AL-Rafidain Engineering Journal (AREJ)

image segmentation is often the most time-consuming part of image processing
systems. Traditionally, systems employing real-time color-based segmentation are either
implemented in hardware, or in very specific software systems. This paper describes an
FPGA implementation of a skin color segmentation based on a neural network. The proposed
segmentation approach is an essential stage for face detection. The system uses a multilayer
feedforward neural architecture with three-inputs, one hidden layer, two output neurons and a
pipelined saturating linear activation function to simplify the FPGA hardware
implementation. The system was tested by using different colored face images for face
segmentation problem and its performance was compared with the results obtained using
advanced software system designed specifically for face segmentation. A comparable
performance was achieved and a speed up of (64583) was estimated compared to a Pentium 4,
2.4 GHz general purpose sequential computer and when it is compared to reduced instruction
set computer IBM RISC 350 station, it was (407).

The computer program is prepared for applying Montecarlo simulation and modeling for
single-electron nanocrystal memories. The nanocrystal memory device of (5×5) quantum dots
is used for studying the relationship between, geometrical dimensions, electrical characteristics
and charging effects for single electron static programming characteristics. The nanocrystal
inter-dot effects are included. All parameters got in the memory simulation programming are
studied and discussed.

This paper present the digital implementation of multiply-accumulate (MAC) circuit of
artificial neuron using FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) including three types of
nonlinear activation functions: hardlims, satlins and tansig. A VHDL hardware description
Language codes are used to implement the neuron using XC3S500E-FG320 Xilinx FPGA
device. The simulation results obtained with Xilinx Foundation 8.2i software are presented.
The results are analyzed in terms of usage percentage of chip resources and maximum
working frequency.

Three different of Iraqi motor oils have been chosen ,Baghdad, Al Rasheed and
Babylon. Using viscometer Redwood No.2 to check the best performance of these motor oils
has done many experimental works. In order to get the value of thermal viscosity index of
new and used motor oils, plotting the relationship between Temp and Time for each Type of
oils. The results shown that the lower value of T.V.I mean that oil was the best. By the
application of the World definition for V.I oils and compare all the types of our chosen oils
with the two standard types of oils at 100F and 210F then plot the relaon betwe en temp
and viscosity also the relation between log-temp and log-viscosity ,we can show that when
the slope of the curve decrease as the temp increase which mean that the of viscosity
decreases with the increases of temp. In order to get more information about the
performance of these oils, the I.R infrared instrument has been used to get the relation ship
between the transmittance and wave number, by analyzing and normalizing the data
obtained from the above relation-ship .it is concluded that no noticeable change occurred
on furfural extracon ther e is in fact a cons i der abl e increase in the CH2/CH3 final ly, we can
say Baghdad oil is the best one then Al-Rasheed oil and Babylon oil respectively.

Bit-mapped images are prone to the jaggies (stair-step effect along edges) because the
computer uses small dots to build images. This effect is called aliasing and the technique
used to reduce it is called antialiasing. This paper investigates aliasing along straight line
segments or edges, its origin, and how it is affected by the orientation or slope of the
segment. A method for antialiasing or smoothing the straight line segments by modifying the
intensity of the pixels is presented. Hardware implementation of this method is finally
formulated and tested using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA).

Two soil samples were selected to study the salt affected soil in Nenava province.
Leaching experiment was study in laboratory. Sodium behavior during leaching process was
contacted on two salt affected soil collected from (F10, N16) irrigation units of AL-Jazera
project with four types of water (Distilled, Tigris water from AL-Rashidia district, well water
from AL-Namrood and Khosser water) leaching was stopped when the leaching water collect
100 ml at 1 parts Each part 10 ml. The leachates extracts were analyzed for PH, Ec and cation
(Na+, Ca++, Mg++).

Two soil samples were selected, one of them from Rashidia and the other from
Namrood location in Nenava. Electrolyte concentration used were (50, 150, 250 mmole-L -1)
prepared using chloride salt of (Nacl, Cacl2.2H2O) with ratio 1: 9 to 9:1 and SAR value
between (2.24- 40.0).
Wetting and drying experiment (irrigation frequency) was used. This experiment was carried
out using a salt solution (50, 150, 250 mmole-L-1)and ten irrigation cycle for PH, Ec, soluble
and exchangeable cations (NA, Ca, Mg). Wetting and drying (irrigation frequency) showed an
increased value of electrical conductivity, soluble and exchangeable, Sodium, calcium and
magnesium.

The unlicensed industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band at 2.4 GHz has gained
increased attention recently due to high data rate communication systems developed to
operate in this band. In this paper the investigation of the indoor electromagnetic propagation
and indoor radio channel characteristics have been performed at this band. Electromagnetic
waves propagate by means of reflection, refraction, and diffraction. Reflection mechanisms
are dependent on the nature of the surface, dielectric properties, polarization, incidence angle,
and material thickness. The effect of the incidence angle and material thickness on the
reflection coefficients for both horizontal and vertical polarization has been studied. Twodimensional
ray-tracing simulation has been performed to show the influence of building
electromagnetic properties on indoor radio channel parameters, signal level, RMS delay
spread, and coherence bandwidth. Results show the influence of the permittivity is more
important than the influence of the order of reflection considered for the ray- tracing model. It
is shown that, compared with power level, RMS delay spread is more sensitive to the building dielectric parameters. Maximum RMS delay spread is dependent on the dielectric parameters of the surrounded walls.

In this research, we have produced new modes for measure essential and physical
properties of architectural form in Ottoman mosques.
The research has adopted a literary approach in its analysis namely: Salingaros'
scientific measurement and Yules' statistical measurement.
The research methodology encompasses the application of this new modes for measure
on important mosques, the research also embraces the method of collecting data on building
samples. Theses include (7) building samples chosen according to objective criteria. Then, a
case study on these samples has been applied using a special formula. In consequence, results
relating to the research hypothesis have testified, then it reaches to final conclusions, which described those properties of architectural form in Ottoman mosques, then the research reached to accurate formal description for Ottoman mosques. As a case study according to this thesis.

This paper investigates study the influence of a fault resistance on the performance of
a digital distance protection installed on a transmission lines, it is well known that augment of
fault resistance can cause seriously overreach or underreach to distance relay depending on
the different operational situations of power system, To compensate the magnitude and phase
error of the apparent impedance, This algorithm uses the angle of an impedance deviation
vector (???? ). The impedance correction algorithm for ground faults has been employed
by the Fault Resistance Compensation Block (FRCB) to compensate fault resistance effect.
Artificial neural network technique using Matlab/Simulink software is trained to
determine the suitable value of an impedance deviation angle for the FRCB, In order to
minimize the estimated impedance error of a distance relay. The results of simulation showed
that compensated scheme relay performance are acceptably improve and the impedance
estimated by relay is close to the actual value via FRCB with ANNS. So the performance of
distance relay is much more reliable and accuracy.

The need for accurate, consistent laboratory tests of the volumetric properties of the hot
mix asphalt (HMA) has become increasingly important in the past few years. The objective of
this study was to evaluate the effect of re-heating and compaction temperatures on the
volumetric properties of the HMA mixtures. These effects were studied with two experiments.
In the first experiment, mix was compacted after 0, 3 and 20 hour's storage time. In the second
experiment, mix was compacted at three different temperatures; standard target compaction
temperature for the grade of asphalt cement in the mixture, target - 14oC and target + 14o C.
Above and under superpave restricted zone graded mixtures comprised of two sources of
aggregates, and one type of binder were compacted with the Marshall compactor machine and
their volumetric properties measured. The results show that there are significant differences in
volumetric properties as the mix stored by 3 hours or more and changes in volumetric
properties occur as the compaction temperature varies.

Experimental investigation is carried out to study the shear transfer of uncracked
fibrous concrete. The test specimens used in this study were of the push-off and modified
push-off type .The parameters investigated were the volume fraction of fibers, the amount of
stirrups crossing the shear plane, and the ratio of direct to shear stress. Test results showed
that the presence of normal stress and fibres increase the first cracking load and shear transfer
strength and this enhancement is more pronounced in specimens without stirrups in the shear
plane for both push-off and modified push-off specimens. The fibrous specimens showed
more stiffness, failed in a ductile mode, and experienced more strain capacity than plain
specimens without fibres. From the present test results, a regression analysis was done and a
prediction formula is proposed

In this research, a single-plane balancing method based only on vibration amplitude
readings has been adopted. This method has been thoroughly discussed including the
analytical basis as well as the practical procedure. Balancing according to this methodusually
performed by adobting the diagram procedure (Drawing). However; this researchunprecedently-
establishes a mathematical analysis base for this method which makes it easy
programmed, saving time and effort as well as attaining high-accuracy findings. As to the
current work; an experimental test rig prepared by AL-Taee [9] has been used to obtain the
required vibration measurement where they have been fed as input data into a (C) language
computer program that successfully accounts the magnitude and location of the weight
required to balance the test rig rotor, as well as allowing disk’s safe rotating process during its
running speed.

The effect of changing strain paths on forming limit curve of aluminum alloy Al
2024T3 sheet has been studied by determining forming limit diagrams after prestraining
theoretically . The method of calculating the shape of forming limit diagrams used Hosford
yield criterion (high exponent) with the Marciniak and Kuczynski (M-K) analysis to include
the effects of changing the strain path to several levels in (uniaxial, biaxial, and plane strain
tension).In this work it was found that theoretical forming limit curve, calculated using the
above analysis and yield function is closed to the experimental curve of complex strain path.

In order to improve the performance of broad crested weirs, forty weir models were
manufactured and tested and two hundred thirty six experiments were conducted in a
laboratory horizontal channel of 10m length, 0.3m width and 0.45m depth for a wide range of
discharges. The performance of broad crested weir was improved by introducing an upstream
face slope, rounding upstream corner and capping the upstream corner with a semi-cylinder in
order to reduce the effect of flow separation. Analysis of experimental results showed that
introducing an upstream slope face to square edge broad crested weir improved the
performance and gave higher values of discharge coefficient. Rounding upstream corner
increased the values of discharge coefficient and improved the performance of the weir. Also,
capping the upstream corner with semi-cylinder improved the performance of the weir and
gave higher values of discharge coefficient. Two empirical equations were obtained to
estimate the value of discharge coefficient in terms of effective head to crest height ratio,
upstream corner radius to crest height ratio and radius of cap to crest height ratio with high
correlation coefficients.