Journal of Biotechnology Research Center

The present study aimed to identification of P. vanoranjei based on microscopical and cultural method as a new record isolate in Iraq. Penicillium vanoranjei is a new species in Iraq that produce an orang production pigment after compelet growth on the culure medium. Location, the spesmen collected from women patient admitted to Al Jimhory Hospital in Samaraa city and lived in Al Jilam township during December/ /2016 in Salah Al Deen Governorate- Samaraa City. Morphological and microscopichal charecterstic appeared that the top view of the culture slightly raised in the center; mycelia was white near the margins, the reversed view appeared Dark brown. Microscopic examination illustrates that the Conidiophores were monoverticillate (unbranched) Penicillium vanoranjei .
الملخص

This study was conducted in a field located at Department of Biology/College of Sciences/University of Baghdad, from the period between the Mid of August to the second half of October 2015, in order to study the population density of cowpea leaf miner on California Ramshorn cowpea and local varieties (Bayader) and their natural enemies. The result showed fluctuation of the population density for Liriomyza trifolii on the American variety. Two peaks for population density were shown and the second was higher than the first. The highest population density was 6.5 leaf miner/ leaf while the lowest was 0.7 leaf miner/leaf at the beginning of sampling. For the local variety, three peaks were recorded. The first was the highest with 2.61leaf miner/leaf and the lowest was 0.2 leaf miner/leaf. Population density of insect was higher on American variety has higherthan the local variety in its protein content which reached to 24.3%. Two hymenopteran parasites Pediobius matallicus and Diglyphus isaaea belong to the family Eulophidae were recorded on L. trifolii. This study, the first was conducted on the leaf miner on this host plant.

Thirty two isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus were obtained from a total of 44 samples of sputum, nose swab and tracheal aspirate from suspected patient with aspergillosis were also collected from February 2014 to June 2014. A morphological examination of A. fumigatus was first made with naked eye and at low magnification power of microscope after that detailed examination was done by measuring the dimensions of the microscopic structures, photographing the microscopic structures and using relevant literature. Results appeared conical-shaped terminal vesicles, uniseriate row of phialides on the upper two thirds of the vesicle, conidiophore stipes were short, phialides arrange uniseriate upper vesicle conidia and parallel to axis of conidiophore, produced in chains of spore basipetally from phialides, the chains of spore were borne directly in the absence of metulae and represented by septet and branching hyphae. The ability of A. fumigatus for GT production was investigated using thin layer Chromatography (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) techniques and results showed that GT was produced by 81.25% of A. fumigatus isolates. Optimum conditions for GT production by A. fumigatus 16 (AF-16) isolate were determined by submerged fermentation using Yeast extract sucrose medium. Results indicated that AF-16 isolate was the highest GT producer on Yeast Exract Sucrose medium with inoculum size 2×107 conidium and incubation at 32ºC for 15 days and the concentration of gliotoxin was (4511µg mL-1)..

This study aimed to detect the celiac disease by using serological markers including AGA and Ttg. Celiac disease (CD) is a complex small intestinal disorder due to a dysregulated immune response to wheat gliadin in children and adults. A total of 412 suspected patients with celiac disease of males and females with age rang (1-48) year, attended Central Public Health Laboratory (CPHL) Baghdad/ Iraq during the period between December 2015 - April 2016, only fifty patients with celiac disease with age rang 1-40 were confirmed by two serological test which were Anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) and Anti-Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) conducted by ELISA. The results, showed that 73 (17.72 %) of patients were seropositive AGA-IgA, and 83 (20.15%) were seropositive for AGA-IgG, whereas 67 (16.27%) were seropositive for both IgA and IgG of AGA test. The seropositive patients for tTG- IgA and tTG -IgG were 60 (14.56 %), and 69 (16.75 %) respectively. The seropositive for both (tTG -IgA and IgG) represented 53 (12.87 %) patient.

During cryopreservation, cells and tissue undergo dramatic transformation in chemical and physical characteristics. Thawing process is also an important step since the cryoinjury is not limited to the freezing process but may also occur during the thawing process. Laser by its photo-stimulation effect can improve the resistance to cooled storage of some human sperm and this will lead to improvement in the quality of frozen semen and in the potential of sperm fertilization. The objective of this study is to use laser as a method of thawing and its effect on human sperm motility and DNA integrity versus the thawing through room temperature. This prospective study carried on 70 cryopreserved semen samples. Each sample was prepared by centrifugation procedure, and divided into 2 parts, freezed and thawed by laser irradiation till melting for one part and by room temperature for other. The DNA integrity and sperm motility were assessed before vitrification and after the two methods of thawing. The results of cryopreserved semen samples showed that laser irradiation thawing has significantly increased sperm motility as well as a significant decreased DNA fragmentation (P< 0.05) versus room temperature thawing. Conclusion(s): Laser irradiation thawing of post freezing sperm improves post thaw motility and DNA integrity.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and many studies considered the infertility as a disease and so many couples complaining from unsuccessful assisted reproductive technologies procedures to overcome their problem. One of the reasons of this dilemma is the sperm preparation method when no optimum result obtained even by using any of media found globally. However Global sperm washing®, and FertiCult flushingTM media were proved their capability to obtain good results of certain sperm function parameters. Nevertheless, the studies that compare between these media were rare. Therefore, this study aimed to compare between Global sperm washing medium®, FertiCult flushing TM media that used for sperm washing before using the partner sperm for ART procedure. After detecting asthenozoospermia in sixty semen samples, they were divided into two groups according to medium used for sperm activation in vitro Global sperm washing medium ® (n=31) and FertiCult flushing mediumTM (n=29) groups.The semen analysis was done after 3-5 days of abstinence as recommended by the manual of WHO (1999). Certain sperm function parameters were recorded. Semen fluid samples were treated with sperm activation media (Global sperm washing medium and FertiCult flushing medium TM) by using direct swim-up technique for in vitro sperm activation test. A significant (P<0.05) improvement was noticed between the two media regarding active sperm motility grades A and B when using FertiCult flushing mediumTM compared to Global sperm washing medium®. Whereas no significant (P>0.05) differences were detected between the two media regarding sperm motility grades C and D. There was no significant (P>0.05) differences in morphologically normal sperm following in vitro activation by using the two media. It is concluded that FertiCult flushing mediumTM was better than Global sperm washing medium® in improving active sperm motility of asthenozoospermic men which can be utilized in future for successful of assisted reproduction.

The results of the experiment showed that the variety Santa was significant superior than Draga in leaf area, mean number of tubers.Plant-1, total yield. Plant-1 and the percentage of number of tubers with the size 1.5- 2 cm, which reached 9.3, 26.56, 6.34 % and 47% respectively there were no differences between them in the tuber sizes of 2-3 cm. The Draga variety significantly differ than Santa on the tubers size 0.7-1.5 and 3-5 cm and the ratio was 2.5% and 79.8%, respectively. The growing media M1 significantly superior than M2 and M3 in leaves area, numbers of minitubers and total yield.Plant-1 reached 26.26Dcm2, 19.69 minitubers and 427.37g .plant-1 respectively. The media M3 significantly differed from M2 and M1 in the tubers size 3-5cm and their ratio were 19.0%, 15.8% and 15.2% respectively. The Draga variety in M2 media significantly differed than Santa in M1 media in differed from tubers size and the ratio reached 20.5% and 10.1% respectively.
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Pants used in traditional medicine contain a vast array of substances that can be used to treat chronic and infectious diseases. One of these medical plant Viola odorata which a popularly known as “Banafshah” and sweet violet in Asia and Europe respectively. It is found in high altitudes of Himalyas, Europe and throughout North America. The study was designed to assess immunological (total and differential count of white blood cells), cytogenetic (micronucleus formation) and hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Viola odorata by using two doses 100 and 200mg/kg. In addition, these effects were assessed after an interaction between the two doses of the plant and methtrexte drug. Results:The results of this study indicated that Viola odorata had the ability to enhance immunity and reduced the frequency of micronucleus formation in bone marrow cells in addition to its hepatoprotective activity. Alternatively, the plant was able to counteract the damage induced by methotrexate 40 mg\kg.
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Abstract
The fig moth Ephestia cautella(Welker) is one of the most insect that cause damage to the stored date, the aim of this research is to isolate Bacillus thuringiensis from Iraqi soil, screening of the most efficient biological control isolate against Ephestia cautella larvae. Twenty out isolates belong to Bacillus spp., from pretreatment larvae of E. cautella by suspension of soil samples, 8 out of isolates identified as B. thuringienisis these 8 isolates appeared to be hydrolytic enzymes (protease, lipase, gelatinase and hemolysin) able to form biofilm. Seven isolates showed penicillin resistant and only one isolate was resisted chloramphenicol while all remaining isolates were sensitive for tetracycline, nalidexic acid and enoxane. Different range of their insecticidal percentage was found against larvae of E. cantella with appearance of darkening of their body. B. thuringiensis KS3 was the most efficient caused 80% killing, gave 3.7 mg ml-1 of LC50 comparing with 4.6 mg ml-1 for commercial B. thuringiensis kurstaki. SDS PAGE electrophoresis showed similar pattern of protein with the commercial strain.

Single cell protein (SCP) is known to be the total protein extracted from microbial cultures. In the present study, SCP was produced from the wastes of Cynodon dactylon L. using a mixed culture of Bacillus cereus and filamentous fungus Fusarium solani. The results revealed that best productivity was at pH of 7.5 using 0.5/100 mL of inoculum size (52 x 108 cell/mL bacterial cells and 105 conidia/mL of the fungus). The incubation time and temperature were investigated; 8 days of incubation at 30 °C were the best conditions for the production of SCP. The highest productivity of SCP as a dry weight was at the level of 4% of carbon source, and the SCP production reached a maximum level 81.5 g/L. Protein 28%, carbohydrate 17%, lipid 2.46%, ash 31.66%, phosphorus 42 mg/L, sodium 29 mg/L, potassium 35 mg/L, DNA 2%, and RNA 1.64% were determined in the SCP. In the toxicity assay, no aflatoxin was detected in the produced SCP, and the percentage of Ochratoxin and T-2 Toxin was 10.6 and 122.9 ppm respectively. The total concentration of amino acids in the SCP was 84.74 mg/100 mL, and it contained the followings: Lysine, Leucine, Cysteine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Valine, and Threonine. This work suggests that mixed culture can be used for production of SCP. Additionally, analysis of the produced SCP indicated that it has nutritional value, and thus it can exploit in the animal feed and possibly, as a substrate for energy generation.

The aim of this study is to induce resistance against Fusarium solani wilt disease in potato plants by utilization of UV rays. Results showed that the use of ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 254 nanometers to irradiate potato, category Bellini, produced (In vitro) at different periods 30, 60, 90 and 120 seconds resistance against the infection with Fusarium solani, which cause a Fusaristic disease of potato after conducting the artificial infection of the radiated and non – radiated plants after being adapted and transferred into the soil. The results also showed , after the passage of 7 days of artificial infection, that the radiation dose which is used for 90 second gave the highest rate of resistance against the disease depending on calculating the disease development rate (r), which gave the less value which is about 0.189 in comparison with the other time periods exposure. The results also showed the enzyme Phenylalanine Ammonia Layse (PAL)plant at duration of exposure to 90 second gave the highest concentration of the enzyme (PAL) reached T 44.4 units/ ml while the rate of the control reached to (38.5 unit/ ml) after seven days of contaminating with fungus pathogen.

In this study 50 ewes of native Awassi breed aging (2-5) years and their 62-offspring aging from birth to weaning was used and this study was carried out in the Department of Animal Production/Faculty of Agriculture/ Baghdad University, as well as at laboratories of Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology for Post Graduate Studies through the period from 1/11/2015 to 1/6/2016. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotypes of Growth Hormone (GH) gene and their association with the production, growth and reproductive traits. PCR-RFLP analysis of (GH) (973 bp) showed three various genotypes AA, AG, and GG with frequencies of 26.00, 44.00 and 30.00 respectively, the frequencies of the A and G alleles were 0.52 and 0.48, respectively. Effect of the genotype variation of GH was highly significant on fecundity rate while not significant on the fecundity ratio, as well as on mortality rate in lambs up to weaning. There was a highly significant (p≤ 0.01), effect of GH genotype on weight of lambs at birth and their weight gain at weaning, body length and chest circumference were also significantly affected in relation with different GH genotypes. The results of this study showed that the daily and total milk production as well as length of lactation periods of Awassi ewes also varied in relation with GH genotypes and in favor of ewes with genotype hybrid AG, while milk components were not significantly affected with variation of GH genotypes unless for proportion of milk fat (p≤ 0.05), in ewes with genotype GG. In conclusion, the study of gene expression of GH gene could be open interesting prospects for future selection program and also improvement strategies to sheep to maximize the economic income of the election and breeding genotypes that have achieved the best fecundity and milk production.

Cotton leaf- worm Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.) was considered to be an important economic insect pest on Solanacae plants, the insect cause damage to the seeding, leaves, flowers and fruits. The insect's life cycle was studied under four different temperatures included 15, 20, 25, 30C°, The Laboratory results revealed that the great influence of the temperature on the development periods of the insect stages being was 10.67 ,34.16 ,4 ,22.3 and 71.13 Days for eggs , larvae ,pre- pupae , pupae and total life cycle respectively eggs to adults was From at 20C°, while it was 3.2 , 15.5 , 1.1 , 8.6 and 28.22 days respectively for eggs, larvae, pre-pupa, pupae and to adults respectively at 30 C°. The temperature 15C°did not suitable for larval development, therefore,it was neglected.

This research conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the Alcoholic extract of Datura stramonium , Artemisia and chemical pesticide (Rizolex) against plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum on cucumber under laboratory and plastic house condition using three concentration 2,4,6%. The results of the laboratory experiments showed superiority of 6% concentration for each of Rizolex Datura, and Mugworts in inhibiting the growth of the fungus, in the Petri dishes to 0.0, 0.0, 0.6cm respectively with significant differences from the control 9cm. Furthermore, the plastic house experiment result also showed the superiority of the same concentration in lowering disease severity, the average of disease severity was 10, 29.33, and 58.33% respectively after 30 days of spraying with tested extracts with significant differences compared to the disease severity of the control 0.0%. When the fresh, dry weight and height of the plants were calculated at the end of the plastic house experiment, the superiority of the chemical pesticide appeared 7.61, 0.53 g 17.13cm respectively for each of the Datura, Mugworts Alcoholic extracts 6.83, 0.43g 15.83 cm, 5.31, 0.57 g 14.20 cm respectively compared with control treatment 3.75, 0.57g 12.17 cm, respectively.

Bacterial isolate was identified using vitek diagnosis; it's obtained from burns from Al-imam Ali Hospital which proved its ability to produce Urease by using Luria broth culture media because it is suitable for growing bacterial cells and for extraction of enzyme. Enzyme purification processes include precipitation with Ammonium sulfate, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration then the enzyme activity was measured for each purification step. The results of Urease purification that extracted from the isolate of Proteus mirabilis using ammonium sulphate showed that the specific activity was 4.71 unit/mg, and the best saturation ratio was (60%), the number of purification times and yield were 3.5and14.6% respectively. Furthermore, the result of purification using Ionic exchange - Cellulose DEAE was gave the specific activity 12.29 units/mg, the number of purification times and the enzymatic yield were 9.2, 8% respectively while the specific activity was 15.1units/mg and the number of purification times and the enzymatic yield 11.27and 14% respectively by using gel filtration.

Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of the scale insect, Parlatoria blanchardi density on some biological aspects of predator Chilocorus bipustulatus. Result showed that larval development periods are inversely proportional to the density of the scale insect P. Blanchardi. The shortest larval period was 20 days on the density of 80 nymphs, However, the period of larval development was increased to 33.5 days on the density of 25 nymphs with significant diffrences. No larvae can survive when reared on density of 10 nymphs. There was positive correlation between Predator efficiency and its survival with and P. blanchardi density .The lowest consumption was 643.6 nymphs/ day with 40% survival percent when on the density of 25 nymphs, while consumption increased to 1530.3 nymphs/ day with 60% survival percent when density increased to 80 nymphs with significant diffrences.The density of 65 nymphs was the best to rear the larvae because the the larval period was the lowest with high survival and no significant difference with the density of 80 nymphs.

This study was conducted on a sample of Iraqi patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) for both lupus arthritis and lupus nephritis. Blood samples were collected from 32 lupus arthritis patients with age ranged between 13 and 50 years, Female percentage was 96.87%. Another 32 blood samples were collected from lupus nephritis patients with age ranged between 16 and 65 years; Female percentage was 90.62%. For comparison, a total of 32 blood sample were also collected from normal individuals (healthy controls), with age ranged between 21 and 54 years, Female percentage was 53.12%. Relationship was studied between clinical blood parameters like total counts of white and red blood cells and platelets, hemoglobin concentration and erythrocytcite sedimentation rate (ESR) and the incidence of SLE. Results showed that there is no significant difference between count of WBC in lupus arthritis (8.47× 103 cell/ml ) and lupus nephritis patients (9.13× 103 cell/ml) and healthy controls (7.99× 103 cell/ml), while it was found that there is a significant decrease (P<0.01) in RBC count for both lupus arthritis (4.41× 106 cell/ml) and lupus nephritis patients (4.32× 106 cell/ml) in comparison with RBC count in healthy controls (4.98× 106 cell/ml). Results also showed that there is a significant decrease (P<0.01) in hemoglobin concentration in serum sample for both lupus arthritis (11.83g/dl) and lupus nephritis patients (11.79g/dl) in comparison with hemoglobin concentration (13.69g/dl) in healthy controls. On the other hand it was found that there is no any significant difference between platelets count in lupus arthritis (270.81×103 platelet/ml) and lupus nephritis patients (255.01×103 platelet/ml) and normal healthy controls (275.94× 103 platelet/ml). Results also showed that there is a significant increase (P<0.01) in ESR for both lupus arthritis (38.53mm/hr) and lupus nephritis patients (44.0 mm/hr) in comparison with ESR for healthy controls (13.09mm/hr). According to these results, clinical blood parameter including RBC count, hemoglobin concentration and ESR were regarded a clinical parameter for detecting SLE in Iraqi patients.

The research aims to highlight the role of polyphasic classification, which includes both phenotypic and genetic classification to determine and stabilize species characteristics within the genus Streptomyces, which is difficult to classify due to the large number of species and the large heterogeneity of phenotypic traits, in addition to its role in several areas, including Environments through resistance to many salts of heavy elements present in environments contaminated with hydrocarbons and their participation in the disposal of pollutants. In this study 6 isolates of Streptomyces obtained from 20 hydrocarbons contaminated and garden soil have been isolated and identified through phenotypic & genotypic characteristics using nucleotide sequence of the 16s rDNA gene by universal primers 27f & 1392r following strains were identified to two strains that similar to Streptomyces flavogriseus ATCC 33331 , two strains belongs to Streptomyces albus J1074 & two strains belongs Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Depending on 48 of phenotypic characteristic by using numerical taxonomy , average linkage method and simple matching coefficient (Ssm) using statistical program SPSS. The strains grouped to three clusters in hierarchical tree, the two strains belongs to Streptomyces coelicolor grouped in cluster A at similarity of 99%, the two strains belongs to Streptomyces albus grouped in cluster B at similarity of 95% & the two strains that belongs to Streptomyces flavogriseus accumulate in cluster C at similarity of 95%. The color of colony of all strain was grey to white ,the aerial mycelium of Streptomyces coelicolor was branched spiral & rectalflex, while Streptomyces albus have branched condense spiral aerial mycelium , Streptomyces flavogriseus produced unbranched & rectalflex aerial mycelium. all of strains produced earthy odor. The all isolates showed tolerant to Nickel sulphate, Zinc sulphate, Lead acetate& nitrate, Silver acetate, Titanium dioxide, Cobalt nitrate & chloride. Also all isolates showed sensitivety to Mercuric sulphate & chloride. The results showed that all of strains were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin10 μg, Gentamicin10μg, Vancomycin 30 μg, Amikacin 10 μg, Imipenem 10 μg, Tobramycin 10 μg. In phylogenetic tree the species clustered in three group also as in phenetic tree in similarity percent between (96.7- 99.4%) by Clustal W program and Maximum likelihood method, using Mega5.

استعملت المياه المعالجة مغناطيسياً في العديد من المجالات البحثية والطبية والصناعية والزراعية وغيرها. لذا أجريت الدراسة الحالية للتعرف على تأثير المياه المعاملة مغناطيسياً وبشدد مختلفة وهي 500 و 1000 و 1500 غاوس في بعض الجوانب الحياتية لقوقع المياه العذبة العراقية الذي يعد مكوناً مهماً في السلسلة الغذائية وهو Physa acuta (Drapanoud , 1805) وقورنت النتائج بتلك التي تعيش في مياه النهر غير المعاملة مغناطيسياً (السيطرة). جمعت عينات القواقع من جدول الخواجة في ناحية الإسكندرية – محافظة بابل باستعمال المغرفة العميقة. أظهرت الدراسة الحالية حصول زيادة معنوية في نمو الجسم للحيوانات قيد الدراسة ، كما زاد حجم الصدفة في القواقع فزاد معنوياً كل من طول (ارتفاع) الصدفة وطول فتحة الصدفة وعرض فتحة الصدفة وعرض الصدفة بزيادة الشدة المغناطيسية خصوصاً الشدة 1500 غاوس مقارنةً بتلك التي تعيش في مياه السيطرة. كما أظهرت تلك الدراسة حصول زيادة معنوية في قيم معدلات دليل نمو الصدفة لكل من القواقع المعاملة بمياه ممغنطة وبالشدد الثلاث والقواقع غير المعاملة ، ومنذ الاسبوع الاول من عمرها ولأخر اسبوع من حياتها. كذلك حصلت زيادة معنوية تدريجية في كل من قيم معدلات وزن القواقع المعاملة بالمياه المعالجة مغناطيسيا وبالشدد الثلاث مقارنة مع قواقع السيطرة ومنذ الاسبوع الاول للفقس ولأخر يوم من عمر هذه القواقع.

The study was conducted in the green house, in the college of Agriculture/ Department of Plant Protection in Abu-Gharib from 2. 2. 2015 to 25. 4.2015 to determine the pests of cucumber and the population density of them. Results showed that the white fly (Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), Thrips onion (Thrips tabaci ), cotton leaf worm ( Spodoptera littoralis (Bosid) ) and tomato leaf miner (Liriomyza sp.) were presented only during the study period. The highest population density of white fly occurred in the first of April, it recorded on the lower part of the plant, in comparison with the middle and top parts of the plant, it was 21, 6 and 5 nymph/leaf respectively, in the same period. While, the highest population density reached 0.1 larve /leaf for the cotton leaf worm in the three parts of the plant during last February to mid March and from last March to mid April.While, in the mid study, it was found in top part of the plant. It wasn't record any number in the middle and lower parts of the plant. Concerning Thrips onion and Tomato leaf miner infestation reported on the for cucumber from last March to the end of the study. The population density of Thrips onion recorded highest average on the middle part of the plant in comparison to the top and lower parts of the plant, which reported to be 12, 9 and 7 nl/ leaf respectively. While the highest population density recorded on the lower part of the plant were 2.5 larve/ leaf for leaf miner, in comparison to the middle and top parts of the plant which were 1.8 and 0.9 la/leaf respectively. The peak of infection of cotton leaf worm was 5.9 pore/leaf at the end of March and the lowest was 0.2 pore/leaf at the end of April, while the higher average of pores was 2.55 at lower part of the plant and the lowest was1.5 at the top part of the plant. The highest severity of the infection was 3.44 miners/ leaf for Tomato leaf miner at the first of April and the lowest was 0.82 m/l at the end of March. The highest of the average infection was 2.83 in the lower part of the plant. While it reached to 1.69 in the top part of the plant. This results revealed that the insects under this study were preferred fresh leaves of the plant and suitable environmental condition which encourage infection.