, The total number of narrations that the researcher reviewed was seven ones.

The importance of this study stems from the importance of the danger facing the world and the climate change that has sunk it Emissions of greenhouse gases, represented by carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons, have increased in concentration in the atmosphere, causing many attacks and effects on advanced, vital, and plant systems and thus affecting Iraqi national security, especially since Iraq, according to United Nations reports, is considered ready. A country in the world affected by climate change, which exposes it to its main part, the water crisis and drought (agricultural lands and marshes and the accompanying migration of farmers, damage to fresh water, and pollution, just the salinity level of southern Iraq), in addition to dust storms that allow the temperature during the summer to reach 50 degrees. The autumn heat is part of the rain during the summer, which poses a real danger to people and their lives
This participation can work to raise internal affairs and conflicts or foreign affairs, especially water wars, if this is done to start from scratch and reach quick solutions by means of such as concluding agreements and treaties between the countries bordering the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and finding solutions to address water scarcity in Iraq and rationalize consumption. Effectively strategic use of modern irrigation water, such as following roads.

The era of Imam al-Baqir (peace be upon him) is an important period and a turning point in the life of Shiites intellectually and socially. The Umayyad rulers' policy of pressure and militancy on the Shiites caused the loss of jobs, wealth, and Shia rights from the treasury. Poverty was so widespread among Shiites that imams spoke of the reward of poverty and its good effects in alleviating the suffering of Shiites. Islam is the religion of this world and the religion of the hereafter, and while recommending the reform of the hereafter, it has ordered the organization of the world. In this sense, he remained indifferent to the economic situation of his followers, and by offering very valuable solutions, he showed the direction of economic prosperity. This is how Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) took care of the issue of the economy. Both tried to organize the matter themselves and invited their friends and followers to do so. Imam al-Baqir (peace be upon him) was not exempt from this rule, besides all the spiritual and upper aspects of his part, he left a rich economic image for future generations. The economy has a major role in the movement of nations and groups, in terms of growth, stability and integration, and providing them with the ability to face the difficulties that fall in the way of growth and integration, it is one of the basic factors in building civilizations and providing them with the foundations of survival and continuity, so that Islam in all its stages did not achieve its goals near or far except with the help of the economy, and money, which is the main nerve of it. Imam al-Baqir (peace be upon him) stressed in his directives and guidance to the righteous group the importance of money in the success of its work, the integrity of its affairs, and the strength of its entity.
A current research acquires its importance based on the economic thought of Imam Muhammad bin Jaafar Al-Baqir (peace be upon him) and trying to increase it in analyzing the reality of production and consumption in Iraq, being one of the countries with rentier economies that depend mainly on their oil revenues significantly to cover their operational and investment expenses. Keywords : Imam al-Baqir (peace be upon him), Economic life, Consumption, Production, Poverty, Iraq.

Historians have been interested in Turkiye's contemporary history, Especially in Iraq .This is Due to geographical proximity relations which connect between Iraq and Turkiye . As well as the political ,economic and social relations , attention of Iraq also been directed to study the internal and external developments during the contemporary history of Turkey. There are a political figures made an important role in the public life of Turkey, and several factors that led to make the Kurdish revolution 1925 . this uprising had an opinion that was expressed through the Turkish government's policy and procedures against the Kurdish civilians .These internal political developments was found during (1925-1932) it had a great influence in Iraq. It has that period a lot of events and important developments that Iraq focused on it . Iraq also has a role and position from these internal political developments in Turkey in order to avoid making mistakes that Turkey fell

There were several reasons for building the city of Baghdad, most importantly security reasons. Therefore, this city received great attention from its builder, Caliph Al-Mansur (136-158 AH / 753-774 AD). This interest was represented in increasing its fortifications, including doors, walls, and trenches that were secured for the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur and his family. A great deal of security, and this interest in defensive fortifications and military organizations continued due to internal strife and revolutions and the appearance and despite the difficulties and disasters it went through, this city with its various landmarks remained a focus of admiration and interest for everyone who saw it

Praise be to God, and may blessings and peace be upon the Messenger of God, his family, his companions, and those who follow him.
This research aims to reveal and clarify the impact of the Islamic belief in developing civilization and directing behavior, with reference to the Book of God and the Sunnah of His Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him. Ethics or correct behavior is what develops civilization. This has been confirmed by rational and transmissional evidence. The Islamic belief also confirms that man lives his life in this world. Life is considered a passing stage and is a period of testing and testing, and that this world is a testing ground, and that his true life will be in the Hereafter in which all people will be rewarded for their deeds in this world on the Day when people will rise up before the Lord of the Worlds.
Human behavior is the reflection of the soul on its owner, and the overflow of its source. It shines and darkens, depending on the goodness or wickedness of the soul, its integrity or deviation. There is no reprehensible creation that does not have one of the causes of the soul’s vileness or deviation. Among the worst human qualities are arrogance and arrogance, which are two qualities that have a negative effect. On the individual himself, his relationships with others, and on civilization as well.
Research problem:
The problems of research lie in the impact of the Islamic faith in developing civilization and directing behavior, which is one of the important problems in society, as civilization advances and is elevated by right behavior stemming from the Islamic faith.
The importance of the topic and the reason for choosing it:
Explaining “the impact of the Islamic faith in developing Islamic civilization and guiding behavior” by implanting the religious motive that helps him control the individual’s behavior and get closer to God, peace be upon him, to reach refined morals by which the human soul rises above vices and flourishes and grows civilization through it. The reason for choosing the topic is self-preservation. Mankind is protected from Satan's insinuations by strengthening the value of the Islamic religion in directing human behavior by implanting the Islamic doctrine that directs human behavior and enhances Islamic civilization.
Research objectives and hypothesis:
The research aims primarily to identify the concept of human behavior, which in turn leads to the development of civilization through the influence of the Islamic faith represented by the Book of God and the Sunnah of His Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, and to highlight this sound approach to reaching the finest civilizations. It also aims to strengthen man's relationship with his God by educating the Muslim individual in correct behavior through the Islamic faith.

The research sheds light on the approach of some Arabic grammarians who adopted the grammatical rule, that grammatical rule that adopted incomplete induction as a method that led the Arabic grammar to enter the industry, so grammar became a complex process for the learner who wanted Arabic in order to access knowledge of the glorious Qur’an. At a time when the artisans used to color the Arabic text, but rather went to me the Qur’anic texts to achieve those rules in support of the school to which this or that grammar belongs, and this interpreter belongs to this or that theological doctrine.

Japan enjoyed relative peace for a period of time as a result of its geographical nature, which enabled it to live in isolation from the outside world for about 250 years, but this did not lose its connection with the outside world, so it was able to bring from some Asian countries the various civilizations and cultures that prevailed at the time, and adapted them to suit the conditions and traditions of Japanese society, as the Japanese had the ability to digest foreign cultural influences while preserving the values they inherited from their ancestors, and after breaking the isolation, foreign cultures began to flow to its lands, and after the emperor ascended the Meiji throne of the Empire of Japan introduced reforms that included all aspects and brought about deep transformations in the structure of Japanese society, and it marked the beginning of a wide openness to Western cultures, to blend the authentic cultural heritage of Japanese civilization with the culture coming from the West, which produced a new national culture of modern Japan.

The study aims to highlight the reality of prisons during the Abbasid era and how prisoners were treated by the Abbasid caliphs, as well as the methods they used to dispose of some of them, especially those who opposed them or posed a threat to them. It examines the methods and techniques of killing and torture during the Abbasid era for the period between the reign of Abu Abbas al-Saffah (132-136 AH) and the end of the reign of al-Muqtadir Billah (329-333 AH)
Imprisonment is one of the punishments sanctioned by Islam for punishing offenders. The reasons for imprisonment vary، including precautionary measures، due to charges، for the purpose of executing a sentence، for committing a crime، for reinforcement، for ethical reasons، for transgressing against religion and worship، financial issues، commercial disputes، as well as for political reasons such as opposition to the state and participation in revolutions against it، Despite the presence of killing and torture since the eras preceding the Abbasids، their methods have varied between eras and between different caliphs. The treatment of prisoners worsened during periods of economic and political turmoil. There emerged a vast discrepancy between what Islamic law prescribed regarding the treatment of prisoners and the harsh reality they were subjected to.
The Abbasids، in particular، dealt with their opponents with utmost cruelty، to the extent that people forgot the meaning of forgiveness and pardon. They suppressed any attempt to oppose them and wrongfully punished the innocent. They particularly targeted the Alawites، treating them harshly in an attempt to eliminate them، exact revenge upon them، or to uncover the leaders of their revolutions. They often isolated them in individual prisons to prevent their influence on other prisoners and to deter any change in their political inclinations or ideologies.

The current era is indeed witnessing the triumph of science and human enlightenment in a way unprecedented in history. With the unparalleled advancements in technology, we now have tools that were never imagined before. Did you know that more than 90% of scientists throughout human history are alive today and living among us? And did you know that humanity now possesses a memory stronger than its personal memory by millions, if not billions, of times – the memory of computers? The upcoming generation of computers, known as nano or quantum computers, will make a single computer of this new type have a memory that surpasses the memory of all currently existing computers in the world.
Therefore, progress and development in science continue rapidly in all fields. Hence, we are now in dire need of harnessing modern technology in education. The research aims to understand the concepts of artificial intelligence and creative thinking in teaching science. The study has addressed these two main axes and clarified the basic terms in detail within the research text.
The first axis aimed to identify the following: (the nature of artificial intelligence, its definition, the importance of its employment in education in general and sciences in particular, the requirements for its use in teaching, its relationship with natural intelligence, a comparison between them, its connection to creativity, and the relationship between learning theories and creativity and intelligence). As for the second axis, its goal was to understand the following: (the concept of creative thinking, its skills, educational applications specializing in employing its skills in sciences, its stages, its importance for learners, the characteristics of a creative person, and other important topics). Therefore, the research aimed to explore the applications of artificial intelligence specifically in the field of science teaching and study the various benefits and uses that artificial intelligence can offer in other fields, including medical, agricultural, and environmental domains. Based on diverse sources and literature, following an investigative approach to search for and present information systematically, the current research is a theoretical study that did not rely on an applied field study in its conduct.
The research focused on contemplation or meditation as the natural and spontaneous action of human intelligence. Through it, the mind can grasp truth without significant effort or hesitation, as contemplation provides direct perception, occurring in the moment. Moreover, it becomes easier when the object of contemplation is tangible. Thinking is a renewable force for the individual and society to endure in the world of today and tomorrow, against the backdrop of ever-increasing informational advancement. Hence, there arises a need to emphasize the teaching of thinking skills and focus on employing them in classrooms across various disciplines and educational stages. Therefore, this research delves into artificial intelligence, its application foundations in the educational process, comparing it with natural intelligence, its obstacles to application, and how psychological theories have contributed to clarifying the nature of artificial intelligence in detail. Furthermore, it elaborates on the concept of creative thinking, its skills, and educational applications related to teaching its various skills in sciences.

The study dealt with the assessment of air pollution in Kirkuk Governorate for the period (2019-2021), where the monthly and annual rates of a group of gases measured in the center of Kirkuk Governorate at (Shoraw Hospital Station), which is located within the geographic coordinates (35°31'27"N - 44°22'50"(, and (Environment Directorate station), which is located within the geographical coordinates (35°27'18"N - 44°22'54"E), as Iraq came second after Russia in the world for the fourth year in a row among the countries that burn the highest natural gas. The year 2019 recorded values higher than the permissible limits for falling dust in the months (January, March, April, December), and in the year 2020 the months ( March, April) only, As for the year 2021, the month of April was recorded only, and all months and the annual rate of sulfur dioxide (SO2) at the Shoraw Hospital station for the two years (2019, 2020) together are within the global and Iraqi environmental determinants, unlike the year 2021 only in the months (November and December). Together, the month of October is within the global parameters only, and as for the Environment Directorate station, all months and the annual average for the period (2019-2021) are higher than the global and Iraqi parameters combined, except for the month of April of 2019, which recorded a value within the global parameters only .All values of nitrogen oxides (NOx) for the year 2021 were higher than the permissible limits, except for the month of October at the Shoraw Hospital station, and the annual rate for the year 2019 for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at the Environment Directorate station only recorded a value higher than the permissible limits according to Iraqi standards only. As for the values of carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3) and nitric oxide (NO) for the year 2021 at the two study stations, they are within the environmentally permissible limits.

Futuristic education or the vision of the future in education is that it occupies a fundamental position in the process of change in human society. The individual faces a large group of changes that have a clear impact on his future. The process of orienting the future is considered a process inherent to the individual since the beginning of creation. Future education and its dimensions are for the development and development of a society that aspires to progress. Education is considered essential. Education, whether as a variable for societal transformation or a primary driver of this transformation, is by virtue Its role and nature are the aspects of society most vulnerable to change. Accordingly, the severe changes that the future entails and the challenges it imposes will necessarily bring about violent changes in the education system, its philosophy, politics, role, institutions, curricula, and methods.
The current research aimed to identify
Dimensions of future education among kindergarten teachers:
To achieve the goals, the researcher did the following
I adopted the Future Education Dimensions Scale (Wriosh) 2019 which consists of (64) items. The researcher verified the discriminant power and internal consistency, and the researcher extracted reliability using the Cronbach’s alpha method, as it reached (0.85).
The research results concluded that.
Kindergarten teachers do not enjoy the scientific and future dimension, as the difference was not statistically significant.
The researcher made some recommendations
The role of the Ministry of Education is to encourage and strengthen kindergarten teachers by providing all the supplies and capabilities that help them in teaching children.
Work to pay attention to all future dimensions of teachers
The researcher came up with some suggestions
A similar study on university students in all majors and for both genders, males and females
A study aimed at building a program to develop the scientific dimension and the educational dimension for kindergarten teachers.

The definition of the word “woman” is the start point at research that investigates the concept of “woman”. According to dictionary definitions of both the Merriam-Webster and the Cambridge dictionaries, a “woman” is “an adult female person”(“Woman,” n.d.) and “an adult female human being”(“Woman,” n.d.) respectively. However, the concept of woman has been investigated from different perspectives as reviewed in this paper. This research paper, nevertheless, attempts at investigating the “woman” concept in the Iraqi context in particular through a case study that is built on responses from a sample of the society. The paper adopts a feminist qualitative method that is enhanced with statistical analysis of data which makes it a mixed method paper. It is known that the Iraqi society is an eastern society that has Islam as the source of legislation. Based on that, the study poses a number of questions (as presented in Appendix 1) which lead to a concept of "woman" within the Iraqi context. The current research is meant to be the first step in formulating a holistic understanding of the concept of “woman” in the Iraqi context and trying to find the tendency formulating this concept whether it be religious, liberal, … etc. . Respondents to the survey are all Iraqis to guarantee the Iraqi context of the research. Results of the case study are discussed at the end of the paper.

This study investigates the symbolic representation of life and death in a variety of English and Arabic poems from a cognitive semantic perspective. The study aims to highlight the essential role of metaphor in poetry. Identify how cognitive elements integrate with semantics in the analysis of the symbolic representation, contrast the Arabic and English poetry in the way of representing the metaphor, especially the concepts of (Life and Death) and examine the cognitive processes involved in creating and interpreting metaphors. The study is qualitative, in which the researcher selects poems concerning life and death and analyses them by adopting Mac Cormac's A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor (1990). As a result, the researcher finds that in both English and Arabic poems, the symbolic portrayal of life and death in certain poetry underscores the intricate and diverse essence of these concepts, emphasizing their interdependence and interconnectedness in such a way that reflects the imagination of the writer and his poetic insight.

The research paper discusses a sociolinguistic study exploring regional diversity and language identity in three Iraqi dialects: Al-Anbar, Al-Basra, and Al Mosul. The varieties of dialect within one country are essential studies from a sociolinguistic point of view. The study seeks to investigate the sociolinguistic factors influencing linguistic variety in Iraq and examine the impact of regional dialects on language identification. Data was gathered from speakers of Al-Anbar, Al Mosul, and Al-Basra dialects by following the snowball sample. The study follows a mixture of qualitative and quantitative research methods, including interviews and questionnaires. The study examined the varieties of Arabic Iraqi dialect and how speakers perceive language identity concerning on their attitudes towards regional variety. It explores how sociolinguistic characteristics, including regional, age, gender, education, and social class, influence dialect use. The researcher adopts the theory of Labov Language Variation and Change (1968) to analyze the variation in the dialects in this study. As a result, the study finds that the Iraqi dialect consists of different dialects inside Iraq, some of them differ from the phonological change, lexical meaning or semantic meaning, which provide various ways of using and functioning the language, but all share the same classical dialect. The findings of the study enhance sociolinguistics and dialect studies, impacting language planning, educational policies, and language revitalization initiatives.

The discipline of Sociolinguistics is a vast one in which there are many fascinating topics of research that can give an excitement to scholars who are interested in knowing more about the riddles of the languages of the world. One of these topics is the topic of language and regional variation. If one looks at different parts of the world, he will find that there are many people who have different and various kinds of languages and these languages will have different variations whether socially or regionally. Also, it can be seen that the same language that can be found in one country will be influenced in its vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation by the speakers who live in different regions that belong to the country in which this language is found. This topic is one in the discipline of Sociolinguistics that can reveal many interesting facts about the same language which is spoken differently depending on the regions of the country. As a result, this study tries to provide a brief discussion to show some information about the topic of language and regional variation to the Iraqi EFL college instructors and to clarify to them the importance of considering the topic of regional variations of the English language that they are trying to teach to their students.

William Golding's inaugural novel, "Lord of the Flies," was released in 1954. Despite its lack of popularity upon debut, with sales of less than three thousand copies in the United States in 1955 before going out of print, It quickly became a top-selling book. The novel has been made into two English-language films, first in 1963 by Peter Brook and again in 1990 by Harry Hook. Additionally, it was turned into a Filipino film by Lupita A. Concio in 1975.
During the course of an unspecified conflict, the events in the story take place. Some of the characters who find themselves marooned are regular students, while others become members of a musical choir that is led by an established figure. Except for Sam and Eric and the choirboys, it seemed that they had never met each other before. The book depicts the gradual decline of the characters into a state of savagery. Stranded on a beautiful island, far away from contemporary society, the well- educated youngsters descend to a primitive condition.
Golding wrote his work as a response to R.M Ballantyne's youth novel The Coral Island, published in 1858. He incorporated explicit parallels to it, such as the naval officer's description of the children's initial attempts at civilized cooperation as a "jolly good show," similar to what happens in The Coral Island. Golding's three main characters, Ralph, Piggy, and Jack, have been seen as exaggerated representations of Ballantyne's Coralist and its main characters (Wikipedia, 2013: online).

Classroom management refers to how instructors could organize their classrooms and student interactions to keep students interested, eliminate distractions, and promote learning. The current study aims to finding out the classroom management techniques most frequently used by EFL college instructors according to their frequencies and discovering the influence of classroom management on the teaching/learning process used by university instructors.
The sample of the current study is 40 instructors from University of Baghdad. After determining the questionnaire's validity and reliability, it is administered to the sample. The results indicate that instructors utilized classroom management techniques with a weighted mean score greater than (3). This demonstrates that university English instructors have successfully employed classroom management to teach the English language. In light of the findings, some conclusions and recommendations are provided

This study aims to explore the Perceptions about the Effect of Virtual Education during Covid 19 on Learner Engagement and Motivation in Iraq. In order to investigate how virtual education affects learners' motivation and engagement, a qualitative research approach was selected for this study. Given that online education is a complicated phenomena that negatively impacts students' performance (Hanifa, 2018), a qualitative study approach is appropriate to highlight its intricacy. In qualitative research, the researcher interviews EFL Iraqi Students to investigate the effects of virtual education on learner's engagement and motivation. The researcher presented interview questions to 20 participants. the virtual education during Covid 19 on learner engagement is negative as students explained that they are not fully understanding the lectures and instructors do not use activities during the online class which makes the lecture boring and not interesting. According to second research question, students' perceptions about the effect of virtual education during Covid 19 on motivation is negative. Students are not motivated during the lecture as the online lectures lack many factors such as the attendance of students, participation during the lecture, and preparation.

The purpose of this study is to investigate speaking anxiety in EFL from the viewpoints of Iraqi undergraduate medical students. This includes examining the factors that lead to the anxiety and the consequences that the anxiety has on the participants. It also lists the methods these students used to lessen their speaking fear. Teachers' and students' semi-structured interviews were the two methods used to gather data. Fifteen students and five teachers from the Technical Institute for Medicine-AlMansoor participated. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The results showed that the classroom setting, lack of time management, unfamiliar topics, fear of making mistakes, concern of receiving a poor grade, and language ignorance were the main causes of speaking anxiety among Iraqi medical undergraduate students. Based on the students' comments, three main consequences were identified: academic, social, and personal. The results also showed that four strategies—cognitive, meta-cognitive, emotional, and memory—were employed by EFL Iraqi medical undergraduate students to get over their speaking fear. The study has demonstrated that a variety of circumstances, negatively affecting the students' academic, social, and personal lives, contributed to the speaking anxiety experienced by Iraqi medical undergraduate students. In order to improve the teaching of English in Iraq, the Ministry of Education, course developers, and teachers must address a number of difficulties regarding the origins of speaking anxiety as reported by the students

Older people are more likely to stay sturdy by selectively concentrating on and remembering their past experiences. This can enhance their quality of life and emotional welfare. In The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway, memory, reminiscence in particular, plays a crucial role. In the sea, Santiago, the protagonist of the novella, relies on memories to rise to the challenges he faces alone. This paper is a psychological reading of Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea in the light of Wong and Watt taxonomy of reminiscence. The taxonomy categorizes reminiscence into six types, some of them are associated with successful aging. Those types are: narrative, integrative, transmissive, escapist, instrumental, and obsessive, which the study attempts to identify throughout the narrative. The study also examines the function of each type along the novella according to Wong and Watt’s classification, and how throughout the novella, Santiago’s reminiscing about his past experiences, concentrating more on triumphs and successes, motivates him to resume his adventurous solitary journey

The present study aimed to investigate syntactic errors made by EFL learners in composition writing". To achieve the aim of the study, it was assumed that there was no statistically significant differences between the experimental group (which studies writing using the assembly technique (GW and TBT) and that of the control group (which studies writing according to the traditional method).
The present study is limited to the second-year College students of English Department, College of Basic Education for the academic year 2023-2024. An eight weeks experiment will be conducted by using -posttest experimental design. Both (the experimental and control groups) were exposed to pre and posttests.
Conclusions, recommendations are put forward.