Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences

Iraqi economy has had great human and natural agricultural resources. Yet, the relative contribution of agricultural sector in the gross national product (Gdp) and the capital stock formulation(Cap) have been very low and decreasing since 1990’s. Accordingly, there is a great need for measuring and analyzing the behavior of(Cap) function in agricultural sector of Iraqi economy and determining the most effective economic variables on Cap such as (Gdp ) .The error correction model (ECM)was used as a dynamic suitable econometric model to analysis the cap function.
The results show the significant effect of (Gdp) and in agricultural sector and the existence of long run equilibrium in the results show that about 59%and 30%of the disequilibrium. The (Cap) in previous period (t- 1) can be removed in the present period (t) resulting from any changing or shocks in Gdp in both nominal and real (adjusted) prices respectively. Many recommendation were mode one of which is necessity for increasing the investment expenditure in agricultural sector in Iraq.

The importance of the private sector at the national level is measured through several indicators that show the extent of its contribution to achieving the goals of economic and social development in the country, such as (increasing national income, increasing employment opportunities, reducing unemployment, supporting the balance of payments, achieving balanced development in the country’s regions and regions, supporting government income and revenues, and others). The responsibility Common between the private sector and the public sector in managing tourism development in general and in achieving balance in the tourism labor market in particular, and the distribution of roles is necessary in order for the private sector to become an effective partner and complement to the public sector and not a competitor (in light of the emergency conditions and the unstable international and local changes that are economically and politically unstable that it is going through). The country) is increasingly important to activate its participation in the field of job creation and human resource development, which is a long-term human investment whose returns stimulate the advancement of all aspects of the national economy and its various sectors. .
And the Iraqi private sector has its long experience decades ago in investment and tourism development in the main sectors (hotels, travel and tourism companies, and the food and beverage sector), which is represented by several parties, but it was characterized by fluctuation between development and deterioration affected by problems and challenges represented by political, economic, legal and environmental instability, which weakened its role as a sector Entrepreneur and active participant in tourism development in general and in employment alleviating the problem of unemployment in particular

Increasing the use of renewable energy which depend on the renewable resources leads to reduce pollution of air and water and creating new jobs. this type of energy may use domestic resources in production and will protects our economy from External shocks when we consider security of energy. in addition to its low costs today and for long run. Therefore, Iraqi economy has to search to an optimal exploitation of renewable energy especially under conditions of the high allocations to expenditure on energy sector in the public budget of Iraqi economy after 2003. On other hand Iraqi economy has increasing rate of population grouch and increasing demand for energy. Iraqi economy has a lot of problems in the electricity sector.
This situation requires reexamination of its traditional strategy to developing renewable resources. This paper tries to study the horizons of renewable resources development and possibility to use it to support sustainable development and state budget. This paper is trying to answer the question:
Is using renewable resources can be supportive to state budget and financial policy in Iraq and its sustainable development?

Studies have concluded that the negative effects on Iraq in the event of its accession to the Agricultural Commodities Agreement at the World Trade Organization are greater than the positive ones, especially since Iraq’s trade balance in the field of agricultural trade in goods and services suffers from a large deficit from 2000 AD until 2020 AD, as Iraqi exports approach from zero, as it represents only 2.5% of the volume of agricultural imports. This deterioration is due to population growth, the convergence of security and political instability since the second Gulf War in 1990 AD, and the consequent decline in the means of production. Consequently, the Iraqi trade movement was subject to complex conditions, in light of the enormous competition with countries that enjoy comparative advantages or possess advanced technology in the field of agriculture, and that equation in the field of agricultural commodity trade was not in favor of Iraq commercially, this requires redrawing production and trade policies from New, to achieve balance in the balance of trade in agricultural goods and services for Iraq, as Iraq's signing of the agreement will tie the state's hand in supporting the agricultural sector.

In general, investment is one of the most important economic activities that contribute to the progress and advancement of nations. In our contemporary reality, intellectual property is an important and effective means of building the foundations of a market economy in any country. Higher education and scientific research institutions are supposed to provide a vital field for knowledge creativity and intellectual production.
Given the above data, the important question arises: Is our legal system in Iraq qualified to open investment horizons for intellectual property rights achieved from the aforementioned creativity and production outputs?
The answer to this question is the purpose of our research, as we sought through it to address the problem of tangible weakness in most of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research formations, in terms of their ability to enhance ways to invest intellectual property rights.
And by following the descriptive approach, supported by the analytical approach, we diagnosed the shortcomings in the joints of the legal regulation of the formations of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, and we noticed that this shortcoming was the reason for limiting the rise of these formations to the desired level in the field of knowledge creativity and intellectual production, so we recommended the Ministry Higher education and scientific research adopt legislative proposals that include provisions that decide to oblige industrial and commercial institutions to support the research process in the country and to allocate percentages of corporate and investment profits or tax deductions to finance the requirements of advancing scientific research and supporting researchers.

The global economy has recently witnessed a remarkable increase in the issue of foreign direct investment, as it is the most powerful and effective phenomenon in international economic relations, especially that the economy and its stability are directly linked to politics and its variables. As foreign investments contribute to the growth of the economies of the host countries and advance the economic and social development of these countries, as these investments create job opportunities and obtain advanced technology that contribute to advancing production. The research aims to measure the impact of these foreign direct investments in the Iraqi economy and the role of these investments in the development of the sectors of the economy for the period (1990-2020). A noticeable decline in foreign direct investment flows was caused by a number of political and economic factors in addition to the unstable security conditions and the spread of corruption in all parts of the state, and this was reflected negatively on the economic and social conditions of the country, so those in charge of the economy of this country should develop strategies and plans to benefit Of the available opportunities, especially investment opportunities.

Monetary policy plays an important and influential role in bank credit by directing it through direct and indirect methods, which improves economic performance and financing activity for productive activities. The research aims to analyze the relationship between monetary policy represented by the broad money supply and some of its indirect tools and bank credit provided by commercial banks. Weak, the research problem lies in the fact that the Iraqi economy lacks investment of all kinds due to weak financing activity, so commercial banks bear part of the responsibility to stimulate local investment activity and support the gross domestic product, and since the economy is rentier, there are other trends in the economy that are more influential in Bank credit is one of the tools of monetary policy, due to the distortion of production relations and the regression of the economy in exchange transactions and foreign trade. The research found the inconsistency between the temporal trend of the broad money supply and the tools of monetary policy in bank credit during the research period.

This research aims to diagnose the role of the manufacturing sector in the Iraqi economy after 2003 by analyzing the trends of structural change in GDP, employment and capital formation, the general budget and the structure of foreign trade, and diagnosing the most important structural changes that occurred in the manufacturing sector at the level of Branches and transformative activities.
The research used the structural analysis method, to reveal the relative importance of each component of the economic structure, and the research found that the trends of structural change in GDP, employment and capital formation, the general budget and the structure of foreign trade were a variable dependent on the contribution of the oil sector to the output. In conclusion, the research recommended the need to provide government incentives as an effective way to push industries to invest in industrial products with high added value that promote sustainable growth to reduce dependence on crude oil exports. Which confirms the urgent need to adopt new industrial policies in Iraq aimed at raising the level of economic diversification to improve Iraq's contribution to the global product space with the aim of accelerating the achievement of the goal of structural transformation and confronting structural imbalances.

The research gave increasing attention to the issue of the agricultural economic surplus as one of the components of agricultural growth and its mechanisms, especially in developing countries, and that the behavior of the agricultural surplus, whether in developed or developing countries, will give an important economic indicator of the direction of development in them. The problems of agricultural economic development in Iraq, and then identifying the challenges facing the Iraqi economy for the advancement of the agricultural sector and determining the effects that the agricultural economic surplus can have on the economic growth rate of Iraq that was chosen for the period 2004-2018. Agriculture in Iraq is approaching a large part of self-sufficiency cultivation, due to the lack of interest in the agricultural sector and neglecting the element of technological change, which reduces the calculated agricultural surplus, and traditional agriculture works to reduce the collection of capital, which results in low revenues, which leads to leakage of the economic surplus Away from the endeavors of agricultural growth.
المق

Recently, the global economy has witnessed a remarkable increase in the issue of foreign direct investment, as it is the most powerful and effective phenomenon in international economic relations, especially since the economy and its stability are directly linked to politics and its variables. As foreign investments contribute to the growth of the economies of the host countries and the advancement of the economic and social development of these countries, as these investments work to create job opportunities and obtain advanced technology that contributes to advancing the wheel of production. The research aims to measure the impact of these direct foreign investments in the Iraqi economy and the role of these investments in developing the sectors of the economy for the period (1990-2020). A significant decline in foreign direct investment flows, and the reason was several political and economic factors, in addition to the unstable security situation and widespread corruption in all parts of the state, and this was reflected negatively on the economic and social conditions of the country, so those in charge of the economy of this country should develop strategies and plans to benefit of the available opportunities, especially investment opportunities.

The research aims to demonstrate the role of the dry canal in achieving economic and social growth in Iraq through linking with the great port of Faw and the corridors of economic development. The heart of the world is the average of the three continents (Asia, Europe and Africa), as the construction of the dry canal and its connection with the port of Al-Faw will enhance the economic and social development that will be achieved after the completion of the two projects, so that it will be a substitute for the Suez Canal, which leads to shortening the time, cost and safety in transporting goods, as well as On improving economic development in Iraq through revenues from transit fees derived from transporting goods that contribute to an increase in the gross domestic product (GDP), and the employment of manpower in transport, which constitutes an opportunity to reduce the unemployment rate in Iraq, as well as the drop in commodity prices due to the shortening of distances, specifically after the completion of a project The great port of Faw to be the important link in linking multimodal transport in Iraq to exercise its global role as it will change the sea transport map Global Re. Thus, the completion of the dry canal project is required to coincide with the completion of the Grand Port of Faw project, as there is no point in completing the port project and the completion of the dry canal project has been delayed.

Among the changes witnessed by the world is the increasing trend towards regional trade integration between economies seeking advancement and progress in both developed and developing countries to enhance their ability to compete in the global economy. In light of the Corona pandemic, global value chains faced pressures all over the world, as long chains were disrupted due to the measures accompanying the pandemic and losses increased, which prompted them to reconsider the strategy used and the participating countries. The pandemic provided opportunities for countries to enter the international arena by participating in chain links. Short global value to advance its regional trade.
The most important ways to participate in global value chains are through four links, the most important of which is participation in the trade in intermediate goods, by attracting direct foreign investments. On the other hand, it was stressed the need for policies to support and enhance this participation, which are essential determinants of the degree of the country’s participation in global value chains, which are the policies that affect customs duties and customs efficiency, as well as foreign direct investment policies, the quality of logistics services, and finally the determinant of political stability. Therefore, we will discuss international trade to know the most important partners at the regional and global levels and to know the countries that participate in the global value chains of the trading partners of the countries of the region.
The ability of companies and countries to participate in global value chains is greatly affected by the capabilities available to them, and the opportunities that must be well exploited. Transport and logistics, as well as attracting foreign direct investment, which play its role in enhancing the previous capabilities.

The research aims to present the cash and pledge credit granted by government and private banks and foreign banks operating in financing small industrial projects and to indicate the most important reasons for the weakness of their financing in the Iraqi economy. The research has reached a set of results, including:
1- The weak industrial credit of government banks and its small percentage compared to other government commercial banks.
2- The industrial credit of Al-Rashid Bank ranks first among government banks, or compared to industrial credit in Iraq.
3- I rank first at the level of local private banks. The North Bank for Finance and Investment ranked second, while the Economy Bank for Investment and Finance ranked third.
4- The United Arab Emirates occupied the leading position in the volume of industrial bank credit granted to manufacturing industries in Iraq, in both cash and contractual

Efficient bank liquidity management in the banking system contributes to reducing the possibility of exposure to banking risks that commercial banks may be exposed to continuously, represented by their inability to fulfill their obligations on the maturity date. Liquidity risk is considered one of the most difficult risks facing the banking system. Banking liquidity indicators and banking liquidity risk indicators through the data envelope analysis program to measure and analyze the efficiency of the Iraqi banking system, considering the first as inputs and the second as outputs in the process of evaluating the efficiency of liquidity management for a sample in the research.
The problem of the study is that the Iraqi banking system suffers from instability in the economic, political, and security environment, and severe fluctuations and various shocks cast a shadow over uncertainty in the future, which makes pessimism prevail among the owners of commercial banks, especially private ones, and this requires examining the efficiency of the Iraqi banking system according to this environment because liquidity An important factor for the economy to be important and in high security.

The study aims to indicate the extent of the impact of the concentration of the credit portfolio on the level of banking security for a sample of Iraqi commercial banks (Middle East Investment Bank, Khaleeji Commercial Bank, Baghdad Commercial Bank, Sumer Commercial Bank, Mansour Investment Bank, and United Investment Bank) for the period (2010-2019), and the study attempted to answer On several questions, including what is the degree of structural credit concentration in Iraqi commercial banks? What is the level of banking security in Iraqi commercial banks? Does the degree of concentration of the credit portfolio affect the level of banking security in the study sample banks?
To identify the nature of the relationship between the variables, the study adopted a hypothesis stating that there was a statistically significant effect of the degree of concentration of the credit portfolio on the level of banking security. To a set of conclusions, the most important of which was that there is a general tendency for all banks in the study sample to follow the policy of concentration in the credit portfolio, to achieve the largest return regardless of the degree of risk to which the bank is exposed, and there is no noticeable effect of the degree of banking concentration (HHI) in the indicator Banking safety in the study sample banks. In conclusion, the study came up with a set of recommendations, including the need to work to reduce the level of concentration in the credit portfolio of commercial banks and to diversify the portfolio to reduce the risk ratio.

The new global variables regarding banking transactions have produced modern methods of payment commensurate with the development taking place in the digital system to provide banking services that currently have a future outlook with the practical and scientific application of a modern banking philosophy. This study focused on the strength of the impact of electronic payment methods (as one of the aspects of the electronic system) on the sustainable banking behavior of the customer in its seven dimensions (motivation, sustainability, emotional control and control, perception and response, communication, intelligence, customer satisfaction). This study aims to define the general framework of the interrelationship between the simultaneous development of the customer's sustainable banking behavior and the development of the banking institution itself. The researcher used the methodology of statistical and philosophical analysis of the inherent relationship between the two parties (the customer and the institution), where a questionnaire was applied to a sample of department officials in ten governmental and private banks. The researcher reached a specific framework for that relationship in which the strength of the influence of these electronic means on the adaptation of sustainable banking behavior towards the customer becomes clear, in addition to that the greater the intensity of the adaptation, the greater the sustainability of the customer's dealings with it.

There are many components of the investment climate in Iraq, including political, economic, and legislative stability, the decline in the phenomenon of corruption, and the development of infrastructure. And the political and the spread of the phenomenon of corruption in various economic sectors. Accordingly, the investment climate in Iraq, and despite the advantages and guarantees offered to investors through the Investment Law (13) of 2006, which encourages attracting investments to Iraq, the phenomenon of rampant corruption in state institutions prevents attracting investors, including bureaucracy and bribery, which leads to the length of completion of transactions

Since the creation of human beings, he began to ask about everything that surrounds him in order to learn and to know about many things around him. Questions are the fastest, clearest, and most effective tool for accessing information. The method of asking questions by the researcher to the respondent or recipient varies according to the subject of the study that you want the researcher to perform, including observation or interview. Or the questionnaire and the goal of these three types of data collection tools is to obtain true information about the phenomenon being studied.