Adab AL Rafidayn

Lawlā and lawmā are two Arabic complex particles consisting of the conditional particle لو (law) 'if' followed by لا (lā) for the first and ما (mā)for the second; both meaning 'not'. This gives the new meanings of (if not; except for; were it not for; had it not been for) to both complex particles (Hasan, 1974: 512). However, these two particles have meanings and functions other than what is indicated by their forms they include. The following discussion tackles these particles in detail.

ellipsis is a term used in  grammar to refer to a sentence where for reasons of  economy , emphasis  or style, a part of the  structure is  omitted and which  can be recovered  from the scrutiny  of the  context . ellipsis  is used  to avoid  redundancy  and to  achieve  a cohesive style in  both  forms of  language : spoken and written (Crystal , 1980 : 159 ) . Biber (2002 :230) defines ellipsis as the omission of elements which are recoverable from the linguistic context or situation . It takes place when we leave out items which we would normally expect to use in a sentence if we follow the grammatical rules(ibid.) .Ellipsis is the  economy of the language, enabling us to avoid the unnecessary repetition of words. 

The notion of  عقاب /ɂIqāb/ "punishment" often correlates with that of ثواب  /θawāb/ "reward"- in that the building of the individual and society in Islam is based on the balance of the behavior-control. These two notions are expressed by different lexical items, sometimes showing degrees of synonymity. Therefore, the Glorious Qur'ān varied in using the expressions referring to worldly punishment (Al-LuheIbI, 1995:180).
            The Glorious Qur'ān is revealed in Arabic and consequently it involves expression can have a range of meanings specific to Arabic depending on the context.
Since this paper aims to study the expressions of worldly punishment in the Glorious Qur'ān and to examine the problems of translating them in some Ayas of the Qur'ān, it is found important to present firstly a brief review of the notion of punishment in the Qur'ānic texts and the types of the worldly expressions. In order to achieve the above mentioned aims, the study hypothesizes that there is no one-to-one correspondence between the two languages, as far as the expressions of punishment in Arabic and English are concerned.

Speakers of Arabic, as well as English, have at their disposal a system of conjunctions with which they can join simple sentences to make complex or compound sentences. Nevertheless, Arabic seems to adopt different stylistic methods of establishing cohesion by means of employing different types of conjunctions and other cohesive devices. Arab grammarians divide parts of speech into three categories: verbals, nominals, and particles. Arabic cohesive devices fall mainly in the third category. This study explores the translation from Arabic into English of three Arabic cohesive particles namely; "بل", "لکنْ" and لَکِنَّ"" as an under-researched linguistic observable feature, with particular reference to Qur'anic examples. Due to the lack of studies in this area, and because this phenomenon has not been treated sufficiently in Qur'anic discourses, 7 chosen Qur'anic verses illustrating the point are analyzed and discussed so as to uncover the difficulties and to suggest translation solutions. A handful of authentic and authoritative Qur'anic exegeses are consulted, in addition to 9 prominent translations of the Qur'an, in an attempt to investigate the role such interpretations can play in rendering the possible meanings into English

The psychological issue of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Syndromes is not restricted to individuals, but rather it is a communal issue in which the traumatic experiences of an individual is understood through its social and cultural context. For this reason, trauma and its effects become of an immense interest among writers and critics to expose the traumatic experiences for different communities in order to be healed.  However, trauma is meant with “memory”, which proposes that when an individual is under stress, memory can’t work properly. Therefore, Sandra L. Bloom (1999, (2,5)) argues that being under stress, alters the ways by which an individual can remember things, access old memories or even process new ones thereby causes a psychic trauma, which is revealed through the unexpected or unparalleled  reactions for the individual’s body and mind.  

The first reading of Chaucer’s the “Knight’s Tale” gives the readers the impression that the poem is about romance and
deals with courtly love: extremely polite love and full of respect, and portrays the conflict between the two knights Palamon and Arcite to gain Emely. But this is not the only meaning of the poem. There is another different meaning for the poem when it is put in its historical context. This paper argues that the deep meaning of the poem is Chaucer’s critique for the noble class and the sheer need to change the social order system in England in the fourteenth century. 
The paper examines also the representation of women in the poem, and proves that women are portrayed as passive and marginalized in the poe

 This research deals with a linguistic term used by linguists in rejecting specific cases.
The grammar and morphology Scholars have built on this term many responses and objections. They revealed the extent to which this situation is in line with the structures.
This research attempts to stand at a set of linguistic models contained in the writings of scholars, in order to identify a precise definition of this term, and to reach a scientific concept integrated into what is within the scope of this term and what goes out.
 This study also aims at detecting the extent to which linguists take into account the phenomenon of deletion of those who say the law of the situation, and the preservation of the main components of the control.
So that the syntax does not come out of the scope of the structure in composition and formation, which makes the listener away from understanding the meaning that the speaker wants .
The research shows the interest of scientists in the weighting of some of the morphological shortcomings of morphological materials, depending on the cause of inequality and structural imbalance.

This paper deals with the subject of the subjects learned the appropriate namely ( similarity of the parties ) have chosen Surah to be a model an applied only standing on the verses that sealed the names of Allah and the actions of slander , does not feature in which distinguishes it from other Wall Koran , what is said about the similarity of the parties in this applies to other sura of the fence , all the Holy Quran came separators in a stable place, and related to what preceded it in terms of meaning , whether the appropriate obvious that can be easily recognized , or the appropriate hidden hopes to perceived needs.
 As for the research plan has dealt with two input and two sections and a conclusion , offered at the entrance to the definition of the term and scholarly in it, and it overlaps with the term ( taking into account the match ) and the difference between them . Then we had a definition of fit of the table and their names and the date of descent order, and their relationship to Surat women and Al cattle and most important purpose , and came first section titled similarity of the parties in the context of the names of Allah accredited curriculum selection , fearing prolongation , and display the second part, the similarity of the parties in the context of the actions of slander . Whale Conclusion The most important results drawn research.

Al-Mosuli, Ibn-Zeelaq was interested in descriptive scenes by giving effective dynamic scenes which have various interpretations, then producing them for cosmetic requirements and presenting poetic psychological motives. His production of poetry had many types on which his poetic experience depend; the main idea rested in his memories, and controls on four basic ideas: the place the woman, and the nature which represent a significant descriptive core for forming verbal scenes. Those verbal scenes come from real data through imagination and memory to make these scenes full of  ideas, feelings in real satiations by producing complete realistic images.

This paper aims at reviewing the ayat in which the singular replaces the plural explaining the reason of  the singular instead of the plural.  As I think, I was able to enumerate the singular utterances instead of the plural ones.  I explained their meaning, depending on sayings of linguists and interpreters, presenting my opinion about them.  The paper is starts with an introduction. I found it suitable to review the utterances according to their appearance in the Holy book.  It became clear to me that the analysis of the used texts led to a number of conclusions which are mentioned in the final section. 

The writing Al-Qathi al Horwai reflects aesthetic  structure, the study tries to explore its  far off the beaten deposits, so the study seek to choose space and time aspects which are  described as two main principle areas that reflect the emotion and uncertain feeling of author . the spatial and temporal indication transmitted the general nature glossary in general , the temporal structure  lifted from familiar boundaries and time limits , which embodies the overall sense and subjected to infinity spiritual time .

Discourse is considered one of the terms that received high interest by the ancients for many centuries. Their views about it were different according to sciences and arts from which that view was formed, such as explanation and its bases, religious sciences and their branches, as well as literature and its techniques.
Also, discourse has a clear presence in the contemporary and recent critical effort, whether Arabic or western. The view about it became different, perhaps because of an influence from the intellectual references from which that view was formed, such as lingual, semiotical, social, communicative, … etc.  
This study deals with concept of discourse which it is present in the literary of jurisprudence principles. Scientifically, it supports the literary of recent criticism in a genuine way. It starts from this concept in order to observe its influence when we want to perceive the meanings in the Book of Allah.

Nature represents the standpoint of the poetry of lbn Al-Saati. This is evident through his innovation which is characterized by originality and depth for it represents nature's vivid and latent elements and phenomena. In his poetry, the various forms of nature and its register were the focus of interaction. Nature is also, manifested in his poetry in many excerpts that interrelate aesthetically with other topics to give the reader the impression as if looking at a painting in which colors reformulate, and their purport varies as to each context and vision.
       Likewise, Ibn Al- Saati shows the beauty of nature in correlated times and observes nature's movement in successive times. He presents his perspective towards nature in a complete objective coherent. Finally, nature was an inspiration for the poet as it is the beautiful visible side of venality. He turned his visions in to beautiful paintings rich in diction and imagery.
 

The image of Salaheldin Alayoubi in the poetry of Ibn Addahhan Almousili reveals descriptive scenes, and truthful events deepen the objective and the artistic experiment of the poet which evoke his reaction and imagination in exploring the personality of Salaheldin Alayoubi and its real dimensions, when he made the images of courage and generosity as main pivots in his poetry, then the images went together and associated in presenting the image of Salaheldin. Accordingly their semantic references were varied to evoke the visions of the audience and excite him by forming the image of Salaheldin Alayoubi and show its own dimensions that is accomplished poetically and harmonized actually. So the poet presented an associative and communicative image between the image of courage and the image of generosity, then to be imagined mentally by the audience then the audience itself apply it on the reality.   

he grammatical thinking of Abd al-Qaher al-Jarjani (471 AH or 474 AH) takes place in a dialect that leaves other grammatists and philosophers alike. He has developed an independent approach to the development of grammatical significance. This research demonstrates this approach by addressing one of the grammatical topics Addressed by Abdel-Qaher, where (connected to his connection in the thought of Abdul Qahir Jirjani) .
   In drawing the aspects of grammatical creativity in the analysis, the research presented the aspects related to the connection and its connection, as follows:
(The description of the knowledge of the sentences, the classes of the knowledge of the addressee of the connection and the link, the differences in the news of the link and its link and description, the connotation of the news, the officer of the link to the construction, to infer the estimate of the semi-wholesale sentence, the function of return link, connected and its link graphically).
    The research focused on the analysis of the analytic or derived positions that Abdul Qahir differed from the analyzes of the previous grammarians, whether they were creative or where Abdul Qahir decided to speak the grammarians and their difference in their meanings and their semantic performance.

   The region of Wadi Al-Rafidain is an ancient region that was named by the Greeks “Mesopotamia” (the country between the two rivers), and because of its old history, many of the geographical contributions that this civilization has left are unknown to the modern researchers. Among these contributions are their ideas in regional geography, which have contributed to the development of regional geography during the ancient, middle and modern times; and this is what the present study attempts to revealed by studying: originality and regional geographical creativity in the civilization of Mesopotamia.
   The importance of the research is to realize the originality and creativity left by the inhabitants of the ancient civilization of Iraq in regional geography by highlighting their contribution to the development of the oldest ideas in this area, which were unprecedented by any of the civilizations that prevailed during antiquity.
    The problem of research is to search for historical and archaeological evidence which confirms that the Mesopotamia civilization had headed other civilizations in laying the foundation for the emergence of regional geography.
    The most important conclusion of the study is that the concept of regional geography and the division of the world into seven regions that prevailed in the Arab Islamic civilization during the Middle Ages and the division of the world into natural and human regions was recognized by the Mesopotamian civilization; and the scientific development that took place in regional geography during ancient, medieval and modern times was originated from the regional ideas left by the people of Mesopotamia civilization.

Sword has not been the only conclusive factor in achieving victories . But, there have many devices and means which politicians and militias depend on in achieving victory. Diplomacy is one of these means . So The Mamluk State in Egypt  those unique military leaders and Wise politicians if them used the sword in apposition and Diplomacy in other position according to the conditions. In spite of hidden hatred and historical enemy Which Byzantine Empire has toward Islamic Arabic Nation since its first establishment and continues for nearly six centuries. Circumstances that have dominated the area required following diplomatic means to keep their benefits Which lead to the raising of diplomatic relationships between them in the age of Mamluk State . And this Would be detailed in the body of this paper .

          We can say at the beginning of Islamic Arabic participation in moving Saracens. These tribes settled down in the unseal cities, then it became to each tribes has especial plane for it. Mosul was one of these tribes. Was al-Azd, This research is just slight attempt to show the role of earlier Islamic period .Then to show the most important characters which appear in the modern science field which was taken a big attention from the student in different Islamic countries. Mosul was one of them. In this research was divided in to several important notes:
Brief scrap about al-Azd tribe.
Al-azd characters that was mentioned in the historical sources and biography books.
The role of these characters in the next ages.

This research sheds light on an important character, he is (Al-Dhahâk Bin Qais Al – Fihri ) and his political and military role in the Rashidi and Umayyad period.
The study deals with the name of (Al–Dhahâk) his lineage, his  role in the political events that took place during the semi battle between ( Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib ) ( may Allah be pleased with him ) and ( Mu'awiyah Ibn Abi Sufyan ), where he had a clear impact in these event , because he was the leader of the heart of the army in that semi battle. He had a distinguished presence in the negotiation which followed the battle between the two parties .
He became the viceroy of ( Al-kufa ) ( 53 – 57 A.H ) during ( Mu'awiyah Ibn Abi Sufyan ) period, then he moved to Damascus where he remained there until his death in ( 64 A.H ) .
He also had a clear role at the Council of ( Mu'awiyah ) , he was  of his advisers and prominent men and was close to the Caliph, especially when he informed the people of the death of the Caliph    ( Mu'awiyah ). He had the authority to run affairs until ( Yazid Bin Mu'awiyah ) came to Damascus and took over the reins of power, he also played an important role during Yazid's Caliphate when he was his advisor .
Al-Dhahâk played a role when the problems occurred between the people of the ( Hijaz ) and when  ( Al-hurrah ) battle took place , he tried to prevent the outbreak of battle , but he failed, because of the intransigence of the people of the Al-Medina and then the sedition that followed the death of ( Yazid bin Mu'awiyah ), which claimed his life .

The Fatimid adopted the Ismaili Doctrine as an official sect of the state. But this decision wasn’t gone smoothly as many think. Although the Ismaili history was kept in shadow for a long time, the modern researches proved that the dissentions were a dominant aspect from the very beginning.
The aim of this research is to shed light on those dissentions and its effects on the Fatimids. The research is divided into three sections: section one deals with the main reasons behind the dissensions, especially the doctrines one. Section two handles those sects that emerged as a result of the dissentions. The third section focuses on the main effects of the Ismaili sectarian struggle .

The island of Palma de Mallorca is considered one of the largest islands in Andalucía(currently Spain) . It is located in the west of Mediterranean Sea. This location gives it a significant importance from the political and geographical perspective. Also, it is considered as the mother of islands (Minorca  and  Yabisah). In addition, it is regarded as the centre of authority for other islands and the location of church which governs other islands.

Arab political personality has got a great attention paid by lots of researchers and academic personalities, especially the Egyptians, the fact that lead to shed lights on the secrets of these personalities and their relationships and influence on contemporary Arab political reality. The study of Sultan Hussein Kamil and his personality comes among these efforts, since he is considered as one of the most controversial personalities in the political Egyptian history. He was offered to take the throne of Egyptian state by Britain, instead of his niece AL-Khedewi Abbass Hilmi, the second, who had traveled to AL- Astana in summer of 1914 for resorting. Although the Sultan wasn't interested in politics or authority before he take the throne he accepted to take the seat of Egyptian Sultan after dethroning his brother by Britain. Therefore, what is the motive that lies behind his acceptance for the throne and what is his political role in Egypt and what are his relations with authorities and people; this is what we are going to shed lights on in this research.

    Since the end of the Second World War in 1945, the topic and conflict of civilizations was the subject of research and investigation, not only to describe reality but to find solutions and ideas that push different civilizations towards peaceful coexistence, especially after the waves of violence that have taken the form of civilizational clash. A number of initiatives have been put forward for the dialogue and rapprochement of civilizations and religions from countries, institutions and thinkers, most recently the alliance of civilizations initiative, which began with a Spanish idea in 2004 after the bombings in Madrid and then supported by Turkey officially in 2005. Qatar was a pioneer in interacting with the alliance of civilizations initiative. This approach was in line with Qatari diplomacy in the Arab region and globally. It is a small country that is looking for a big role. Hence, Qatar has set up plans to activate the alliance of civilizations goals in education, youth, migration and information.

    The book Muajam Al-Buldan of  Yaqut Al-Hawi (D: 626 AH / 1228 AD ) is one of the most important scientific encyclopedias that draw in the seventh century AH / thirteenth century , as this encyclopedia included shores different colors of geographic information , literary and historical , making it a reference for many researchers in the Islamic tradition , where arranged Sapphire book Lexicon countries on the letters of the alphabet careful arrangement coordinator .
      Vcildath multi accommodate many of the economic and social studies because of the crowd amount of information dealt with , where he received the sapphire on this information through his travels and his observations personal and was an eyewitness to many of the events of the region, including the Mongol invasion , and leave us Sapphire great wealth of literature amounted to dozens of books .
     Department research into two sections and a conclusion , taking the first research the life of Ruby and his time and his travels and writings , and taking the second part, Sapphire Yaqut Al-Hamwi and his resources of biplography books and general history In, and the finale was a presentation of the most important findings of the research

         The Arab League was established as a result of the second World War (1939-1945). It performed an important role in defending the Arabic countries in its conflict with colonization and in solving the Inter-Arab disputes. The issue of Oman was one of the most important issues and the Arab League continued to support Oman against the British colonists. This support had varied including military support, media and material, especially after Britain heavily entered politically and militarily, aiming at stamping out the revolution in Dhafar. Although the stance of certain Arab countries had changed, the Arab League kept steady until Oman obtained full independence. In addition, the Arab League has a role in reducing the internal disputes between Oman and Mascot. In the end, the latter entered as united independent member in the Arab League on 29 September 1971.

After the stabilization of the political situation, the economy of the Samanian state displayed a remarkable activity at all fields, such as the agricultural, commercial, professional and financial fields, which affected its infrastructure.
   After the security situation stabilized, economic activities flourished due to the suitable environment for fertilization and the favorable climate that greatly affected the production of many agricultural yields, in addition to the geographical location of the Samanians, which helped to flourish trade for a period of time.
   Since internal and external trade was a good economic asset for the treasury of the Samanian state, and it had a great effect in motivating its citizens to take care of it, the state's imports might have helped the strength of the state, its sustainability and protected it from threatening dangers. Not only were they concerned with agriculture and trade, but also the interest of its residents was attracted to the practice of various professions and crafts that contribute to the growth of some industries which are considered a tributary of the state in the treasury of the state, and participate as industrial products in external trade with neighboring and distant countries.

The efforts exerted  by Urwa Ibn Al-Zubair to register the Prophet’s (PBUH)  biography have been described as “dangerous” as he paved  the way for the historical study that worked as a starting point to collect many historical events related specifically and basically to the raids .  He also endeavored to establish some bases in this respect. He disclosed the meaning of the nation’s experiences; a matter that has made him of the most distinguished pioneers of historical registration in the first century A.H. He was one of the prominent figures who had set the basics and the origins and possessed a historical sense. To him is due the credit of pushing later Islamic studies forward and the contribution to the development of Islamic historical registration.

     The purpose of the study is to introduce the human library: its nature, contents and services, as well as the beneficiary community. Also , the study reveals the requirements and objectives of the human library. The study concentrates on the Danish Human Library Organization: it's nature, services and requirement  as a human library. The researchers uses the descriptive approach as well as the survey methodology for the Danish Human Library Organization website. The study concludes with several results, including:
1. Libraries that have adopted experience in developed countries have sought to find solutions to the social problems faced by the beneficiaries of these libraries through the establishment of the human library.
2. The human library provides a suitable environment for the beneficiaries who suffer from autism problems and others through their participation in their problems with the human book of their choice, that is, the library has also become a place for treatment.
The study came out with several recommendations, including:
1. Call for Arabic libraries to activate the human library within each library, even if it is once a week or as the library can.
2. Invite Arab authors to collaborate with libraries, attend them and share information in support of the Human Library Project.

The  issues of coexistence has been regarded one of the most important question in which Mosul needs it after defeated the so called "Islamic State" or ISIS. Therefore, addressing of coexistence's requirements and clarifying the importance of these requirements, as well as, shed light on problems and obstacles which undermine coexistence in Mosul, its importance will turn out by conclusions in which focused on Mosul's need to build a new attempt to living together that will benefit from its historical experience and trying  to overcome the effects of war that it has witnes

The difference between rural and urban areas does not stop at the ecosystem , but also extends to social aspects , and the population is not limited to differences in the form of construction , type, but extends to the nature of life and social behaviors , demographic , and the process of reproduction. One of those differences , despite the similarity of human beings in its content and in its own way , but the difference lies in the reproductive behavior of rural women against urban women in terms of the number of children that women give birth , and spacing between births , and methods of family planning , and the type of contraception used, and all of this lies in the difference of the value of reproduction for women in different social background , which is the subject of our research . The research aims to :
1 . Identify the reproductive behavior of Iraqi women in the rural and urban areas.
2 . Identify of the factors affecting the reproductive behavior of Iraqi women in the statistics
3 . Counting the scientific findings that shed light on the issue of reproductive behavior of Iraqi women , and then put the necessary recommendations .
The most important results:
1 . Varying levels of reproduction for women between rural and urban areas in Iraq , as the rising birth rate among women in rural and urban decline in women .
2 . Control group variables and factors in the fertility rate and the nature of the reproductive behavior of Iraqi women, usually variables differentiated between rural and urban areas.

   The purpose of this research  is to highlight  the contents of the titles of the books contained in the section-letter  ya'a- from the book of revealing the  suspicions of Haji Khalifa, who died in 1067 AH-1656 AD an investigation and definition, relying on the books of important Arabic catalogs and translations books as sources and reference aids in completing our work.

The research aims at establishing a unified scientific definition for cataloging manuscripts according to the descriptive cataloging system. Many of the manuscript indexes differ in the system from indexing to indexing.