journal of the college of basic education

Before Islam, women were deprived of their rights and were given birth as infants who had not seen anything of the light of the world yet. When Islam came, it protected women, raised their status and status, preserved their rights, and recommended that they be treated gently and kindly, voluntarily, at a time when women lived during the period that preceded the Islamic message. Tragic conditions, and they consider female birth to be an abomination, so female infanticide was widespread. However, in the period after the Islamic message, especially in the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), she had the right to freedom of marriage and to choose a husband, and it was not permissible to force her to marry a man she did not want, and she also had an important role. As she contributed alongside men in building the Islamic state by performing different and diverse roles, and for this reason Islam gave women their full rights that had been robbed of them in previous religions and in people’s beliefs.

This research examines the concepts of synchrony and diachrony as two important elements in a dialectical duality in modern linguistic studies. Synchrony focuses on language within a specific period without considering temporary changes that occur in the language. Diachrony, on the other hand, studies a single language over time and examines the changes that occur in it. Saussure's categorization tends towards a historical approach to the study of language, which we do not follow in this study. Instead, we shed light on the temporal movement within words, whether verbs or other lexical items containing temporal connotations. We investigate all of this and its impact on the Holy Quran, particularly in Surah Al-Zumar, analyzing its stylistic features in the text, as it constitutes a clear phenomenon in Surah Al-Zumar, as we will see through the research.

Many schools of historical criticism started in the seventeenth century with the methods of verifying manuscripts, to the nineteenth century, when the methods of historical research were proven that culminated in the school of historical criticism. With the "linguistic method," we will open a new school for historical studies, and these are some of its points:
The study of the origins of words to find out the oldest ones. For example, did “Baal” the Canaanite god precede “Bel” the Babylonian, god, or vice versa? Because the two deities hold the same function. According to linguistic development, the Canaanite word is the oldest, because the hard Arabic phoneme "Ain" ((ع turns into the light Arabic phoneme "alif (ا) and not the other way around.
Investigating ancient Arabic manuscripts concerning the Greek or Syriac origin translated from it. This investigation helps to control an Arabic text that transcribers have distorted over hundreds or sometimes thousands of years, and thus we obtain a more accurate text. For example, by returning to the Syriac or Greek origin, we were able to change Arabic words, on which all Arabic manuscripts were unanimous: “little/few” in Arabic becomes “biography”, “mind” becomes “lien”, “to pull” becomes “exist”, “careful” becomes “assertive” and “simplicity” becomes “vitality/activity”.
In investigating these manuscripts, we understand very well the development of Arabic writing and the development of grammar. This helps us to criticize the sources, and re-read them. It also helps us in determining the meanings of words in their time before their meaning evolved as it is known today, so we checked it more.

Lady Fatima Al-Zahra has a high position in Islamic thought, and her Fadak sermon contains deep Islamic knowledge.
The research consisted of an introduction and preface to the sources of moral education in Islam and demands about the moral educational landmarks that were in: the etiquette of greetings, the morals of hypocrisy, the morals of gentleness, and the morals of firmness, and through an interpretive Qur’anic study so that the goal would become clearer through the opinions of the commentators in explaining the Qur’anic verses, followed by a conclusion and a list of sources.

Vanity is one of the traits that form from the beginning of an individual’s formation during the early childhood stage. It strengthens when it receives repeated reinforcement and reward from parents until it becomes part of the components of the personality as a clear manifestation in the later stages of life in adolescence and adulthood, and its behaviors are of a selfish nature, and the trait of vanity comes. An effective response is the person’s relationship with himself, the ideas he forms about it, and the degree of his adherence to them and his defense of them, including the intervention of other elements such as self-esteem and maintaining dignity and moral character.
For the personality and position that a person places for himself
The current research aims:
1- Identifying the trait of vanity among outstanding students
2- The significance of the statistical differences between males and females.

Perhaps the great status of the discipliner, teacher, or sheikh, that he was chosen to teach and discipline the children of the caliphs so that they would be role models for the common people to follow, had a great impact on the scholars’ competition to reach this high status. Perhaps what was said about the teacher is to demonstrate the greatness of his status, as he said (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) “But I sent a teacher. And it was said about him (the right of a teacher is greater than the right of parents, for the parent is the reason for present existence and mortal life, and the teacher is the reason for everlasting life.” All of this had a great impact on our choosing to study the personality of the scholar Al-Baghdadi Ibn Tabarzh, who graduated. In seeking knowledge from a teacher to boys in one of the Baghdad stores until he became a scholar who was referred to in Lebanon and given scientific titles such as Musnad al-Shamiyyin, Sheikh of Hadith... and others, and travelers began to flock to him from all sides.

Islamic law came in an integrated manner and did not legislate anything pertaining to an individual without an individual or a group without a group. It is general and comprehensive, and just as it was concerned with the affairs of men, it is concerned with the affairs of women and legislates its own legislation for them. Women are half of society and are responsible for acts of worship like men, except that they are sometimes excluded for their own reasons, and since Prayer is the mainstay of religion and it is the great pillar of this religion. Islam paid great attention to it, and the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, emphasized prayer in congregation and in mosques. It is a confirmed Sunnah, but this applies to men. Are
women like men in this emphasis?
The desirability of performing prayer in groups for women is the best because the basis of the rulings for women is always to cover them in order to protect them from any covetous person, and for them to pray in their home is the best according to the agreement of the scholars according to the Sharia texts mentioned, but it is desirable for them to witness the prayers of Muslims in large groups such as the Eid prayer, the rain prayer, etc., so that it can be achieved. For this great virtue, and so that there is a balance in repelling the evils from them and achieving the benefits for them, and this is a great balance with which
our noble Islamic Shiites excelled

Constructing scale for the arts of dealing with others and illustrated etiquette among kindergarten children. The research sample consisted of (200) male and female children aged (5-6) years in the (primary stage) from the (Jannat Al-Zahra) kindergarten affiliated with the Governorate Education Directorate. Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, and to verify the objectives of the research, the two researchers built an illustrated scale for the arts of dealing with others (etiquette) for the kindergarten child, in which it relied on social learning theory. The scale for the arts of dealing with others included (50) items distributed over (10) arts, and was The psychometric properties of the scale were extracted, including validity and reliability. The data was analyzed and processed statistically using the Statistical Package for Psychological and Social Sciences (SPSS), and the two researchers concluded with a set of recommendations and proposals.

The aim of the current research is to identify the social responsibility of female students in the kindergarten department and identify self-differentiation and the correlation between social responsibility and self-differentiation. The researcher used the descriptive correlational approach and the sample consisted of (200) female students from the kindergarten department, a delegation. The researcher prepared a social responsibility scale and adopted the (Shakir) scale. (2024) for self-differentiation, and using appropriate statistical methods, the results showed that female students enjoy social responsibility and self-differentiation, and that there is a correlation between responsibility and self-differentiation.

This research falls within the studies of objective interpretation, and is related to the unity of the vocabulary that described descriptions of the Prophet in the Meccan and Medinan eras, and they are woven with sophisticated rhetorical subtleties. Its knots were arranged in response to the extent of the influence of these verses in clarifying the descriptions of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, with the aim of clarifying their concept and miraculousness in their context, and their behavioral outcomes for the Muslim. It adopted the inductive and descriptive-analytical approaches, and built it on a preface in which I explained the concept of the Qur’anic verses and their types, and four demands; The first came in the actual Qur’anic verses explaining the Prophet’s existential descriptions, the second in the derived Qur’anic verses explaining the Prophet’s existential descriptions, the third in the derived Qur’anic verses explaining the Prophet’s nihilistic descriptions, and the fourth in the effect of the Qur’anic verses in forming a picture of the apostolic biography. I concluded that the total of these unique items amounted to thirteen scrap gems. Ten of them are existential, distributed equally between derivatives and verbs, and three of them are nihilistic derivatives. It was colored by the eyes of rhetoric in the Qur’anic use of it, and some of them were noticed by a group of ancient commentators, among which I expanded its graphic capacity and conveyed to it subtle connotations that sunk into the depth of taste, and that the Muslim is addressed by its conceptual dimensions according to his assignment. The research recommends including the Qur’anic meanings in the topics of Qur’anic sciences, reporting them in academic studies, and compiling a reference book for them that addresses them from their various dimensions.

The idea of the research came to focus on the school of Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq, peace be upon him, which was the school of continuous giving and permanent production in all intellectual, jurisprudential, and ideological fields.Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq, may God bless him and grant him peace, is the sixth of the Twelve Imams among the Jaafari Imam Shiites. He is a descendant of the House of Prophethood and an inheritor of its virtues, virtues, glory and wisdom. He is a spiritual leader who is knowledgeable of the Qur’an and the Sunnah. He is diligent in deriving rulings in the light of the Holy Qur’an. He was in his piety and asceticism, his religion and piety, his knowledge and his jurisprudence. An example to follow.
If we mention Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq, may God bless him and grant him peace, we mention the highest honor, the most majestic, and the greatest personality among the pioneers in the history of Islamic thought, whose words had strength and support for the nation, and who became one of the treasures of science and knowledge, then it is obligatory for us to research some of his merits and shed light on his educational and humanitarian positions in... Modest study. Being guided by the educational curriculum of the People of the House, peace be upon them, is one of the basic building blocks of the ladder of doctrinal, intellectual, political and social construction that Islam has approved as a method for correcting belief and regulating.

The study aims to explain the saying of the Noble Messenger (may God bless him and his family and grant them peace) (No harm, no harm), which was considered one of the major rules that jurists rely on in incidents and new issues as a guide for him. That is why I saw many of them using it as evidence; Which prompted me to read about this rule, what is its origin and meaning, to find how the jurists were building most of the chapters of jurisprudence on it and ruling on its issues. Indeed, most of them believe that it is sufficient to return the entire Islamic jurisprudence to this rule, and thus it became clear to me that the greatest purpose of Sharia law is to bring about righteousness. And ward off Corruption, if we know that the interest is bringing benefit and repelling harm, or repelling harm from creation and preventing harm, and that is by preventing it starting with all methods of prevention, ruling to remove it after it occurs, and considering the impact resulting from it to make amends to the harmed and hold accountable the one who caused the harm.

The eastern Mediterranean region is considered one of the most promising regions in the production of energy sources, as it has gained great importance due to the huge discoveries of reserves of energy sources, and countries have begun to accelerate their steps to reach this region, which is witnessing intense competition between them.
The competition for energy sources in the eastern Mediterranean is characterized by great overlap and multiplicity of parties between regional and international powers, especially if the subject of competition is to obtain energy sources, which is the strategic commodity that all countries of the world seek to obtain in order to continue the sustainability of life and development processes in them.

A number of reasons have contributed to the exacerbation of the problem of drinking water pollution in the city of Baghdad, which has left negative effects on the health of the city’s residents who use water for drinking and cooking purposes and harshly for other domestic uses. The study aimed to identify the reasons for the exacerbation of the problem of water pollution in the Tigris River as well as to identify The nature of the pollutants that increase human diseases, and laboratory analyzes were conducted Some of the chemical and physical elements that cause contamination of drinking water for some water purification plants in the city of Baghdad, which amounted to (10) elements between the years (2018 and 2023) for the purpose of comparison between them. The results of the analyzes showed that all elements were high for the year 2023 compared to the year 2018, which indicates that Water pollution has increased, and this is an indication of the seriousness of the health situation accompanying it and affecting the health of the city’s residents, while all measures are being taken to reduce it.

The current research aimed to identify electronic blackmail among female university students, and to identify the impact of the counseling program (solution-centered counseling). To achieve the objectives of the current research, the following null hypotheses were derived: There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group members in the pre- and post-tests on the electronic blackmail scale among female university students, and there is no statistically significant difference at the significance level ( 0.05) between the average scores of the control group members in the pre- and post-tests on the electronic blackmailing scale among female university students, and there is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental and control group members in the post-test on the electronic blackmailing scale among female university students, In order to identify the effect of the solution-centered counseling program in reducing electronic blackmail among female university students, the limits of the research were all female students of the College of Basic Education/Al-Mustansiriya University for morning and evening study for the academic year ( 2023-2024). In order to achieve the objectives and hypotheses of the current research, the researchers adopted the experimental method. The sample of the experiment was (20) female students, and the researchers adopted the design of the experimental groups and the control group with pre- and post-tests. Equivalence was made between the experimental and control groups in the variables (age, father’s achievement, mother’s achievement, and the female students’ scores on the electronic blackmail scale), and the researchers adopted a scale Electronic blackmail and the construction of a counseling program (solution-centered psychological counselling). The researchers verified the psychometric properties of the scale by analyzing its items visually and statistically, and also calculated its reliability in two ways (test and retest, Cronbach). Validity was verified with indicators of apparent validity and construct validity. The second is constructive The brief psychological counseling program. The research reached a set of results, including: There are statistically significant differences between the average scores of individuals in the experimental group in the pre- and post-tests on the electronic blackmail scale after applying the counseling program. This difference is in favor of the experimental group, that is, a function in favor of the post-test. There are no significant differences. There is statistical significance between the average scores of the members of the control group in the pre- and post-tests on the electronic blackmail scale. This is an indication that the control group was not affected and the variables were controlled for not being exposed to the counseling program. It was also found that there are statistically significant differences between the average scores of the members of the experimental group and the control group in Post-test on the electronic blackmail scale after applying the counseling program. The counseling program (solution-centered psychological counseling) also proved to have a significant impact in reducing electronic blackmail, as the effect size reached (0.612), which is a large value. The research came out with a set of recommendations and proposals.

This research aims to address the structures of the nominal sentence for caution (report) in the Holy Qur’an and reveal the significance of these structures. It is known that the nominal sentence consists of the predicate and the predicate, taking into account the rank between them, and it precedes the predicate. Because grammarians believe that the predicate is a description in its meaning of the subject; Therefore, it came in proportion to the description in the delay, and since the news came in advance of the subject in all places of the root (balagh); Therefore, the topic will be treated according to the idea of precedence and delay and their significance through the context in which the sentence appears.

The aim of the current research is to define and measure the digital competence of female students in the kindergarten section according to the academic grade variable. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researchers built a digital competence scale, Basilotta et al.,2022consisting of (27) items, and the scale was applied to (150) female students from the kindergarten section, and for the four grades ( The first, second, third, and fourth), and the psychometric properties of the scale were extracted, represented by both types of validity (face validity and construct validity), and reliability was extracted using the Cronbach equation, and the reliability value reached (0.60), and it was concluded that there is digital competence among female students of the kindergarten department. Children, and depending on the grade, the digital proficiency of third-grade female students was higher than in the rest of the grades. In light of the research results, the researchers presented a number of recommendations and a set of proposals.

Many Western ideas have spread in our Arab and Islamic world that have recently arrived and taken root in the Arab and Islamic mind and had a great impact on changing the ideas of the people of society. Among those ideas and cultures is the culture of gender or sexuality. This term, which has recently spread throughout the world, means separating the male and female genders and defining a new gender identity acquired from a person’s sense of himself and the characteristics he desires to have, such as a male living with a feminine identity, and the opposite for a woman, living with a masculine identity. Thus, we find that the new gender identity is not formed by the individual at the moment of birth, but is determined later by the individual’s social and psychological influences and factors.
These Western ideas and cultures that are alien to Islamic societies have been adopted by the United Nations and international organizations, and approved by human rights organizations and Western laws, and they are considered an identity that any individual has the right to carry, without having anything to do with physical and organic differences between individuals and considering the imposition of equality that must be achieved between men and women. By adopting such ideas and cultures and encouraging the United Nations to enact such systematic laws, the intent of which is to spread corruption, obliterate religious identity, ignore the nature of God with which He created people, spread absolute freedom, and spread homosexuality without restrictions or limits, ignoring the Almighty’s saying: (O people, We have created you from a male and a female, and made you peoples and tribes so that you may know each other. Indeed, the most honorable of you in the sight of God is the most pious of you).
It calls for the liberation of women from the restrictions of male control and domination and complete equality between them and men, reaching the concept of gender by exchanging roles between men and women without objection from members of society or the principles of divine religions, especially Islamic legislation. In this research, the researcher attempts to shed light on the concept of gender thought, its origins and culture, the most important reasons that led to the spread of this culture in our Islamic societies, and to clarify the Islamic ruling on it and ways to address it ideologically, intellectually and socially.

The study investigates a surah of the Holy Qur’an from one of the manuscript interpretations. This interpretation was initially classified by its author under the title Jami’ al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an when he was forty years old, and at this stage the book was brief in its first form, but within thirty-three years of its writing The first version added many footnotes to the book, then the author refined, revised, trimmed and corrected the book until it came out in the form it has now. Then the author changed the name to Jami’ al-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an.

Despite the awareness and guidance efforts undertaken by educational counselors for students in Iraqi government schools about electronic blackmail and its harms, the researcher noticed, through her experience with some male and female counselors and inspection visits to the progress of practical education in schools, that there are some counselors who do not pay much attention to the harms of electronic blackmail, and this may be due to Some counselors are afraid of school principals and families to talk about it or discuss it effectively, or that some of them need more training and qualification on how to deal with it, which may directly affect the success of the ways educational counselors deal with the harms of electronic blackmail in the required manner. Which leads to a weak focus of educational counselors in building their monthly or annual plans regarding ways to confront or limit the damage of electronic blackmail, which directly affects the decline in students’ academic achievement and the weakness and collapse of the student’s personality, which may sometimes lead students to commit suicide. Therefore, identifying It is clear to the educational counselor’s awareness role in reducing the harms of electronic blackmail in government schools in Basra Governorate, to enable them to help reduce the harms of electronic blackmail in Iraqi society.
The study attempted to answer the following questions:
1-What is the role of the counselor in reducing electronic blackmail in Basra Governorate schools?
2-Is there a difference in the role of the counselor in reducing electronic blackmail in Basra Governorate schools according to gender, experience, and residence?
The importance of the current study is evident in:
1-The current study represents a purposeful attempt to help educators and parents follow up on students and encourage them to preserve their personal privacy to avoid falling into blackmail and its social and psychological repercussions and to make them more wise and aware of the consequences of revealing information. As well as controlling their emotions and minds optimally and adopting realistic standards and behavioral goals for personal responsibility.
2-Social media has become the preoccupation of many people, devouring their time Their privacy was published. It got them into unnecessary problems, including electronic blackmail.
The study aimed to identify:
1-The role of the educational counselor in reducing the harms of electronic blackmail in Basra Governorate.
2-Explaining the impact of the study variables (gender, experience, residence) on the role of the educational counselor in reducing the harms of electronic blackmail in government schools in Basra Governorate.
The scale was applied to a sample of (116) male and female educational counselors distributed among several schools in Basra Governorate. The researcher decided on the scale (Muatasem 2020), and the number of items was (51). The researcher established validity and reliability for it, and the rating scale was four-pointed (always applies to me = 4. Sometimes applies to me = 3, rarely applies to me = 3, never applies to me = 1. The results of the study were interpreted after using the SPSS statistical package to analyze the data. The researcher reached a set of recommendations, including the necessity of subjecting new educational counselors to training courses while serving in a role. Educational guide to reduce electronic blackmail.

The purpose of the present study is to determine how the Polya approach affects first-year middle school students' social studies performance. The Umm Al-Muminin Girls' Middle School first-year students in the city of Baghdad for the academic year 2023–2024 were the only subjects of the present study. An experimental group and a control group with pre- and post-tests were part of the researcher's partial control experimental design. There were sixty-eight female students in the first intermediate grade that made up the research sample: thirty-four were in the experimental group and thirty-four were in the control group. By creating an accomplishment exam with forty multiple-choice questions, the researcher was able to assess the factors that
were reliant on the study. Its reliability and validity have been established. The T-test, arithmetic averages, and suitable statistical treatments were applied to the data in order to examine it. Additionally, the Cronbach's alpha equation and the achievement test results demonstrated statistically significant differences favoring the experimental group that used the Polya technique for their studies. For the duration of the current semester, the research experiment was conducted.

The current research aims to identify the structure of the physical concepts test for kindergarten children. The Listening Foundation tested the physical concepts after reviewing the theories and studies related to the subject of its research, as the physical concepts test includes (32) items distributed over nine sections, each area (4) items for each. In the field, the test instructions for each calculation were prepared and the scientific instructions for building the group were prepared. The test score was determined (0 - 1) with two alternatives to it (true - true). The automatic gain of the research tool was verified, represented by: honesty and consistency, and the validity of the two aspects was verified: honesty. Virtual, construct validity, and physical concepts were extracted using the test-retest method and the internal consistency coefficient of K 20 equation

The research aims to evaluate the educational competence of primary schools (governmental and private) in the center of the sub-district in Babel Governorate, as the city of Medhatiah is distinguished by the presence of a number of primary schools, which reached (26) schools (governmental / private) distributed throughout the city, as for the number of educational staff The number of students reached (593) teachers, and the number of students reached (12204) male / female students, while the number of academic divisions reached (316) divisions. And it became clear through evaluating the data that there is a defect and a clear lack of violation of the approved standard, as it was found that the pupil / school indicator. In (20) schools are higher than the standard, while schools that scored less than the approved standard are (6) schools. As for the pupil / teacher index, and this indicator (20 pupils / teacher) was adopted in order to measure the efficiency of the educational service in the city, as it became clear that the general average for this indicator reached (21) pupils / teacher, and this indicates a mismatch with the approved Iraqi standard, schools The numbers that scored higher than the standard amounted to (14) schools, and the schools that scored less than the standard amounted to (8) schools, while the schools that took an index in conformity with the Iraqi standard reached (4) schools. And the pupil / division index. When applying this indicator, we notice that there is no match with the approved Iraqi standard (30 students / divisions), as it was found that the number of schools that registered higher than the approved standard amounted to (21) schools and the schools that registered less than the standard are (4) schools. As for the statistical analysis of school sites in the GIS programs, it shows that there is a random distribution of the sites of the original schools in the study area. Regular distribution and weighted according to neighborhoods and population were not taken into account in it. The research concluded that there is no application of the standard and this is due to the scarcity of school buildings and the lack of educational staff, not to mention the presence of large numbers that have not enrolled in schools due to the economic situation and education requirements. The research recommends the necessity of intensifying official and popular efforts to increase the number of school buildings to eliminate duplication and employ more cadres than the existing one. Official and popular education on enrollment in education because of the basis for the renaissance of the region and the nation. It is also recommended to follow technical methods in choosing the appropriate site through geographic information systems based on the required standards and weights.

The research aims to know the reality of traffic accidents in Iraq for the year (2022), with the exception of the Kurdistan region, by analyzing and classifying these accidents to reach knowledge of the spatial variation of the number of traffic accidents according to the governorates of Iraq and the reasons for their occurrence, and the research relied on the analytical approach and the quantitative approach in analyzing traffic accidents based on the latest data issued by the official authorities, as well as the use of the descriptive approach in classifying traffic accidents according to the place of accident, and the research reached a number of results, the most important of which are The collision accidents are the most frequent accidents according to the nature of the accident, which reached the highest in the province of Basra and the adult (1117) accident and by (17%), and that the province of Baghdad was one of the highest provinces incidence of traffic accidents according to the category of road, which was on highways with accidents amounting to (378) and (13%) of road accidents in Iraq. And that all traffic accidents had negative returns due to the material and human losses they caused, which was the factor of speed and non-compliance with traffic laws and regulations the main reason for their occurrence.

The participation of Iraqi women in political life is an urgent necessity and a social demand aimed at the advancement of society. It is also linked to all economic, social, political and cultural changes and transformations in society, and to their political role, and the interrelated relationship between women and men. Women in Arab countries in general, and in Iraq in particular, face great difficulties in the process of political participation, especially in candidacy and election, in accessing legislative authority, and in participating with men in making decisions that shape the state’s policy.
The obstacles that stand in the way of women’s political ambition and participation in the essence of the political process represented by parliamentary elections is the title of the research, which included two chapters and a number of sections. The first chapter shed light on the practical journey of Iraqi women after the establishment of the Iraqi Kingdom, which was a parliamentary constitutional kingdom in which decision-making was limited to men. Without including women
While the second chapter dealt with the entry of women into the political process starting in 1980 and their participation in the elections for the Iraqi National Council, and their obtaining (16) seats in the National Council, but it was not at the level of ambition and did not relate to democratic foundations. Al-Fadl also included the state of the change that he underwent. The political system in Iraq after 2003 and the negatives and positives that accompanied this stage of dangerous developments in Iraqi society represented by the issuance of the Iraqi Constitution of 2005, which paved the way for women to participate more broadly in their entry into the political process.

The subject of climate change occupies an important place in modern studies because of its importance and direct or indirect connection to human life and living organisms. Climate change is not limited to temperatures and their increase, but rather extends to most of the climate elements and phenomena. Temperatures and other climate elements are the result of a change in what The atmosphere is now an integrated and interactive system, and the effect that occurs in every place can be transmitted to another place.
The maximum temperature is important because it represents the highest temperature rise of the day, became clear from the study that the impact of climate change is very significant in increasing the average maximum temperatures during the fall months. In the first cycle (1973-1982), the average maximum temperature for the months of September, October and November reached (40.3 - 33 - 23.7). Celsius respectively, with a standard deviation of (2.26 - 2.07 - 2.28), and in the second cycle (1983-1992), where it recorded (39.8 -32.7 -24.1) Celsius, with a standard deviation of (2.21 - 2.50 - 2.37) respectively, and in the third cycle (1993-2002) it recorded (40.2 - 34.7 - 24.8) C with a standard deviation of (2.46 - 2.76 - 1.84), and in the fourth cycle (2003 - 2012) Humidity rates reached (40.4 -34.4 -24.4) C with a standard deviation of (2.18 - 2.75 - 2.13) respectively, and in the fifth cycle (2013-2022) rates were recorded at (42.5 -36.8 - 25.2) C with a standard deviation of (2.32 - 3.35 - 1.95), respectively, and the amount of deviation from the general average varied at each station in the study area.

Due to climate change represented by rising temperatures, And the lack of rainfall due to repeated drought cycles and the decrease in water supplies entering Iraq, As well as following primitive agricultural methods and unconscious use of natural resources, including water resources , Therefore, this research came to reveal the deterioration of soil and its increase in salinization in the center of Dhi Qar Governorate between the years (1993-2023). Using satellite data by employing spectral indicators and the outputs of the extensive analytical capabilities of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Therefore, two satellite images were chosen for the Land sat satellite, one for the year 1993 and the second for the year 2023, Through these two visualizations, the high level of soil salinity in the study area was tracked and identified. The important indicators used to study the soil salinity index, represented by the salinity standard index (SI), And the modified soil salinity index (NDSI), The results of the indicators revealed a clear increase in the rates of soil salinization in the center of Dhi Qar governorate and an increase in the rate of change, especially in the type of lands with very high salinity. The results of the Salinity Standard Index (SI) revealed a high rate of change during the study period in the aforementioned variety, amounting to 183.25). As for the Modified Soil Salinity Index (NDSI), it also recorded a clear increase in the percentage change in the type of land with very high salinity, Amounting to (3514.45). It can be said that collecting the results of soil salinization indicators warns of soil deterioration in the study area during the last three decades. In order to preserve the soil and protect it from deterioration, It is necessary to adopt tools and methodologies that will stop soil deterioration and salinization in order to preserve this important natural resource

The current research aims to evaluate the history textbook for sixth-grade literary class in light of contemporary global trends. To achieve the research objectives, a descriptive analytical approach was employed. After reviewing the literature and previous studies on the subject, researchers compiled a list of criteria for contemporary global trends, consisting of 42 standards distributed across seven areas: decolonization of knowledge, flexibility of curricula for multimedia, comprehensive and technological education, application-based learning curriculum, inclusion of social and emotional learning, leveraging digital technology in education, environmental curriculum, and integration of research and innovation as curricular dimensions.
The validity of these criteria was verified by presenting them to a panel of experts, and their reliability was ensured using a test-retest method. The analysis tool was applied during the second semester of the academic year (2023-2024). After collecting and statistically analyzing the data using frequencies and percentages (commonality coefficients), the following results were obtained:
. 1The history textbook for sixth-grade literary class included 17 out of the 42 standards of contemporary global trends in curricula, while 25 standards were not included.
. 2The percentage of ideas not covered by contemporary global trends standards in the sixth-grade literary class textbook was 62.7%, whereas the percentage of ideas covered by these standards was 37.2%.

The age of the population is in a state of permanent change and varies from one society to another, from one region to another, and from one period of time to another, and studying it according to gender contributes to knowing these changes and drawing future plans and expectations.
The governorates of the Middle Euphrates witnessed a change in the median age of the population according to gender during the years 1997 and 2020, as it was found through the application of the statistical formula for calculating the median age index that the research community is classified within the category of young societies in 1997 whose median age is (less than 20 years), It has moved to the category of mature societies in 2020, whose median age ranges between (20-29 years), with the exception of Babil Governorate, which is still among the young societies due to the high fertility of the population. The median age index also revealed a higher median age for females than it is for males during the years 1997 and 2020, and the distribution of the age index for both sexes in 1997 showed that Karbala governorate came first, then Najaf governorate followed, but the change occurred in Babel governorate, which was It occupies the third rank among males, to be the fourth among females, and Diwaniyah Governorate ranks third instead of the fourth rank among males, and this discrepancy is due to the difference in gender ratio. As for the year 2020, males were organized into three ranks, as three governorates ranked first, namely Karbala, Najaf, and Diwaniyah, with an index of median age of (20.5324) years, and Muthanna Governorate came in second place, with a very small difference in the median age index of (0, 0004) between them and the governorates of the first rank, and at the bottom of the order was the Babil governorate. As for females, Al-Diwaniyah governorate topped with an index of (21,0692) years. Followed by Muthanna Governorate with an indicator of (21,0692) years, then Karbala Governorate came in third place (21,0690) years, then Najaf Governorate (21,0689) years, and finally Babil Governorate with an indicator of median age of (19,1911) years. This change requires stakeholders and decision makers to invest this change in drawing up targeted population and development policies to achieve integration between population and development.

The current research aims to identify the level of anti-self-accusations of psychologically abused female middle school students. The current research is limited to psychologically abused female students (middle school students). The current research population was (4185) female students from the second middle school stage in Al-Muqdadiyah District and Khanaqin District, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education. Diyala for the academic year (2023-2024), for the purpose of conducting statistical analysis of the anti-self-accusations scale, the researchers chose a sample consisting of (400) female students from the middle school, and after processing the data using the SPSS statistical package, the research reached the following results, and the results indicate that the female students included in the current research They have a high degree of self-accusation. Statistical analysis of the results of applying the anti-self-accusations scale showed that psychologically violent female students have accusations directed at themselves because of the burdens and difficulties of life. This may lead to the creation of psychological conditions, situations of conflict, and negative emotions resulting from a feeling of helplessness, weakness, and contradiction between life. Reality and ambition, and the research came out with a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: using the anti-self-accusations scale in psychological centers due to its ability to give indicators of the level of feelings of anti-self-accusations, developing awareness programs and psychological guidance for those who suffer from anti-self-accusations, and staying away from methods of constant blaming and reprimanding for the simplest mistakes. And work to follow up on the students’ problems and find out what psychological pressures they are suffering from, and work to reduce their effects through joint cooperation between the educational counselor and the students.