Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

Climate change is an unequivocal fact that cannot be doubted scientifically. Changes in rainfall patterns are moving towards higher levels of precipitation at high latitudes and lower levels in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in the Mediterranean basin. The Mediterranean climate prevails in the study area (the Anatolian Plateau). It is cold in winter and hot and dry in summer. Precipitation in the plateau region does not exceed (40) cm annually, due to the effect of the highlands on the amount of precipitation.

The research aims to study and understand the role of climate change in the variation in the frequency of the Mediterranean and Sudanese depressions during the rainy season in Iraq, due to the fact that Iraq suffers from a decrease in the amount of rainfall and a trend towards drought. In addition, it has been observed recently that rainy depressions, especially Mediterranean depressions, have decreased in frequency in the eastern Mediterranean region and their paths have deviated towards the north, which has led to less rain. The reason for the decreased frequency of rainy depressions and the deviation of their paths is due to a global problem represented by the problem of climate change and the rise in temperatures globally and locally, which was confirmed by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). "Climate change" has affected the movement of the zonal cycles of the atmosphere, especially since many global studies have indicated a shift of the Hadley cell northward by a range of (2-4.5°), which resulted in the atmospheric pressure zones creeping northward and the zone of influence shifting with it. The Mediterranean rain depressions are north and their impact is far from Iraq.

The research also concluded that the Sudanese depression has increased in frequency during the study period, especially since the conditions of its formation are thermal in origin, and climate change has contributed to raising the temperature of the Red Sea waters, which provided the opportunity to attract the aforementioned depression towards the north, and due to the relative proximity of the Red Sea to Iraq, its extensions reached a greater extent than before, in addition to the change in the spatial extension of the depression, as it was noted from the analysis of weather maps that its extensions reached the northern regions of Iraq, and this caused a clear change in the amount of seasonal and annual rainfall in Iraq as a result of the change in the frequency of rain depressions.

Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are individuals or groups who have been forced or compelled to leave their usual place of residence or flee to avoid armed conflict, generalized violence, human rights violations or natural disasters... and have not crossed the political borders of the country.

Internal displacement in Iraq has often been linked to escaping violence or armed conflict, particularly in areas that have become outside the control of the state after being occupied by the terrorist organization ISIS or areas where the state's authority is weak and as a result unable to protect its citizens. A study by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) stated that approximately (70%) of the displaced in Iraq were forced to leave their original area as a result of violence, sectarian violence or the threat of violence.

The fall of Mosul, the second largest city in Iraq, on June 10, 2014, at the hands of ISIS is the worst event in terms of the humanitarian situation in Iraq due to the wave of displacement that hit a number of cities after the withdrawal of the Iraqi army and its abandonment of military sites with weapons and vehicles that the organization later seized and occupied the rest of the areas surrounding Mosul, one after the other. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimates that there are approximately (1.9) million internally displaced Iraqis, more than (2) million in neighboring countries and approximately (200) thousand in distant countries. In other words, one in every nine Iraqis is either an internally displaced person or someone who has left Iraq.

The study aims to measure, analyze and evaluate the ease of access to health care centers in Mafraq city as an indicator of the efficiency of their distribution and spatial suitability in providing health services for residential neighborhoods in the city using spatial and network analysis tools in geographic information systems. The study also seeks to determine the service areas of health centers in the city and analyze the characteristics of their spatial locations according to accessibility. The study concluded that there is a variation in accessibility between health centers in Mafraq city; as it appeared that the locations of Al-Hussein neighborhood health center and the southern neighborhood health center were easier to access than the locations of Al-Mafraq Comprehensive Health Center and Al-Mafraq Primary Health Center based on the distance and time factor. It was found that most of the residential neighborhoods located on the margins and edges of the city, especially in the northern and southern parts of it, suffer from difficulty in access because they are outside the scope of health services. The study also concluded the importance of network analysis using geographic information systems based on studying the road network in evaluating and measuring the ease of access to health services in particular and other public services in general, the results of which can be adopted as a general indicator of the efficiency of the spatial distribution of various services.

The negative effects of external debt are not limited to the positive and political aspects, but extend to include social aspects. The indebted Arab countries, especially Egypt, Sudan and Jordan, which used to adopt economic systems based primarily on state control over ownership and management of economic activities, have witnessed radical transformations as a result of their stifling financial problems and their adoption of the conditions of the International Monetary Fund through the implementation of the structural adjustment and stabilization program, thus abandoning a large part of their social mission, which is primarily to protect low-income earners. In addition, unemployment leaves many social effects, including the spread of unemployment in all its forms, the exacerbation of poverty, the creation of more imbalances in income distribution and the widening gap between the classes of society.

The Yazidis are a national and religious sect, and they had their own religion and their own language in the third millennium BC, but it changed over time and this sect went through harsh conditions over time and to genocide, terrorism and abuse over time, the most dangerous of which was the genocide they were subjected to by the terrorist organization ISIS in 2014 and before that the major bombing in Al-Qahtaniyah that killed 800 people, in addition to the wounded and disabled, and most of the genocide campaigns were by the Ottoman Empire. Currently, they speak Kurdish and Arabic and are originally Kurds, so Masoud Barzani said about them that they are the most ancient Kurds, and their men dress in Arabic and their women dress in Syriac. Their population is concentrated in Iraq in the Sheikhan district north of Mosul and the Sinjar district west of Mosul. They are also distributed in Turkey, Syria, Georgia and Armenia, and most of them immigrated to Germany and some Western countries and to Russia, due to persecution and terrorism. The aim of this research was to reach and identify this sect that has been confusing researchers and to identify it and reveal its nationality and religion throughout the ages and to this day.

The research reached the most important results, including:-

It is a Babylonian Syriac nationality since ancient times (3000 BC).

It is a religion that believes in the divine existence and believes in the Peacock King.

It is a religion that has two holy books, the Mushaf of Rash (the Black Book) and the Book of (Al-Jalwa).
It is currently considered a Kurdish nationality and speaks Kurdish and Arabic.
It has been subjected to (73 genocides) throughout the ages, the last of which was the terrorist ISIS.

Its total population is between (700,000-1,000,000) people in the world, most of whom live in Iraq in the regions of (Shekhan and Sinjar).
Most of its inhabitants immigrated to European countries, especially Germany, because of the terrorism, injustice and persecution that this religion (sect) was subjected to, and the country that most expels this sect is Türkiye.

The concentration of health centers, hospitals and various medical clinics in the city makes the city a regional center for its health institutions, which are visited by residents even from outside the administrative region. Therefore, health services are considered regional services. Their regional impact increases when the hierarchical ladder of services provided by the highest institutions of the health pyramid, which are hospitals, rises when they play the role of specialized centers at a high level in treating some diseases, which increases their regional attraction.

In light of the current situation and the high cost of hospitalization in private hospitals or traveling abroad for treatment and the low standard of living for most of the population, government hospitals still have the greatest role and weight in providing possible treatment for this large social segment in the city.

For this reason, Ibn Al-Nafis Hospital, one of the governmental health institutions specialized in treating chest and heart diseases in Baghdad, was chosen to determine its regional role by selecting some of the diseases that are treated in this hospital during the year 2017.

Four prominent diseases were chosen, namely (coronary artery insufficiency, cardiogenic shock, pneumonia, and ventricular septal defect). The age groups of patients with these diseases were also clarified, and their type was stated according to the months of the year in order to clarify the time periods in which these diseases are most severe. The statistical method was also used to tabulate disease data, extract their percentages, and explain the results in forms and maps to achieve the research objectives, which are drawing the health region for each disease in the year 2017.

The researcher does not claim perfection for his research (perfection belongs to God alone), and he sincerely hopes that he has contributed to serving the community with one of the important topics that are gaining increasing interest locally and globally.

The current research aims to study the spatial variation of the population distribution of Al-Mahmoudiya District for the period between the years (1997-2017), relying on data analysis methods and graphic and cartographic representation of the study area.

The study showed that the prevailing characteristic in Al-Mahmoudiya District is the rural characteristic, and the study also showed that the highest percentage of rural residents was in Al-Yusufiyah District, while the highest percentage of urban residents was in the district center.

Geography starts from its interest in the spatial variation of natural and human geographical phenomena. Since population geography is a branch concerned with addressing phenomena related to the population and its characteristics, such as growth, composition, and distribution, in addition to analyzing the geographical factors affecting it, it has become necessary to clarify the spatial variation of marriage and divorce cases recorded in Iraq in 2018, as the two phenomena are eternally linked and intertwined. Wherever a marriage is concluded in any society, we find it dissolved when the reasons for its dissolution are available. Marriage is a legitimate, legal, and social bond that links a man and a woman, the purpose of which is to establish a family to ensure the continuation of reproduction and reproduction. Divorce, on the other hand, is the dissolution of the marital bond and its dissolution when the continuation of married life is impossible, as it is done in a legitimate, legal, and social manner to gain an official status. Both phenomena affect fertility rates and population growth, positively for the former and negatively for the latter. In addition, the two phenomena affect the most important and broadest age group in the population, which is the group of those over 14 years of age, as their social structure depends on the two phenomena.

The study area has a spatial dimension as it is distinguished by its distinguished geographical location that contributed to serving the neighboring areas, and this location enjoyed by the governorates made it a transit point between the capital Baghdad and the southern governorates, which led to the creation of a high volume of transportation between the governorates of the Middle Euphrates and the capital Baghdad, which results in traffic accidents in the study area. Due to its importance, this research studied and analyzed the traffic accidents that occurred during 2017, to know the temporal and spatial distribution of traffic accidents, and to study some indicators of the severity of traffic accidents in the governorates of the Middle Euphrates of Iraq, in addition to knowing the causes of traffic accidents, and analyzing data related to the characteristics and results of accidents. Accident reports were referred to in the Police and Traffic Directorate in the governorates of the Middle Euphrates of Iraq, and the relevant data and information were extracted from them. An analysis of the relationship between accidents and the driver of the vehicle, the vehicle and the road, and climatic elements as independent factors was conducted.

Small industries are considered one of the sectors of great importance in the economies of developing and developed countries alike. Due to the characteristics and advantages of this industry, it has become compatible with the economies of developing countries, including the Iraqi economy. Hence, the importance of studying this topic, which relied on the statistical analysis method to reach the results through which small construction industries in Fallujah District can be directed in the right direction, especially if we know that the governorates of Anbar and Baghdad depend on the products of small construction industries spread in Fallujah District to a large extent. After applying industrial statistical analysis methods to the available data (industrial concentration factor - industrial specialization factor - industrial location result) - and in order to verify the results of the data that were reached from applying the above statistical methods, the (Gibbs _ Martin INDEX) guide was applied - a set of results were reached, including the concentration of small construction industries in Fallujah District, and the district's lack of specialization in any of the small construction industries due to the diversity of industries in the district, in addition to the fact that some industries were highly localized, as is the case with the gypsum, gravel crushing and porcelain industries. After reaching the results of the statistics, it is possible to evaluate the current reality of small industries in the district, and determine the current and future trends of localization, in addition to identifying which industries can be developed and advanced.

Abstract

Classification of categories in population density maps is of interest to geographers due to the multiplicity of viewpoints on how to classify and coding methods, especially in maps with quantitative significance in drawing techniques. Cartography has become innovative and renewing what this technology has provided in terms of fast tools and advanced means in map analysis.
The research aims to clarify the methods of digital classification of categories in population density maps through the software (Arc GIS 10.6) and define the quantitative map and its digital coding, and apply the optimal method available in the program, taking the estimates of the population of Iraq according to administrative units for the year 2017 as a case study. The coding tool (Symbology) was used within the classification field (Classify) and creating a database and quantitative coding of the population according to categories and conducting several experiments for it in classifying this type of maps common in geographical research. To present a proposal for the optimal method for classifying categories.

Abstract
Due to the daily pressures and the security and political situations that the country has gone through and to find new recreational areas, and due to the importance of tourism in any country, the research was conducted, which is to use the physiological climate trend for human comfort and used temperature and relative humidity to determine the environmental tourism sites in Iraq. The study period was based on a climate cycle of (11) years and identified six climate stations located in northern and Arab Iraq. They are located within two regions with different topography, namely the western plateau and the undulating region, through which the Tigris River and its tributaries pass, and the Mosul, Kirkuk, and Tuz Khurmatu stations are located, and the Euphrates River, and the Qaim, Ana, and Haditha stations are located. Stations located on rivers were chosen as they may contain beautiful natural tourist areas that help attract tourists.
The research focused on the most important climatic elements affecting human comfort, which are the minimum and maximum temperatures and relative humidity and their relationship to human comfort, which would help develop tourism in areas where these elements are suitable for human comfort, in addition to the availability of beautiful natural scenery.
It was found that the temperature and relative humidity vary between the stations of the study area and during the months of the year according to the different conditions affecting them. As a result of this variation, human comfort, through the climate curve of human comfort, varies between stations and during the months as well. The results of the climate curve showed that a portion of the spring and autumn months are comfortable, such as the maximum temperature, but it varies between stations. As for the minimum temperature, the results were that the months of March for the stations located on the Euphrates River and the months of April, May, June, September and October are suitable for human comfort and for all stations. However, this does not mean that tourism will take place in those areas. Therefore, it is necessary to provide natural components of plants, animals, green mountains, beaches, islands, coral reefs and other beautiful views. A portion of the natural components are not found in most areas, and most of them are found near the stations located on the Euphrates River, especially the areas surrounding Haditha District.

Abstract

Modern industry represents a basis for political and economic progress, so it is not surprising that it receives admiration and attention from most countries, including Iraq, in the belief that the use of modern technology in the field of food manufacturing easily leads to raising the standard of living and providing food products as basic commodities that all peoples aspire to in order to achieve self-sufficiency and dispense with importing them from abroad. It also contributes to providing job opportunities and strengthening the economic basis of cities in the governorates because most of the raw materials that go into its manufacture are agricultural products, in addition to diversifying sources of income and consumption and achieving the optimal use of material and human resources.

Abstract

The research aims to study the comparative mechanisms of selecting categories for climate element rates in a way that ensures the best visual perception of the map using geographic information systems techniques in preparing thematic maps, and because these methods and techniques occupy a prominent position in the geographical arena at the present time, using a visual variable for the purpose of representing the phenomenon intended in the research.
The importance of this research is embodied through what it addresses in studying traditional cartographic representation methods and geographic information systems programs that have become popular in recent times. It is no secret that cartographic representation methods and geographic information systems techniques are of great importance in cartographic studies in that they represent the best guide for the researcher when studying any geographical phenomenon, and then reaching a set of conclusions and some proposals that contribute to solving the problems of cartographic representation.

Abstract

Illiteracy is a phenomenon that has been addressed by many specialists in the field of population geography and sociology in terms of its distribution, causes and effects. In this research, we will study it from a geographical perspective, as the study included three sections.
The first section: - It addressed the geographical distribution of illiterate people in Baghdad Governorate and according to the districts for the year 2013. This distribution was based on data from the poverty map and maternal mortality for the year 2013 to show the nature of the spatial distribution of this phenomenon using statistically significant and cartographic distribution indicators.
This section also addressed the distribution of the phenomenon in the study areas and their districts (Rusafa District and Madain District) for the years 1997 and 2013.
The second section: - This section was based on the results of the field study for the year 2015, which showed the characteristics of the illiterate population in the districts of Rusafa and Madain.
The third section: - This section addressed the spatial relationship test between the percentage of the illiterate population and some economic and social characteristics of the illiterate population.
Finally, the study reached a number of conclusions, on the basis of which a number of proposals were made, the aim of which is to reduce the illiteracy rate.

Abstract
When the winds of change blew in the collapse of the communist bloc and the feelings of the various nationalities and diverse peoples in it were agitated, groups and classes began to search for their history, glories, national identity, cultural characteristics and religious beliefs. Turkey was more inflamed in its echo of these emissions coming from the Greater Caucasus to the north and from the near east of Azerbaijan and from the near east of China in the Central Asian republics. Turkish aspirations did not have control over their ambitions, and a Turkish nation emerged all at once, spreading itself ethnically and historically like scattered clouds in the foothills, valleys, mountains and waters extending from western China to Anatolia. Many politicians have continued to mention that many of the Caucasian and Russian republics and in China are an extension of Turkish culture and history. At that time, the (former) Turkish leader "Turgat Ozal", who was always skilled in inventing ideas and projects and launching initiatives in response to changing regional and global circumstances, seized upon this idea and put forward the idea of ​​(neo-Ottomanism), which is based on Türkiye being The end of the Cold War has turned the attention of Turkey and its enemy Greece to its former possessions in the Balkans. Turkey has embarked on similar religious and ethnic principles to Greece in its policy in the Balkans in the absence of a superpower. If the new Ottomanism "has been criticized by the Turks," then the "Second Republic" called for by some intellectuals who were accused of being agents of the outside world, East and West, because it affects the republican entity and its military institution, the guardian of Kemalist secularism, although the Second Republic has produced sharp ideological and nationalist conflicts, especially after the moderate Islamic movement gained influence over the entire social, cultural and civilizational development in Turkey and even over its regional movement and international relations. Turkey has transformed from secularism against religion in its Soviet and Turkish Kemalist form, which sees religion as a danger and that religion is an indicator of the backwardness of peoples, to raising slogans that are more conciliatory with religion so that the state does not become an arena for narrow religious conflicts. This is what happened during the rule of "Ismet Inonu" where Turkey began to gradually approach a pattern closer to secularism away from religion, to make religion a common denominator that everyone serves without these denominators being affiliated with a specific religion, which is the same logic of "Jean-Jacques Rousseau" when he invented the idea of ​​​​Civic Religion. The research aims to identify the geopolitical movement of Turkey in its regional environment in Central Asia and the Middle East, even the European Union, considering it the preferred secular Islamic model for the peoples of the region and its geographical environment. The importance of the research stems from the difficulties that Turkey faces in its geographical movement due to international and regional forces that limit those movements.

Abstract

In recent years, the term smart growth and the term sustainability have emerged, although the term sustainability is older than smart growth, but both terms are linked to each other. The term sustainability has emerged in the international community's attempt to control resources and organize their use as much as possible and rationally, and to preserve and invest them in the best possible way without wasting the resources used. This is because humanity has sensed the danger that future generations will face if the situation remains as it is with excessive consumption of resources, especially at the beginning of the industrial revolution. Resources began to be greatly mobilized, which threatens the stocks of resources that are the share of current generations as well as the share of future generations. Therefore, emphasis began on the economic investment of resources without affecting the share of future generations.

The term smart growth also emerged to achieve sustainability through many principles that it urges and that contribute to achieving sustainability.
The first section dealt with the concept of smart growth and sustainability, the principles of smart growth and experiences in smart growth, while the second section dealt with options for expanding the study area.

Since the existence of man on the surface of the earth, he has been preoccupied with how to provide sufficient and appropriate food. This preoccupation with food reached its peak after the concentration of the industrial revolution, migration from the countryside to the city, the shrinkage of agricultural areas and the number of workers in agriculture, and the division of the world into industrialized and non-industrialized countries. Here, theories emerged linking population to food, the most important of which was the Malthusian theory, which confirmed that population increases at a rate greater than the increase in food, which leads to the emergence of famines, i.e. it relied on the quantitative aspect in the relationship between population and food. This historical development led to the emergence of the concept of food security, which was defined as the possibility of obtaining food by all people, at all times, and this depends on increasing production and productivity. However, the continuation of famines and food crises prompted some countries and social movements to criticize the concept of food security as it depends on a global system based on biotechnological development monopolized by advanced industrialized countries in providing food for the growing population regardless of its effects. Accordingly, in recent years, the concept of food sovereignty emerged as a response to the failure of the concept of food security and its being an imperialist concept sponsored by advanced countries and the bodies and organizations that they established. Food sovereignty is defined as the right of every nation to protect and develop its capacity to produce its own food while respecting productive and cultural diversity. Thus, two discourses have emerged on the world stage that differ in a number of important aspects, representing two global food systems. This research will analyze various aspects of the concept of food sovereignty as a modern concept that addresses a complete transformation in the global food system, by trying to answer the following questions: What does food sovereignty mean and how did it emerge? What are the foundations of food sovereignty? Who are the actors of food sovereignty? What are the challenges facing food sovereignty? And how can food sovereignty be achieved?

Kufa District is one of the districts of Najaf Governorate and occupies its geographical location in relation to Najaf Governorate in the northeastern part. (Map -1). The research aims to study the deterioration of the vegetation cover and its impact on the ecosystem in the study area, where it was based on the analysis of satellite images from the Landsat satellite taken for the period (1985-2017) using remote sensing techniques and demonstrating their ability to detect the problem and calculate its temporal and spatial changes in order to determine the extent of the deterioration that the vegetation cover in the study area was exposed to, caused by a group of different human factors represented by the wrong methods followed in agriculture, agricultural experience, the plowing process, the fallow system, overgrazing, and urban sprawl at the expense of the vegetation cover, all of which compete to draw new features for the vegetation cover in the study area, which has its current and future environmental risks, as it leads to environmental bankruptcy in that resource, which leads to depriving future generations of their right to this important wealth. In addition, they may inherit a deteriorating environment due to misuse, so we must retrieve the verses of sustainable development and the environmental dimension that focuses on the good handling of natural resources and their use for the benefit of humanity. The definition of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development at the Rio de Janeiro Summit: It is "management Economic resources in a way that preserves resources and the environment, or improves them so that future generations can live a better, dignified life without causing an imbalance in the components of the environment. Developing the necessary solutions to prevent and limit change from the existing one.

Salah al-Din city is located at the top of Mount Birmam in Erbil Governorate (northern Iraq) between latitudes (36°22'05.0"N) and (36°23'55.6"N) north, and longitudes (44°10'46.2"E) and (44°13'00.5"E) east. The research aims to study the areas surrounding the city and find the best areas for urban expansion towards it for the period from 2017 to 2027 within the population and area growth rates of the city and for the period from 1987 to 2017. Some of the demographic characteristics of the city and its natural characteristics and the surrounding areas were studied, then these characteristics were converted into layers to deal with them within the environment of geographic information systems (Arcgis, 10.3). It was found that the city will need about (4.1 km2) of the surrounding areas, but the suitable areas for expansion were about (3.53 km2), so planners should work on preparing the areas suitable for expansion and conducting Some adjustments to areas that need adjustment to compensate for the deficiency.

This research deals with smart cities (Baghdad city) as a case study model. Baghdad area is (4555) km2 and the inhabited area is (900) km2 and contains (14) municipalities and the population of the city is (6335553) people. The researcher defined the research problem by asking whether it is possible to apply smart city technology in Baghdad city according to the strategies of the new modernization system by applying communications technology in community services that have the ability to provide instant information about the various components of the city in time and place through sensing technology that provides decision makers in cities with sufficient information to make the right decision from the city administration in providing urban services to the residents of the city and its region. The research included four topics, as the first topic covered the theoretical framework, the second topic covered the study of general concepts about smart cities, and the third topic covered some models of applying smart cities in cities around the world. The fourth section covered the possibility of transforming Baghdad into a smart city according to the comprehensive development plan for the city of Baghdad in 2030. The research concluded with the most important results, the success of smart cities depends on the existence of sustainable development and the continuous provision of electricity to link community services with global positioning devices. The comprehensive development plan is sufficient for the city of Baghdad to be a smart city to be an experiment for the rest of the Iraqi cities.

Water resources are important in all regions, but their importance increases significantly in dry and semi-arid regions because their presence in such places encourages the presence of humans, animals and plants. Rain is the main source of all water that flows in such dry places on the surface of the earth, as it sweeps away loose rocky materials as a result of being affected by the weathering process, transporting them and depositing them in depressions when their ability to carry these materials weakens. Due to the lack of a station specialized in measuring the volume of surface water flowing in the basin, even if it is seasonal, the Barkely equation was relied upon, which is considered one of the best equations for estimating the volume of surface runoff, which depends on the variables (topography, climate). Due to the vast area of ​​the Western Plateau, the volume of surface runoff varies from one place to another for several reasons, the most important of which are (the type of rocks, the rate of surface slope, the climate and its large impact, and natural vegetation). After applying the equation, it became clear that the expected annual flow volume (0.168 billion / m3) is not negligible in such desert areas that suffer from a lack of water resources. Therefore, these quantities must be better exploited by directing the flowing water paths to depressions or places where groundwater reservoirs are located by constructing earthen or stone dams at heights not exceeding (2) meters to direct water to reservoirs near the basin. The phenomenon of drought and the resulting lack of vegetation cover and soil disintegration, in addition to the difficulty of practicing human activities such as agriculture, for example, are all problems caused by a lack of water. This requires the development of comprehensive development plans based on scientific foundations whose goal is to provide water and increase economic activities in the region.

Abstract

This research came to provide a simplified explanation of the problem of solid household waste for the city of Sulaymaniyah, the center of Sulaymaniyah Governorate in Iraqi Kurdistan, and its source of generation, as well as the discrepancy in the waste disposal map between residential floors for each residential area and the average amount of waste disposed by each individual daily at the level of residential areas, with an analysis of the reasons for this discrepancy, as well as research into the mechanism of waste collection, transportation and disposal methods. We relied on the inductive and statistical method and field work in distributing the questionnaire form, classifying and analyzing it, and obtaining tables and maps that we found necessary for the research, in addition to personal interviews. The most prominent of what we reached is the discrepancy in the amount of household waste disposed of from residential floors between one area and another for economic and social reasons.

Abstract

The study of the qualitative characteristics of groundwater is one of the important topics in applied geographical studies that planners and specialists in the field of water resources and spatial development attach great importance to, as it is one of the important natural water potentials that residents and desert dwellers depend on to meet their various human needs, as knowing the quality and characteristics of groundwater suitable for those needs is one of the foundations and pillars of successful and sound development for building spatial development, as this water is characterized by different types and spatial and temporal characteristics in dry and semi-dry regions, especially in the desert of Muthanna Governorate, so this study seeks to model the qualitative characteristics (physical and chemical) of well water in the Muthanna desert, as samples were taken from (23) wells distributed randomly, and they were analyzed in the laboratory to evaluate their suitability and benefit from them for various human uses after comparing the results of the analyses with the approved Iraqi standards and specifications, as their data were classified and modeled on maps through the use of geographic information systems techniques, including programs (ARC GIS10.3) represented by using spatial interpolation tools using the inverse distance (IDW) method for the purpose of derivation, digital processing and mapping of the selected groundwater sample points in the study area. The study reached a mapping model consisting of three levels. The first level included water with excellent suitability according to the assumed values ​​(i.e., the well water is suitable for human consumption and other uses). The second level is water with medium suitability (i.e., the well water is not suitable for human consumption but is suitable for other uses). The third level is well water that is not suitable for human consumption and other uses.

Abstract

This research concluded with a study of population growth and its impact on agricultural areas in the district of (19) Al-Bu Ali Al-Jassim in the countryside of Ramadi district. The research dealt with the population size, which reached (17582) people in 2018, divided into (2816) families living in residential units, the number of which reached (2482) residential units. These residential units exploited large areas of agricultural land, which amounted to (347.5 dunums), considering that the average area of ​​the residential unit is (350 m2), in addition to the area occupied by public services for the population, represented by commercial, industrial and educational services, transportation routes, water complexes and medical complexes...etc., and according to future population expectations, their size in 2030 will reach (25658) people, and the number of families will be (4276) families and will need (3887) residential units occupying an area of ​​(544) dunums of the district area of ​​(6480) dunums.
This in turn is a danger that threatens the food of the population and the future of agricultural lands due to the random urban expansion, as it will devour fertile and large lands, leading to their final loss, especially since the lands of the province represent the soil of the shoulders of rivers. This research represents a serious attempt to highlight the problems that threaten the agricultural countryside and kill the future of agricultural production, knowing that the study area represents an ideal model of the reality of the population in rural areas in terms of population number and residential density.

Abstract

The research dealt with the reality of the economic activity of agricultural production in Najaf Governorate. The studies adopted quantitative methods in extracting the factor analysis using the (SPSS) program and extracting the results through which it is possible to know the variance between the economic reality of agricultural production and its relationship to the population growth of Najaf Governorate for the period from (2007-2017) with knowing the real variance ratios from extracting the sample size, as the relationship was clear and direct by knowing the real variance ratios between the reality of economic growth and the level of population growth of the governorate and according to its administrative units of districts and sub-districts affiliated to Najaf Governorate.

Abstract

Climate is one of the most important geographical factors affecting the natural and human spatial differences on the surface of the Earth. Rain is at the forefront of climate elements in terms of importance, as it is the source of surface and groundwater. The amounts of rain, the cases of its occurrence, its intensity, and its spatial and temporal changes are important matters in water resources management, especially in arid and semi-arid areas that suffer from fluctuations and variations in rainfall amounts.

This study was conducted to assess climate change and the state of drought in the Sirte region located in the middle of the Libyan coast. It included the Sirte climate station located at 31.12 north and 16.35 east longitude. This study relied on climate data for rainfall amounts for 40 years during the period from 1971 to 2010. The data were obtained by the National Center for Meteorology in Tripoli.
Accordingly, the study aims to analyze the trends of changes in the general trend of annual and seasonal rainfall amounts at Sirte station, in order to achieve the hypothesis that climate change has a great impact on the general trend of total annual and seasonal rainfall in the region. To achieve this, the characteristics of the climate data for monthly and seasonal rainfall rates during the study period were analyzed to determine the general trend using various statistical methods, most notably moving averages, cumulative differences, linear regression, and drought status assessment using (PON). The study concluded that rainfall amounts decrease annually at a rate of (-1.6 mm) during the period, but they differ during the seasons, as autumn records a decrease rate of (-1.78 mm), while the rest of the seasons record rates of increase. Also, 38.46% of the years tend towards drought.

Abstract
This research aims to reveal the changes in the rainfall amounts in Najaf Governorate, their general trends and fluctuation rates during the past five cycles, as well as the changes in their intensity, dates of rainfall and monthly, seasonal and annual concentrations during the period (1963-2017). With the help of Iraqi agricultural meteorological stations for other stations to find the variance and deviation. A number of statistical transactions were used, including the use of the Goody and Wilcoxon coefficient for rainfall oscillation, and the T.S time series and their general trends were adopted for all cycles during the study period. A number of mathematical equations were applied to calculate the drought values ​​and the actual value of rainfall. The research included four topics that included:
1- Periodic changes in the monthly rates of rainfall in the study area.
2- Cases of temporal variations of the rainy months in the study area.
3- Periodic changes in the annual rates of rainfall in the study area.
4- Rainfall deviations between stations in the study area
In this research, we reached important and noteworthy results, the most important of which is the presence of a clear and hot spatial and temporal variation in the amounts of rainfall, its density, directions and timing. There is no clear periodicity or continuous trend in the amounts of rainfall in the study area. However, the most prevalent characteristic is the tendency of most rainfall to decrease in its amounts monthly and annually. There is a general and clear trend towards a decrease in rainfall amounts in the study area in all months of the year and for all cycles except for the months of October and November, as it is noted that they witness an increase in rainfall in recent cycles as in (2007-2017). The highest peaks of monthly rainfall rates occurred in the third cycle (1985-1995). While the highest monthly rates were recorded in January of the second cycle (1974-1984) at (25.4 mm).

Abstract

The study aims to identify the most important sources of light pollution in the industrial areas of the city of Najaf, and to measure the levels of light intensity emitted from them, considering that this increasing type of pollution has become important due to its negative effects on the surrounding environment and on humans themselves.

Measurements were made (with a Light Meter CEM DT-8820) on different samples within the study area, to determine the level of light pollution resulting from lighting industrial areas in the city, and to measure the light intensity of the lighting used in them. The recorded levels were compared with some standards, and it was found that they are often higher than the healthy level.

The field survey and geographical distribution of light pollution in industrial areas showed that there are high pollution points due to high levels of light intensity, and there is a high probability that the area of ​​these foci will increase and their danger in the future in conjunction with the increase in excessive use of lighting and urban expansion for land use of industrial areas in the study area.
Keywords
Light pollution, light intensity, urban land uses, industrial areas, industrial land use, Najaf city.

Abstract

The research dealt with the study of the geographical analysis of educational services in their stages (kindergarten, primary, intermediate, preparatory and secondary) in Yarmouk district, in terms of presenting the capabilities and determinants with the aim of evaluating them and their efficiency compared to the number of residents and their geographical distribution in the district using geographic information systems. This research came as a result of the rapid population growth and random, unplanned urban growth, which limits the efficiency of providing educational services in an easy way that meets the needs of the district's residents, at a time when the need for education has become an absolute necessity indispensable in a world that is witnessing rapid leaps towards development and sustainable development on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is met with backwardness and delay in development and increased rates of poverty and instability due to the lack of interest in human resources in terms of development and providing efficient educational services.

Abstract

The research aims to analyze the physical and chemical properties of the soils of Rawah district, one of the districts of Anbar Governorate, by taking samples of (8) samples distributed over the district area of ​​5000 km², and based on the texture triangle, it became clear from the research that most of the soils have a mixed sandy texture and mixed sandy texture, except for sample (6), which had a mixed sandy clay texture, which is currently used as sand quarries in the study area.
The (1 to 1) (*) method was used to determine the chemical properties of the soil such as the (PH, EC) factor, while the physical properties of the soil were analyzed using the (1 to 2) (**) method. The analyses were conducted in cooperation with the laboratories of the College of Agriculture at the University of Anbar.

Rainfall is a valuable climatic resource, especially in arid and semi-arid regions due to the limited water resources and their temporal and spatial fluctuations depending on the astronomical location and topographic variation, which causes spatial variation in rainfall amounts over the area and determines the type of agricultural land uses, their seasons and the types of crops that can be grown in the area, which is reflected in other economic activities. Here, the spatial interpolation method models within the Geostatistical Analysis techniques in GIS software help to complete rainfall data over the area from actual climate station data, due to the difficulty or even impossibility of conducting measurements for the entire studied area. Many realistic efforts have been made to simulate rainfall and the need for more accurate spatial prediction methods that lead to achieving more accurate spatial interpolation in time and space. To verify the validity of the results using statistical methods, the research aims to predict the rainfall map using spatial statistics methods (Inverse distance weighted) IDW and kriging, using the data available in 12 climate stations distributed in the region. The study concluded that the spherical model within the (Kriging) method is the one that gave, after calibration, values ​​close to the real values ​​with an error rate not exceeding 10%, and with a correlation coefficient (R = 0.617*), which can be used to predict the spatial distribution of rainfall in places where there are no climate stations..in the study area.

Abstract
The research aims to identify the reality of private education services in the city of Najaf for the year 2017 and to identify its size and spatial distribution in comparison to the population size, as well as to know the extent to which the distribution of private schools is appropriate to the actual need of the population, in addition to the random distribution of schools, but it has a role in the increasing number of students in government schools. The study included in its introduction, the boundaries of the study area, its problem, hypothesis and purpose, in addition to the importance of the study, data sources and factors affecting it. The study also addressed the natural and human characteristics of the study area and its role in the growth of the city through the stages of its urban development. In addition to the standards of educational services and their spatial distribution in the study area, then analyzing them spatially using geographic information systems techniques. The researchers relied on two types of data to complete this study, namely (spatial data) and (descriptive data) as known in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The spatial data prepared for this study was represented by a map that includes residential neighborhoods in the city, which amounted to (51 neighborhoods) after fixing the main streets on them, in addition to private educational service institutions (kindergartens and schools) whose locations were obtained from the Directorate of Education in Najaf Governorate. While the initial descriptive data related to the number of teaching staff, students and departments were represented, other descriptive data were derived by simple calculations carried out by the researchers, such as reaching population estimates, their numbers and density for the year 2017. It appeared that the reality of private educational services in the city is not consistent with the size of the population in it, as there is a shortage in their number with regard to the number of private educational institutions (kindergartens and schools). The number of private kindergartens amounted to (5 kindergartens) and the number of private primary schools (51 schools), including (37 original schools) and (14 guests), while the number of private intermediate schools amounted to (6 schools), including (3 original schools). And (3 guest schools). As for the private preparatory schools, including the central schools, their number reached (5 schools), including (2 guest schools) and (3 original schools). As for the private secondary schools, their number reached (28 schools), including (11 guest schools) and (17 original schools). It is clear from collecting data from the Najaf Municipality Directorate and the Education Directorate in Najaf Governorate and analyzing it that there is a large and clear shortage in the number of private kindergartens, as there is no type of clustering or regularity in their distribution in any neighborhood of the city. As for the scope of service of private primary schools, it was clear that they are concentrated in Al-Salam, Al-Hanana, and Al-Amir neighborhoods, where they are organized in neighborhoods and clustered in other neighborhoods. As for private intermediate schools, it was clear that they are concentrated in Al-Salam, Al-Hanana, and Al-Quds Al-Ula neighborhoods, and private preparatory schools were clear that they are concentrated in Al-Salam, Al-Amir, and Al-Quds Al-Ula neighborhoods. As for secondary schools, it was clear that they are concentrated in Al-Amir and Al-Salam neighborhoods, and they decrease and sometimes disappear in other neighborhoods, meaning that the distribution of private schools was irregular in some neighborhoods and regular in others. The study also addressed the efficiency of these private institutions and the services they provide and their efficiency for students according to local and international standards. As for the statistical analysis, arithmetic averages and standard deviations for the city of Najaf were used to enhance the degree of satisfaction for students with the efficiency of private education institutions. To achieve this goal, 90 questionnaires were distributed, 30 for each educational stage, distributed among a group of schools that were selected randomly using the SPSS program.

The problem of food security in Iraq in general and the study area in particular is one of the important issues that require standing at it and finding real solutions due to the increasing need for more different goods that the governorate lacks in particular and the reliance on importing many agricultural food commodities from neighboring countries, most notably Iran, Syria and the rest of the Gulf countries, which causes an imbalance in the Iraqi trade balance as it tends towards the negative direction to pay the value of imported goods, especially during the drought periods that Iraq and the study area went through, which caused a clear decrease in the quantities of agricultural crop production in addition to the deterioration of its quality. The research showed the economic importance of a very important crop, as it can be used to achieve food security in any region of the world, especially in Babylon Governorate, which is the wheat crop, as it is an important grain and strategic crop that contributes directly and indirectly to supporting the Iraqi economy in general and the local economy in Babylon Governorate in particular, whether in terms of providing food security for the population or reducing the level of unemployment or supplying the rest of the other sectors with raw materials such as the industry and trade sectors and others. Therefore, the research topic came with three axes: the first axis dealt with wheat production and the food gap in Babil Governorate, while the second axis dealt with the reality of wheat consumption in the governorate, and the third axis dealt with the spatial trends of the food gap in Babil Governorate from the wheat crop for the year 2017 AD and showed that the food gap is heading in a positive direction, and the research concluded with a set of conclusions and proposals on the research topic.

The problem of food security in Iraq in general and the study area in particular is one of the important issues that require standing at it and finding real solutions due to the increasing need for more different goods that the governorate lacks in particular and the reliance on importing many agricultural food commodities from neighboring countries, most notably Iran, Syria and the rest of the Gulf countries, which causes an imbalance in the Iraqi trade balance as it tends towards the negative direction to pay the value of imported goods, especially during the drought periods that Iraq and the study area went through, which caused a clear decrease in the quantities of agricultural crop production in addition to the deterioration of its quality. The research showed the economic importance of a very important crop, as it can be used to achieve food security in any region of the world, especially in Babylon Governorate, which is the wheat crop, as it is an important grain and strategic crop that contributes directly and indirectly to supporting the Iraqi economy in general and the local economy in Babylon Governorate in particular, whether in terms of providing food security for the population or reducing the level of unemployment or supplying the rest of the other sectors with raw materials such as the industry and trade sectors and others. Therefore, the research topic came with three axes: the first axis dealt with wheat production and the food gap in Babil Governorate, while the second axis dealt with the reality of wheat consumption in the governorate, and the third axis dealt with the spatial trends of the food gap in Babil Governorate from the wheat crop for the year 2017 AD and showed that the food gap is heading in a positive direction, and the research concluded with a set of conclusions and proposals on the research topic.

The phenomenon of random growth of residential complexes in the cities of Anbar Governorate has become an urban problem for low-income people, in open lands (vacant lots) within the residential complexes in the city as well as the neighboring and outlying areas outside it on land divisions that are not approved for housing and are not included in the state’s future plans. They lack basic facilities and services for the population, are far from the state’s interest and official statistics, do not meet health requirements and do not conform to building laws, since the period before 2003, and as a result of the accumulation of a group of reasons related to the housing problem, including the weak role of government executive agencies (municipalities and district governors) in preventing or removing violations, the high population density in the city’s homes and the increase in population growth. The number of squatters increased after 2003 as a result of migration and displacement due to political and economic problems. The research aims to study the slums in the sprawling cities of Anbar by matching the basic design of the cities with the high-resolution satellite data of the European satellite Sentinel 2A for the year 2018 to determine the areas of encroachment outside the design, by finding the liras of the database of the prepared study area and through visual interpretation of the slum areas adjacent to the main cities as well as topological matching and field survey to identify the slum areas and accurately limit them and determine their percentages in relation to the basic design of the cities. The method of achieving the objectives matrix was adopted for the purpose of developing a strategy for treating slums and comparing options, using a questionnaire for experts from academics, local government officials and heads of departments concerned with dealing with slum areas in the city of Fallujah.

Abstract

This study aimed to detect the level of bacteriological pollution of the Tigris River water at the intake of the Baghdad Water Department projects, which are (Karkh, East Tigris, Sadr, Kadhimiya, Karama, Al-Wathba, Al-Baladiyat, Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Dura, Al-Wahda, Al-Rashid). It was found that all sites were above the permissible limit according to the Iraqi standard specification for the year 1989 for coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria, as it should not exceed (5 cells) per (100 ml) of water. We note that the highest value of coliform bacteria was recorded at the intake of the Al-Dura water project, reaching (101.661 cells / 100 ml), and the lowest value of coliform bacteria was recorded at the intake of the Sadr water project, reaching (27,525 cells / 100 ml). The highest value of fecal coliform bacteria was recorded at the intake of the Dora Water Project, reaching (63,627 cells/100 ml), while the lowest value of fecal coliform bacteria was recorded at the intake of the Karkh Water Project, reaching (711 cells/100 ml). As for the bacterial count, the highest value was recorded at the intake of the Kadhimiya Water Project, reaching (27,907 cells/ml), and the lowest value was recorded at the intake of the Karkh Water Project, reaching (1,357 cells/ml).

Abstract
Civil defense services are considered a basic task of preserving the population, improving and facilitating the standard of living, and reducing material and human losses. The establishment of any city requires the provision of effective and efficient civil defense services.
Iraqi cities suffer from a weak spatial distribution of civil defense centers in general, and the city of Najaf in particular, as there are areas not covered by emergency response services, and the lack of consideration of planning standards in the spatial signature of civil defense centers, and the difficulty of accurately identifying fire locations in the city and the shortest distance and time to reach.
The modern era has relied on technology and technological development and the employment of much of this progress to serve scientific research, especially planning work, which has relied on modern software such as geographic information systems. The study aims to employ the capabilities provided by geographic information systems (GIS) in studying the distribution of civil defense centers in the city of Najaf, and to propose a new system (addressing method) to facilitate the process of civil defense teams reaching fire locations with the shortest response time compared to the system currently in effect.
A map of the city of Najaf was taken, including roads, residential neighborhoods, and data from the relevant official departments, for the purpose of entering it into the digital analysis of the geographic information systems (Geocoding & Network Analyst). It was concluded that the response time rate is high at the civil defense centers in the city of Najaf, and a new system was proposed to determine the location of the accident and reach it in the shortest distance and time.

The seasonal Indian depression is one of the most influential low pressure systems on the climate of Iraq, as it controls the most disturbing seasons for weather conditions in the study area (central and southern Iraq) and is also accompanied by a rise in temperatures to a high level, which makes the population feel exhausted and psychologically disturbed due to the hot weather and sometimes the days are accompanied by humidity in central Iraq. As for southern Iraq, temperatures are higher than in the middle of the study area due to the proximity to the system’s path, and also because the depression passes over the Arabian Gulf, it is loaded with humidity and heads to the south of the study area. Two climate stations were relied upon to represent central and southern Iraq and because they are among the stations that are characterized by the longest period of monitoring and recording climatic elements, which are (Baghdad and Basra). Also, reliance was placed on analyzing synoptic maps for the pressure level of 1000 millibars and for two climatic periods, each of which is eleven years, to reveal the amount of climate change and the general trend of the recurrence of the seasonal Indian depression and its relationship to the characteristics of temperature and humidity, and also to address the climatic characteristics of the aforementioned elements and to know The general trend of climate elements for each climate cycle separately, then identifying the amount of climate change for the duration and recurrence of the Indian monsoon system.

Abstract

The estuarine environment is characterized by a dynamic landform that suffers from rapid changes that make it different from other environments. Its existence represents a challenge to a number of natural and human factors, which requires the preservation and sustainability of its environment. With the increasing pressure of these factors, it suffers from increasing environmental degradation, which requires the development of rapid solutions for processing. Satellite imagery data, including Landsat 8 OLI, provide a variety of spectral bands that can be used to track environmental degradation, over an open spatiotemporal range, and to follow up on environmental degradation in the resources of the studied areas such as water, soil and living organisms. Many vegetation indices have been derived from mathematical relationships between different spectral scales to detect change, including the normalized vegetation heterogeneity index (NDVI) and the difference in spatial variability of vegetation sites according to indices including the drought index (DI), including the vegetation condition index (VCI), the vegetation health index (VHI), the crust index (CI) and the infrared percentage vegetation index (IPVI). These indicators revealed the deterioration of the ecosystem through the decrease in vegetation cover and its replacement by barren and saline lands throughout the study period between 2013-2018.

Abstract
Poverty is a phenomenon that expresses the lack of basic human needs, the most important of which are food, health care, educational services, and obtaining suitable healthy housing, along with owning durable goods and providing sufficient money to face emergency situations that the individual is exposed to.
The research problem revolves around the increase in poverty rates in Iraq, especially in remote and marginal areas.
The research aims to identify poverty indicators in Iraq and the role of the poverty reduction strategy in Iraq.
The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach in studying the phenomenon, relying on data and reports issued by the Iraqi Ministry of Planning, the Central Statistical Organization, United Nations publications, and other research.
The study showed a number of facts and results, including:

1- The poverty rate decreased in 2012 compared to 2007 from 22.5% to 18.9%, a decrease of 16%, and decreased to 15% during the first half of 2014, but increased at the end of 2014 to 22.5%.

2- The poverty rate in urban areas decreased from 16.1% to 13.5% for the same period.

3- Iraq has several aspects that can be developed to alleviate poverty by improving productivity and agricultural growth to reduce unemployment, and working to develop infrastructure and provide rural areas with various social services.
4- Achieving the goals of the second strategy to alleviate poverty faces a number of geographical and political challenges.
5- The increase in rural population and the increase in urban sprawl towards agricultural lands, accompanied by the spread of the phenomenon of poverty, contribute to increasing pressure on natural resources (arable lands, soil, water, vegetation cover) and the resulting increase in environmental problems, which in turn will increase the suffering of the poor.

The research aims (Cartogram modeling of wheat production quantities in Kirkuk Governorate) to achieve a qualitative development in the field of cartographic studies, especially after the spread of modern advanced technologies in the field of automated drawing and self-organized mapping techniques (SOM), which depend on the method of automatic data analysis techniques, and that (SOM) maps depend on mathematical algorithms that enable the analysis of data automatically and processing it to reach the drawing of accurate automated maps, which are cartogram maps that have the ability, speed and power of perception for the reader and user, and which depend in their representation on the statistical values ​​of the phenomenon studied, whether this data is absolute, relative or equations with the area of ​​the region itself in representing the phenomenon despite the presence of some distortion in the shape and area that can be dispensed with, but rather aims to represent the statistical values ​​in an expressive spatial form.

It has become common among researchers when studying topographic characteristics (surface analysis, lines of equal elevation levels, and objects) in their studies by relying on digital elevation models; as a result of the features of these models in terms of the ability to obtain the topography of the earth in three dimensions, in addition to their availability for free on many international websites, especially models with a spatial resolution of 30 x 30 meters. The problem facing researchers is that digital elevation models cannot show lake levels, as digital elevation models consider the level of the lake surface as a flat surface; therefore, there was a need to develop a model that calculates the levels of the Tharthar Lake surface and the volume of water at each of its levels as a model. The researchers aim to embody the spatial representation (GeoVisualization) of the levels of Tharthar Lake by converting topographic maps with a scale of 1/100,000 with a contour interval of 5 meters into digital maps and three-dimensional models. The results of the method used in the research have proven its effectiveness in representing the topographic characteristics of the lake, and the possibility of overcoming all problems resulting from satellites, and its effective integration with topographic maps by converting them into digital maps of the lake, calculating the area of ​​​​the elevation levels of Tharthar Lake with statistical accuracy according to the R2 value of 98.3% of the areas of Tharthar Lake, and the value of 99.99% of the volume of Tharthar Lake water, respectively. This model, with geomatics techniques, reduces the cost of effort, time and money compared to using traditional methods, in addition to the possibility of converting data into information with various outputs, in addition to preparing a geographical database for lakes in order to confront the water problem and develop a water management strategy in Iraq, which can be used to provide support to decision-makers to make the right decisions to solve water problems in the country. As for the most prominent recommendations reached by the research, the research recommends the possibility of studying a lake at different times, and researchers can be directed to study Tharthar Lake at different times; in order to determine the amount of sediments and the change in the topography of the lake. The lake can also be studied in detail in terms of the lake's water levels during floods and droughts. The research recommends conducting hydrographic surveys of all the country's lakes and rivers in order to estimate the annual silt volume, or the silt volume at different times. It is also possible to conduct similar studies on rivers and compare them with the levels of neighboring lands that suffer from the problem of seepage (seepage) in central and southern Iraq, and the other problems that result from it.

Introduction
Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the Messenger of Mercy to the Worlds, the Chosen One, Muhammad, may God bless him and his pure and good family and his chosen and blessed companions and those who follow him in righteousness until the Day of Judgment and after...
Man, and not only man, but all living beings, in every place and time, have not and will not dispense with water, as it is the most important reason for the continuation of their lives and the basic component in the composition of their bodies. Therefore, man has paid special attention to this vital resource, and this attention increases with the increase in population numbers until the sciences related to studying water sources, exploiting them and preserving them appeared, the most important of which is hydrology, which is a broad science concerned with studying the water cycle in nature in general.
As for the term urban hydrology, it is the quantities of water consumed for various fields in urban centers, and this is what is included in the research entitled (Hydrology of Urban Centers in Wasit Governorate).

The research aims to analyze the role of investment housing projects in Samawah city in addressing the housing problem and reducing its negative effects. To address the research problem represented by the question about the reality of investment in urban housing projects in Samawah city, identifying its obstacles, and outlining its role in addressing the housing shortage problem, the study assumed that this type of projects has a strategic importance that the state has not overlooked, but rather placed it at the forefront of its goals. However, the reality of these projects is far from what is planned for various reasons that stand as obstacles to the implementation processes. Therefore, a definition of housing and its projects was given, and the most important global applied studies that addressed it were presented, then the history of the development of housing and housing projects in Samawah city was reviewed. The characteristics of contemporary housing projects were studied in terms of urbanism and services, and the most important obstacles that hinder the implementation process were identified. The research concluded that these projects are of great importance as part of the state’s strategy to play a role in addressing the housing problem, but they were not at the required level from an implementation perspective, as they only achieved (11.8%) of their plan, with their time period being exhausted. This is due to obstacles related to the investment entity itself, other obstacles borne by government agencies, and others related to the economic level of the targeted population and the amount of their income.

The research deals with a geomorphological analysis of landslides along the Khadran mountain road in northern Iraq. The research included an analysis of the factors responsible for landslide activity, which included geology, tectonic movements, slopes, climate, hydrology, natural vegetation, and human activities. All these factors combined to create slope disturbances, weaken slope components, and increase shear stresses, thus causing landslides clearly. It was possible to identify (35) landslides of different types along the sides of the Khadran road, the subject of the study, which is (43 km) long, with the prevalence of rotational, level, subsidence, and wedge-slips. The results of the analysis of potential landslides, through the slope stability equation (FS), also showed a decrease in the value of the safety factor (FS) below (1.25) for most slopes on the sides of the road, which makes them vulnerable to landslides in the future if engineering measures are not taken to reduce them. Among the most important factors that increased the activity of landslides on the sides of the Khadran Road are the cutting and leveling operations during the construction of the road, which were accompanied by engineering errors, the most prominent of which are cutting within fragile and weak formations, cutting in a direction perpendicular to the slope of the ground layers (Dip), and neglecting engineering procedures to treat slope disturbances.