JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATION AND ECONOMICS

The availability of multivariate one-sample and two-sample testing procedures is often restricted or merged with other statistical tests in many statistical applications. SPSS software, known for its user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) for statistical analysis, also provides a specialised programming language called SPSS syntax. This syntax allows users to execute statistical procedures by writing commands, providing an alternative to the GUI interface. The purpose of this paper is to create new dialogs written in the SPSS syntax language using custom dialog builder for extensions. These dialogs are designed to test multivariate one- and two-sample data when ∑ is unknown by applying Hotelling’s T2 test statistic, especially in situations where the GUI lacks these particular functionalities. In the case of two-sample data, both independent and paired multivariate testing methods are employed. Examples are supplied to demonstrate the key analyses performed using Hotelling's T2 tests. The syntax written for the analyses was performed using SPSS software v.27. The adoption of the developed dialogs is recommended for researchers requiring analysis of multivariate one- and two-sample data with limited or no programming experience, with potential future incorporation of the dialogs into forthcoming SPSS versions by IBM. Extending the scope of statistical analyses supported by SPSS dialogs through future research that encourages their use and supports wider acceptance of additional statistical methods not included in standard versions of SPSS.

The research aims to verify the effect of strategic leadership as an independent variable on the development of job performance as a responsive variable, in colleges of tourism sciences. These variables interact to form the general framework around which the problem of the study revolves, which centred on the nature of the relationship between the variables of the study to clarify the main question of the problem of the current study (was it able to Can colleges of tourism sciences adopt strategic leadership in improving job performance? The study relied on the descriptive-analytical method and used the questionnaire as the primary tool in collecting data and information for the study, consisting of (58) items and personal interviews. The data was collected through a sample of (115) professors in colleges of tourism sciences with all titles. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which was that the high interest in the strategic direction of the three colleges of tourism sciences was evident through their clear keenness to develop strategic plans emanating from their vision and mission in order to achieve the required goals, as well as the participation of their employees in developing work strategies and implementing their implementation mechanisms. The most important recommendations developed by the research are that the faculties of tourism sciences investigated should improve their strategic direction by focusing on the participation of their staff in formulating their strategy in a way that facilitates its implementation without resistance.

Many media researchers consider the study of human behaviour to be the main problem of social psychology. Human behaviour is essential in our lives and plays a major role in directing the individual's social behaviour in society and the environment. Because the interaction of several factors determines behaviour, essential factors include psychological, social, and cultural factors, meaning that an individual’s behaviour is affected by their personal characteristics and traits, in addition to evidence, the social and cultural environment in which the individual lives. Since media activities, in one aspect, are part of social behaviour. Studying this individual social behaviour represents great importance for media research and studies because it represents a means of expressing perceptions of social and cultural influences, even though the field of media and information technology and the emergence of new means of communication are different from those means, traditionalism and the diversity of roles and tasks in the media made it necessary to search for methodological and scientific tools that are compatible with these changes. Instead, they have become, There is an urgent need for researchers in the media field to achieve a high level of analysis, form fundamental hypotheses, and make judgments. Measuring the behaviour of the audience or those in charge of the communication process is possible in media studies and research after the emergence of factor analysis (Sieberman). It has become one of the most common multivariate statistical methods in research, media studies, and the humanities. In general, this statistical method assists media researchers in studying various variables to attribute them to the most critical factors affecting them. It is known that any media phenomenon usually results from several factors, so it is considered the final result. This is why our research explored factor analysis in media research and studies to obtain significant analysis reasons—reaching results compatible with the apparent constituent factors or media problem to be researched or studied and issuing scientific judgments and solutions. And the process of that phenomenon or problem. To achieve this, we identified the mechanisms and steps we followed in studying economic television programs and their role in promoting financial inclusion using the factor analysis method

The Poisson regression model is one of the most essential linear logarithmic regression models, and it is the tool through which the dependent variable is ratios when its values are positive and in the form of percentages or countable data, as well as the fitted model for analyzing the rare events. Like many other regression models, the predictor variables included in its construction may be exposed to a high correlation between two or more variables, negatively affecting the estimation of the model parameters. In this paper, we will review the most prominent methods for estimating parameters of the Poisson regression model when data suffers from a semi-multicollinearity problem, such as Ridge regression and Liu estimator's method. Estimation methods were applied to real data obtained from Central Child Hospital in Baghdad, representing the number of cases of congenital disabilities of children in the heart and circulatory system from 2012 to 2019. The results showed the superiority of the Liu estimators' method over the ridge regression method based on (AIC) as a criterion for comparison.

The research aims to evaluate the actual reality and requirements of the occupational health and safety management system and identify the gap in the First Sadr Municipality District in accordance with the international standard (ISO: 45001: 2018) This is done by identifying strengths and weaknesses in order to enhance the strengths and indicating areas of improvement to exploit them to improve the occupational health and safety management system, In addition to determining the level of documentation and application in the terms and indicators of the specification, this is done through the use of the seven-point scale used in the checklist, The problem of the study emerged from the weakness in the Occupational Health and Safety Administration and the lack of availability of the requirements of (ISO 45001: 2018), which negatively affected the mechanisms and procedures of occupational, which resulted in injuries and accidents for workers while working, The researcher relied on the case study approach and worked on preparing a pop-up checklist according to the terms and indicators of the standard as the primary tool for collecting data for this study. The gap in application and documentation was measured by conducting field inspection, observation, and personal interviews with several administrative leaders responsible for the availability of the terms of this standard in the country. Sadr City First Municipality District, the research reached a set of results, the most notable of which is that Al-Sadr First Municipality obtained an overall implementation rate of (38%) and a large overall non-implementation rate of (62%); due to the lack of adequate system requirements, maintenance and improvement.

The importance of the research is shown by the increasing international interest in quality standards, as well as the different aspirations of customers and changing their attitudes towards risk-free food of all kinds. Hence, the importance of the food safety management system in achieving these requirements emerges. The study aims to spread the culture of quality and clarify the international standard's requirements (ISO 22000: 2018). This study stems from the problem of tourism organizations' lack of application of international quality standards, which significantly helps them achieve multiple advantages at the local and global levels.
One of the most important recommendations of the study is the call for the adoption of international standards of quality and the application of the international standard (ISO 22000:2018) because of the positive image it reflects the extent of the commitment of tourism organizations to the regulatory authorities and the extent of their interest in their customers based on the principle of social responsibility, as well as developing a plan according to a specific time frame after determining the capabilities and resources necessary for this standard in full and obtaining a certificate issued by the official ISO organization.

The current research aims to test the correlation and influence between high-involvement management and proactive work behavior. To achieve this, the Baghdad Governorate Council was chosen as a field for implementing the research. The research included two variables of high Involvement management across its sub-dimensions (development practices, rewards, information sharing, empowerment). In proactive work behavior through its dimensions (Taking Charge, employee voice, Personal initiatives), the research sample included (97) individuals from various departments working in the Baghdad Governorate Council. The questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting data, the data was analyzed, and results were drawn via the program (SPSS, AMOS) V23, using a set of statistical methods (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, Pearson correlation coefficient, simple regression coefficient, confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha).The most important findings of the research are that there is a good correlation and influence between the variable of high Involvement management and proactive work behavior, meaning that high Involvement management has an effective and strong role in increasing employees’ proactive behaviors and their personal initiatives in improving and developing work.

The research aims to investigate the relationship between environmental practices as an independent variable and their effect on job satisfaction as a dependent variable with its two dimensions (external satisfaction and internal satisfaction) among the Iraqi Tourism Board community. To determine the importance of applying environmental practices, these variables interacted to form the general framework around which the problem of the study revolves, which centred on the nature of the relationship and influence on each of the variables of the study through the central question of the study problem (to what extent do environmental practices affect job satisfaction in the Iraqi Tourism Authority?). The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach and used the questionnaire as the primary tool in collecting information and data, consisting of (39) items and personal interviews. The data was collected through a sample of (130 individuals from senior and middle management in the Iraqi Tourism Authority. The research reached the most important conclusion, which is that environmental practices have a direct effect on job satisfaction.

This section should include a succinct, self-contained and powerful statement that describes the main objective of the study. The abstract of one paragraph length should not contain formulas and references, it should occupy the first page and includes the following items: Brief background on the research topic, problem statement (if exists), research objective, methods and tools used in the research and major results, an abstract summarizing the content of the paper of no more than 250 words. A good abstract is precise and honest, can stand alone, uses no technical jargon and is specific. (Size line 11, Time Now Roman and Italic).

Fuzzy Linear Regression is the optimal tool for analyzing inaccurate and unclear data, as the use of fuzzy methods in analyzing these data can improve accuracy and reliability in estimating relationships between variables. The research estimated a fuzzy linear regression model with a triangular Fuzzy response variable, Crisp explanatory variables, and triangular Fuzzy parameters using the A.R.Arabpour and M.Tata estimation method. The study data was about systolic and diastolic hypertension as a fuzzy response variable and a set of factors affecting it as Crisp, non-fuzzy explanatory variables represented by (age, weight, Glycemia, triglycerides, and cholesterol) for a group of (125) patients obtained from Balad General Hospital in Salah al-Din Governorate, in an attempt to find out the effect of each of these factors under study on systolic and diastolic hypertension, the MATLAB program was used to obtain the results, and the results confirmed the direct relationship between The fuzzy response and the non-fuzzy explanatory variables. The t-test results confirmed the significance of the relationship between them, which explains that systolic and diastolic hypertension may be directly affected by an increase in any of the explanatory variables under study.

This study aims, through a theoretical and applied extension, to achieve a checklist to diagnose the gap in the training process and management of human resources as an independent variable to achieve the quality of tourism service as a dependent variable in the Babylon Hotel (ROTANA), in addition to know the importance and levels of dimensions of the variables that sent hotel, to work for a bundle of recommendations that contribute in evaluating work and enhance the quality of tourism service at Babylon Hotel (ROTANA).
In order to enhance and confirm the practical aspect of the study, the case study approach (checklist) is to be completed at the level of the Babylon Hotel (ROTANA). The analysis of the checklist questionnaire was designed, included (40) questions, covered the research variables in its dimensions and was directed to an intentional sample from the upper and middle management. In Babylon Hotel, the number reached (50) respondents, and the study adopted a program (SPSS, v. 25, Amos v.25) with descriptive statistics methods to test his hypotheses.
The study concluded with the most prominent conclusions that show the share of the hypotheses, which are embodied in an excellent reciprocal correlation between the gap in the human resources management training process and the quality of tourism service.

Iraq's historical monuments are among the biggest drivers of cultural tourism, and there is an urgent need to plan their preservation and display them to tourists in a way consistent with their cultural importance. Karbala is considered one of the first settlement centres in the Middle Euphrates region because it is one of the cities close to the ancient city of Babylon and the crossroads of the main land routes. Karbala Governorate includes hundreds of heritages and archaeological sites dating back to ancient times, different civilizations, and multiple peoples: Sumerian, Babylonian, Persian, Islamic, Christian, and Jewish, in addition to geological monuments such as the Al-Tar Caves, which are estimated to be four thousand years old, and are located high above ground level. Ain al-Tamr district is one of the districts of the Holy Karbala Governorate, which dates back to 1000 years BC and includes many historical and archaeological sites of spiritual and historical importance. It is also a witness to the successive civilisations in Iraq. The research aimed to introduce the most prominent Christian religious monuments in the Ain al-Tamr district and to identify opportunities to stimulate cultural tourism there, including archaeological tourism. The research concluded that there is a need for media and propaganda promotion to introduce the archaeological sites in this district. They are encouraging people to learn about other religions and beliefs. Paying attention to the churches in the Ain al-Tamr district in particular, as they are considered among the oldest Christian monuments in Iraq, and completing excavations for the rest of the sites and providing services that encourage citizens to visit such monuments in their homeland, and working to protect them from extinction and vandalism and reduce the effects of climate change.

The researcher aims through the current study to verify the impact between strategic planning as an independent variable in sustainable tourism development as a dependent variable, and knowledge generation as an intermediary variable, in community of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Antiquities, and based on the novelty of these variables and their urgent importance to the ministry and its leadership on the one hand and the community on the other hand and to serve the objectives of the study, the analytical survey method was adopted by analyzing the opinions of a sample of administrative leaders in the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Antiquities, with (200) questionnaires distributed to (general managers, assistant general managers, department heads, and division officials), distributed to them exclusively and comprehensively, as the main study tool (the questionnaire) was distributed to them to investigate their opinions about the availability of the variables under study in order to identify the relationships targeted by the survey, so (195) of them were retrieved, five of which were not received despite the researcher's follow-up with the ministry, and when they were unpacked, the valid ones for statistical analysis were (192) questionnaires. The study problem focused on the following central question (Does strategic planning impact sustainable tourism development if it is enhanced by knowledge management? The study used statistical programs and methods (SPSS V. 29) and (AMOS V. 29). It adopted a set of statistical methods, including the F analysis test, path analysis and simple linear regression analysis.

The study investigated the relationship between brand personality, characterised by its five dimensions (sincerity, competence, excitement, sophistication, and ruggedness), and its impact on trust as the identity distinguishing services in the competitive market. It also aimed to explore the mediating role of trust in encouraging tourist loyalty to a specific brand. The study addressed the significance of brand personality, its practical applications, dimensions, and the influential factors in the Iraqi tourism sector. It identified the study's problem as stemming from weak cognitive and field perceptions, lack of information, and marketing strategies related to brand personality. The research objectives were to present a cognitive framework of the main variables and to understand the changes in tourists' needs and desires. The study employed a descriptive and analytical methodology, utilising a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool, consisting of 39 items gathered from a sample of 300 tourists frequenting travel and tourism companies, randomly selected. The findings indicated that tourism companies endeavour to offer distinctive services to enhance tourist trust in the brand, thus making them prefer its services in the competitive market. This differentiation increases tourists' readiness to make purchasing decisions without considering alternatives. Key recommendations include tourism companies focusing on enhancing trust in the brand and increasing the role of brand personality in promoting and achieving tourist loyalty through quality and reliability. This is done by providing high-quality, reliable products or services to build trust and loyalty.

The research aims to analyse the impact of monetary, human and social capital to build a system that seeks to develop the capabilities of religious tourism while highlighting the obstacles and components of the development of spiritual tourism in Karbala Governorate so that it has an impact on similar holy cities in the country. The deductive approach was used to achieve this goal, which starts from theoretical foundations to reach their application in practical reality. This required relying on the descriptive analytical method based on theoretical aspects and valuable study. Data and statistics were collected for the period (2018-2022). A questionnaire was designed that included aspects specific to the field of research and was statically analysed using the SPSS statistical program to reach practical and realistic conclusions. The study found limited use of all types of capital to develop religious tourism in Karbala Governorate. Therefore, it requires developing development strategies based on the foundations of developing spiritual tourism in the country, especially the Holy Governorate of Karbala.

The study seeks to address the concept of artificial intelligence and its role in improving the quality of hotel services. The problem was that most hotel organisations in Iraq faced several difficulties in enhancing the quality using artificial intelligence techniques. The study aimed to highlight the importance of the elements of artificial intelligence, and the approach was followed. Descriptive in presenting concepts and arriving at results through the use of peer-reviewed scientific journals and websites. The importance of this study stems from the link between artificial intelligence, which is one of the new concepts, and the quality of service, which represents the most important fundamentals of the organization’s success. It has been found that artificial intelligence techniques help a lot in Collecting data on tourists and analyzing it very quickly, which leads to improving the quality of hotel services provided

This research aims to shed light on the experience of one of the private Iraqi commercial banks in financing investment projects by shedding light on the reality of local investment in Iraq and its ability to meet development requirements and examine the role and orientation of the Iraqi Investment Bank through analysis and showing its strengths and weaknesses. The research is based on the Iraqi economy's problem with weak local investment financing. Some of this financing may be directed to unproductive or speculative investments or money laundering activities, as any weakness in the role of banking activities towards the financing process casts a shadow on the delay in implementing investment programs. The research is based on the hypothesis that there is a deficiency in the contribution of the Iraqi Investment Bank as one of the private Iraqi commercial banks in local investments and in raising their effectiveness. The most important result is to prove the validity of the research hypothesis that there is a deficiency in the contribution of the Iraqi Investment Bank as one of the private Iraqi commercial banks in local investments and raising their effectiveness. The research concludes that there is a deficiency in the contribution of banking activities represented by (total deposits, total credit, and total investments) in the effectiveness of local investments represented by (total private fixed capital).

The Islamic banking industry has witnessed rapid development and acceptance that has transcended the geographical borders of Islamic countries to developed Western countries such as Britain and France, especially after the global financial crisis 2008. Islamic banking has emerged as a real alternative to conventional banking, especially with regard to the management and issuance of sukuks, given that these sukuks are the fastest-growing and most developed tool. In the Islamic finance market Therefore, the research seeks to identify the nature of Islamic sukuks, their types, and their role in developing the economy. It also sheds light on the most important legal challenges facing the Islamic sukuk industry in Iraq, as these sukuks are considered one of the most important Islamic financial instruments that it is hoped will significantly impact the development process through... Involving various economic actors, including individuals, institutions, banks, and others, in these projects by participating in the purchase of these instruments. This tool, compatible with Islamic Sharia, can also clearly impact Islamic banking in Iraq. His study concluded that Islamic Sukuks are economically feasible in Iraq. Several factors affect the issuance of these Sukuks, most notably the legal frameworks, the regulatory and supervisory environment, Sharia requirements, and others.

Humans have dealt with risks since the dawn of history, and they have become an integral part of daily life, whether these risks resulted from natural causes or were man-made.
The research started from the problem of the General Company for Mining Industries suffering from several risks, the most prominent of which is that the company's factories are exposed to frequent fires, the danger of chemicals and their emissions used in factories, so it was necessary to have a risk management system to address the above cases. The research aims to diagnose the gap between the reality of the risk management system and the company's international standard (ISO31000:2018). The importance of the study appeared in the availability of a proposed mechanism through which the main steps for implementing the risk management system are clarified based on the application of the provisions of the international standard (ISO31000:2018).
The research sample represented the General Company for Mining Industries, one of the Iraqi Ministry of Industry and Minerals companies. A case study approach was adopted as a research methodology, which included observation, field experience, and direct meetings. A checklist was also used in the study, and a fishbone diagram (Ishikawa diagram) was used to diagnose the gap problem and the reasons for poor application and documentation in the requirements of the risk management standard (ISO 31000:2018). The research results showed that there is a gap of (40%) between the actual reality of the risk management system and the international standard (ISO31000:2018).

This research aims to manifest the impact of strategic improvisation on achieving organisational success on the level of the tourism board. To achieve this, the variable of strategic improvisation has been measured with three sub-dimensions: (efficiency & activity). The study starts with a central problem, including many questions about the nature of the relation between its variables in the field; the most important one is (whether there is any impact on the strategic improvisation on achieving the organisational success of the tourism board). The questionnaire is used as the primary method of collecting data and information. Data was collected from (35) respondents representing the study sample administrative leaders in tourism authority by adopting a questionnaire that included (20) items. To analyse and process data statistically, the research depends on a set of statistical methods used in the program (Spssv.29). it has reached a set of conclusions; the most important one is the concept of improvisation, which is considered a new model of quick learning, adaptation and strategic renewal. The study's results have shown a significant indication of strategic improvisation in organisational success. Has reached a set of recommendations. The most important one is that the tourism board has to employ the dimensions of strategic improvisation with (intuition. Invention, and spontaneity) in its activities and decisions to achieve success and peculiarity.