Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences

An experiment was conducted during winter season of 2011/2012 at Al – Bourjesiah ExperimentalResearch Station. Zubair belong to Ministry of Agriculture include desert area southern of Iraq underplastic tunnels. The aim of was to study the effect of foliar application of some mixtures of chemicalfertilizers and pesticides on vegetative growth parameters, flowering and yield of hybrid tomato plant cv. "Hatouf " .The experiment included 26 factorial treatments resulting from the interaction between 13 foliarapplication of chemical fertilizers dissolved in water at average of 1.75 g/ l water to each of MAP. DAP andNPK and with two pesticides ( Match and Score) at concentration of 0.5 ml/l water alone or mixing withpesticides and two spraying times (Morning or night). Randomized Complete Block Design was used withthree replicates. Duncan's Multiple Range Test was used at probability of 5% to compare mean variations.Results can be summarized as follows:-Plants sprayed with Score + Match + NPK mixture gave a significant increase in number oflateral branch/ plant, dry weight/plant, total number of inflorescences/ plant, plant yield and total, while plants sprayedwith Score + Match + DAP mixture gave a significant increase in plant length (92.8 cm), whereas it haveno effect on leaves number/ plant. Time of spraying have no effect on all studied parameters. while theinteractions between the two factors have no effect on studied parameters except for the number oflateral branch/ plant. The highest number was 35.3 branch from treatment Score + Match + NPK mixturein the morning.Key Words: Tomato. foliar application

The main objective of this study are both analyzing the chemical properties of soil quality in the urban area of Basra City, southern Iraq, and identifying the contamination effect on seasonal and spatial variations in chemical properties of the selected soil samples. Soil samples were collecting from known contaminated sites during winter and summer seasons of 2009. Sampling sites were selecting from variousurban land-use patterns. The results of chemical parameters of soils in the study area have shown that seasonally and spatially varied, and that soil quality is deteriorating because of combined anthropogenic and natural factors. It has been indicating that, on average, soil quality was highly saline in terms of EC index, slightly alkaline in terms of pH index, and sodic-saline in terms of the US salinity Lab index. The main reason for this urban soil degradation it can be concluded due to the effects of contamination caused by various urban activities.

The present experiment was conducted during the growing season of 2011 2012 at the ClothHome, college of Agriculture, Basrah University, Garmat Ali Campus , with the objective of studying theeffect of cultivar and spraying with liquid coconut and the application of phosphate fertilization and their interaction on vegetative growth and flowering of Tulip plant (Tulipa hybrida L.) . The experimentincluded 18 factorial treatments , which included the interaction of three factors, two cultivars of Tulip(Burgundy Lace and Judith Leyster ) , spraying with liquid coconut at three concentrations ( 0 , 10 , and20 % ) and phosphate fertilizer at three levels , 0 , 50 and 100 kg hectare -1 as P2O5 . Plant of the cv. Judith Leyster had a significantly higher plant height , length of flower stalk , as well as the percentage of phosphorus in their leaf in comparison with plants of the cv. Burgundy Lace , whereas the cv. Burgundy Lace had a significantly flower diameter in comparison with the cv. Judith Leyster. Treatment with liquidcoconut at a concentration of 10 and 20 % caused a significant increase in plant height , length of the flower stalk . However, liquid coconut at concentration of 10 and 20 % caused a significant increase indry weight of the shoot system and flower diameter, leaf carbohydrate content , as well as the percentage of P of leaves. This treatment also canted earlier flowering . Treatment with phosphate fertilizer either as50 or 100 kg hectare-1 as P2O5 , gave significantly height , dry weight of the shoot system , length of the flowering stalk , However , phosphate fertilizer at 100 kg hectare-1 as P2O5 had significantly higher plant height , diameter flower and as well as the percentage of P in their leaves .This treatment also caused earlier flowering . The secondary and tertiary interactions among the studied factors were significant inmost characteristics.

The aim of this study was to invistigate the impact of hydrocarbons ( carbenzine) on blood parameters (haemogloben content, red blood cells, white blood cells)of fingerlings of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) and Prussian carp(Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch,1782). The required fish were brought from the localfish farms of Marine Science center, University of Basrah, Iraq. Eighty healthy fish ofweight 38٫ ± 0.5 g, , from each of both species were taken, distributed among fourgroups of treatment, they included fresh water only (control) and the other threetreatments included 10,20 and 30 ml of benzene each mixed separately with freshwater in 40 liter volume. Each treatment of two replicates, each replicate of ten fish.The results showed that Haemoglobin content for common carp were 5, 4.2, 4 and 3 g/100ml and for Prussian carp were 7.8, 6.5 , 6 and 4.5 g/100ml respectively . Red bloodcells for common carp were 1066000, 1050000, 908000 and 804000 cell / 1mm3 and for Prussian carp were 2324000, 1826000, 972000 and 842000 cell/ 1mm3. White blood cells for common carp were 5087, 4762, 3787 and 3300 cell/1mm3 and for Prussian carp were7813, 7675, 6125 and 5262 cell/1mm3 The three blood parameters of common carp were lower than ones of Prussian carp. The blood parameters of both species offish were decreasing with increasing increment of benzene.

Lead is one of the toxic elements for environment, human, animal, and plantFor this reason , ten locations were selected in Basrah governorate with two depths (0-5and 5-30 cm) ,and near –far from source of pollution to from fourteen soil samples .Soilsamples were collected during Dec. 2007 to Jan. 2008. Chemical and physicalProperties of soil Samples were determined. Different forms of lead in soils wereextracted and determined including total, soluble and available lead which extracted byDTPA solution, 1M NaOAC and 1M NH4OAC. Results indicated that total leadconcentration in studied soils were in the range of (209.04 to 4326.92mg Kg-1 soil) withthe mean value of (1147.09mg Kg-1soil),soluble lead concentration was between (0.17to 8.13mg L-1) with the mean value of 0,17 mg L-1, and these values represent (0.17%)of total lead concentration. Chemical extracts were differed in their extraction abilitiesof available lead , as follower in the order : DTPA solution>1M NaOAC >1M NH4OACthe 0-5cm,and sites near pollution sources were surpassed 5-30 cm and for pollutionsources in total, soluble and available lead.

The experiment was conducted using 48 fish, common carp Cyprinus carpio L. (averageweight 41.51±3.51 g). Fish were distributed on 6 aquaria each one represents a starvation periodand contained 8 individuals. After two weeks of acclimatization on commercial diet to reduceindividual differences in nutritional status, fish were exposed to starvation periods (2, 4, 6, 8, and10 weeks). Fish weighed every two weeks with the sample of 5 fish for measurements of someblood parameters (Haematocrit PCV, haemoglobin Hb, total number of erythrocytes and leukocytescount, total protein, plasma glucose level) and the rate of oxygen and energy consumption. Bodyweight rates decreased gradually as a direct result of the starvation process. All the studied parametersexcept for plasma glucose level decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.01) after six weeks of starvation,and the decrease continued to the end of experiment which lasted for ten weeks.

The present study aimed to evaluated quality of two imported frozen fishes; Rohufish (Labeo rohita) and mrigal fish (Cirrhina mrigal) that prepared from local markets of Al-Basrah (Al-Ashar, Al-Basrah , Al-Jemhoriae). The samples were collected during December, January, February , April, May, June. Proximate composition (moisture, protein, lipid and ash)were determined to frozen fish and carried chemical indicators (Total volatile nitrogen bases(TVNB), free fatty acid percentage ,Thiobarbiutric acid value). The results were analyzedstatistically by randomized complete block design to determine the effect of fish species , periodand location samples and the interference between fish species and location, and between fishspecies and period samples and between location and period samples prepared and effectinterference between fish species and period samples prepared and location the mean value bydepending on R. L. S. D. at (0.01) and (0.05) . There is significant differences (P<0.001) inmoisture, protein, fat and ash to samples to rohu and mrigal fish frozen and prepared from the markets. differences Total Volatile Nitrogen Bases Value , Free Fatty Acid % between significant and no significant and the results showed that there is no significant effect inThiobarbiutric acid value.

This study was aimed to understand the structure of the venomous apparatus ofthe stone fish Pseudosynanciea melanostigma from the north western part of the ArabianGulf. The study includes determination of the biochemical and histological composition ofthe venomous spines of this fish. The study revealed that stonefish P. melanostigma possess atrue venomous apparatus consist of venomous glands, canals for transporting venomousmaterials and stinging spines. The venomous material is found in all fins. The biochemicalstudy showed that the composition of the spines is consisting of high concentration of solubleprotein, insoluble protein and free amino acids. The histological study showed that thevenomous glands contain different concentrations of venomous materials as protein particles.

This study was under taken at the Department of Animal Resource, Collegeof Agriculture University of Basrah. The objective of this study was to evaluationmicrobial quality of imported ground beef [Indian (high beef) ,Jordain (Al-Aseal) ,Saudia (Al-Barka)] and that local product (Jekor, Al-Attar) in four markets in Basrahcity. (Al-Ashar, Al-Hade, Al-Gamhorya and Al-Gnena). The results revealed that highmean of total bacterial count, Psychrophilics count, total Coliform Staphylococcusaureus count were over that the Allowance limits in all sample of different ground beefmarks. The Indian mark (high beef) recorded the highest mean of total bacterial count,total Coli form, Staphylococcus aureus count comparative with other marks of groundbeef that were 220 × 106 - 170× 107, 145× 103 - 150 × 102, 195 × 103 - 335 × 104cell//gram respectively with mean log 8.34-9.32 , 4.14-5.16 , 5.29-6.55 cell/gramrespectively. The Iraqi ground beef samples (Al-Attar) recorded highest mean ofpsyhrophilic count comparative with other marks ground beef that were 316× 107-140×105 cell/gram with mean log 7.14-9.49 cell/gram. The results of this study that allsamples of different ground beef marks in Al-Gamhorya market recorded highest meanof all types of bacteria comparative with other market. That mean the beef Al-Gamhorya market was the worst in storage of ground.

By- Products of juice factory's (Nomi Basrah) in a concentration (5and10%) with Iraqi probiotics (3%) were used in broilers rations to study its effect inmeat tenderization. The results showed high significant in humidity (mean 74.88%)with Nomi Basrah and probiotic while with control treatment was 66.32%. There weresignificant decrease in Extraction release volume with a significant increase in totalsoluble nitrogen percentage and soluble and non-soluble protein. Also the resultsshowed a significant increase in total Tyrosine/Tryptophan Index and protein and nonproteinTyrosine/Tryptophan Index. The peroxide value and free fatty acids value weredecreased (mean 2.90 , 2.88) in adding 5,10% Nomi Basrah with 3% probiotics, whilethe control values were 6.98 and 2.22 respectively. The organoleptic results showedhigh significant in Nomi Basrah and probiotics treatments in comparison with controltreatments

This study was done to know for microbial contaminators and some chemical composition forlocal soft cheese in Basrah markets and the evaluation the healthy range from health scale stratification ofIraq, Gathering 10 specimen of local soft cheese during the month of September 2012 , Chemicalcomposition and microbial checking procedure done , the result showed in creased their microbialcontent was reached Mold 5×103 Spore/g in sample of Basrah , Total aerobic bacteria 2×108 CFU/gm,Coliform bacteria 8×103 CFU/gm, Staph. 4×104 CFU/gm in sample of 5 Mel , Ashar cheese, chemicalcontent showed decreased in fat and increased of acidity , salt for most of cheese sample.

The present study aimed to Isolate pepsin enzyme Ec: 3.4.23.1 from someanimal sources and Purified it and Studied it’s Characteristics and Immobilized it as well asit’s practical applications in food industry. The enzyme was extracted from the stomach ofthree animal sources (Sheep, Chicken and Nuwaibi fish) using five extraction solutionsincluding Distilled water , Sodium chloride (10%) solution , Sodium chloride (6%) Boricacid (2%) solution ,Sodium Phosphate 0.1M and an pH 7.3 solution and Tris-acetic acid0.4M and an pH 7.6 solution in order to find out the best source of enzyme and the bestextraction solution . Sheep's stomach was the best source of enzyme , Sodium chloride(6%) Boric acid (2%) solution was the best extraction solution which gave the highestspecific activity 14.3 unit / mg .Protein content for the crude enzyme extracts were concentrated using saturated ammonium sulfate in arrange 30-70% , 20-90% and 20-60% forSheep, Chicken and Nuwaibi fish pepsin respectively, Dialysis was done using distilledwater. Dialyzed Chicken pepsin possesses the highest proteolytic activity. The dialyzedchicken pepsin Immobilized study with four carriers including Silica gel, SRF Resinous,Calicium Alginate and Agar showed that the best carrier was agar which gave themaximum Immobilized efficiency 67%.The best optimum concentration for Immobilizedialyzed chicken pepsin with agar was 3% with the highest proteolytic enzyme 75%. Thepurified sheep pepsin was Immobilized with agar in 3% concentration .The remainderenzyme activity for agar Immobilized pure Sheep pepsin and dialyzed Chicken pepsin were25% , 21% respectively after 7 times using and the remainder enzyme activity for agarImmobilize pure Sheep pepsin and dialyzed Chicken pepsin wer 22%, 27% respectivelywas stored for 60 days in 4 °C. The optimal pH for proteolytic activity for pure free andImmobilize dialyzed Chicken pepsin was 2 .The optimal pH for the stability of free andImmobilize dialyzed Chicken pepsin are 3. The free and Immobilize enzymes lost theiractivities at alkaline pH values 8 and 9. The optimal temperature for free dialyzed Chickenpepsin was 45 ◌C and 55 °C for its Immobilize form. The optimal temperature for clottingactivity for free and Immobilize dialyzed chicken pepsin was 35°C .The optimaltemperature for free and Immobilize dialyzed Chicken pepsin stability was 15-45 ◌C. Bothfree and Immobilize dialyzed Chicken pepsin lost their activities completely at 85°C. AgarImmobilized dialyzed Chicken pepsin was utilized in the preparation of protein concentratereached the maximum hydrolysis in 180 min. Immobilize Chicken pepsin hydrolysis wasapproximately similar to free Chicken pepsin which reached 2.6, 2.8 respectively.

The experiment executed at the fields of Al-Majd Township, Al-Muthanagovernorate for summer season 2011 to study the effect of tillage systems andcultivation methods on growth and yield of two rice cultivars (Amber 33 and Jasmine).The experiment performed using split plot system according to complete randomizedblock design RCBD where rice cultivar represented primary plots with two treatmentswhile tillage system and cultivation methods represented by secondary plots with fivetreatments included two systems of soil tillage i.e. conventional using moldboard blowand wet tillage using rotary blow. Three cultivation methods for conventional tillagewere applied i.e. dry, wet and transplant. Two cultivation methods for wet tillage wereapplied i.e. wet and transplant. The research included the investigation of theseparameters: root length, plant height, shoot length, shoot seed number, infertility ratio,number of active offshoots, thousand seed weight and seed yield. The results indicatedthat cultivation transplant methods with conventional and wet tillage systems weresuperior in parameters of root length, plant height, shoot length, infertility ratio and seedyield. Rice cultivar Amber 33 significantly surpass Jasmine cultivar in parameters ofroot length and plant height while Jasmine showed significant superiority with shootseed number, infertility ratio, number of active offshoots, thousand seed weight andseed yield. The interaction treatment between wet tillage system and transplantcultivation methods for Jasmine cultivar was superior giving highest seed yield reached7.089 t h-1.

The research has been conducted to determine the impact of control periods and thetargeted part of date palm on the efficiency of (abamectin 28% and cypermethrine 72% ) andfendkm (fenvalarate 20%) against lesser moth insect and dust mites. Each pesticides weresprayed at three periods winter 16 February, spring 10 April and summer 20 May duringseason 2011, three parts of palm were selected as a target spraying which were all parts ofpalm, vegetable and fruiting and trunk .A significant difference has been revealed among theresults of pesticides effeteness; the Bahia treatment showed the lowest average of lesser mothinfestation and fruit dropping and reported : 58.32 and 13.30% , respectively similar resultswere recorded with dust mite infestation and intensity and reached 6.44% and 3.11 mite /fruitrespectively .Also the efficiency of pesticide has been effected significantly by the time ofspraying , the periods of winter and spring control showed the highest level of efficiency interms of decreasing the infestation and reached 69.61 and 70.56% respectively, while thedropping percent was the lowest at the winter control and reached 19.30% . Regarding mitesinfestation the lowest percent has been at the spring control and reported the percent of25.92%, Both summer and spring control showed the lowest intensity which were 7.11 and7.14 mite/fruit. The results showed significant differences for the targeted parts of date palmand their impact on the controlling efficiency. All date palm parts showed the lowestinfestation and fruit dropping percent which were 68.96 and 20.66% respectively , for lessermoth . Similar results has been seen for dust mites.