Journals geographic

تعتبر دراسة (تحليل الكمي لشبكة طرق النقل البري الرئيسة الرابطة بين محافظات الفرات الأوسط) من الدراسات التي يراعي فيها الارتباط بين مختلف الظواهر ويعزى سبب ذلك أن هذه الظاهرات لا يمكنها الاستغناء عن شبكة النقل كون النقل ركزه أساسية في توطنها , وعلى هذا الأساس اختير لهذا الدراسـة خمس محافظات تشكل جغرافيا منطقة الفرات العراقي الأوسط وهي (كربـلاء, بابـل, النجـف, القادسـية, المثنى) ,إذ بلغ عدد سكانها نحو(6850785) نسمة من سكان العراق لسنة (2018), وبلغت مساحتها (98870كم2) من مساحة العراق الأمر الذي رسماتجاها ومسارا على امتداد المدة الزمنية من سنة (1950-2019) ,حيث بلغ عدد طرق النقل البري الرئـيسة الرابطة بين المحافظات أعلاه وبين بقية أجزاء العراق نحو (41) طريقا وهي في تزايد مستمر, وشكلت أطوالها لسنة 2019 نحو(1495.09كم), ألا أنها لاتزال دون المستوى المنشود لخدمة الحركة والاتصال بين الناس , لذلك كان لابد من رسم سياسـة تخطيطية في منطقة الدراسة , فهي بحاجة فعلية لعملية تخطيط يتم من خلالها دراسة الإمكانات المتاحة والاستفادة منها في تحسين الأوضاع الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافي.

The economic, social and political circumstances, represented by the low standard of living for the families of these children, the pressures that they receive from their parents, the wars that the country has gone through and ethnic conflicts, all these factors have pushed children to be an early labor in order to assist older categories.
The age of category ranging from ( 5 - Less than 15) years old, instead of directing attention to children, they shoulder the early responsibility of older categories. Early labor has multiple impacts, including economic loss of human capital as a result of their lack of enrollment or dropout from education, social represented in their acquisition of unwanted habits and behaviors, and security one states the abuse of children by the extremist parties that give some money to the children to implement their malicious and criminal intentions.
This study aimed to study the demographic composition of working children in the city of Hilla through knowing their numerical and age distribution and showing the difference in that, the fact that these children are one of the important groups in society that must be taken care of and to provide all their needs for a proper upbringing because of their great role in community service In the future, caring for children leads to the production of mature human capital that contributes to the development and building of society, and vice versa.
The number of working children in the city of Hilla reached 412 working children, and the percentage of employment has spread widely in the sectors of Al-Zuhor, Al-Salam, and Al-Fardoos quarters due to deprivation and poverty among these children is families.
The percentage of males was higher than females, with the number of males reaching 397 working children, with a total percentage 96.3%, while the number of females reached 15 working children, with a total rate of 3.7%. the age groups of males began to increase from the group (8 less than 10) years up, in contrast to the age groups of females that rose only from the age group (10 less than 13) years old, because of the early marriage for females, and there were no available works for the women beside the fear from the street ambiguity.

The interest of Prof. Dr. Abbas Fadel Al-Saadi has clearly emerged within this branch of human geography, as it occupied the largest share of his efforts, and was represented in his numerous writings and his treatment of related problems. On the other hand, he is the author of a great continuous series of research that exceeded 150 research papers 75 of which were in population geography distributed according to places of publication and participation. Forty-nine papers were published within academic journals. Nineteen papers participated in conferences inside and outside Iraq. Sever articles participated in seminars and Scientific studies inside and outside the University of Baghdad. These contributions have been subjected to multiple addresses that have kept pace with the course of events and the problems of the times, to have a distinctive imprint and impact in offering treatments and finding ways for decision-makers to confront and overcome these obstacles.

The study focused on knowing some of the characteristics of the population of the city of Al-Haidariya during the time period (1977 - 2020) and the factors that led to the creation of the demographic structure of the city, both quantitatively and qualitatively, by studying the size and growth of the population and the distribution of the population according to residential neighborhoods and size groups according to the number of population and the density distribution of the population and the proportion of Population concentration in the study area

The study aimed to reveal the exposure of women in the province of Qadisiyah and to know the most important factors that affect a phenomenon that makes it different spatially in the province, which is one of the provinces of the Middle Euphrates in Iraq. The General Population (1997 AD) and some of the data obtained for the year (2007). Its data was supplemented by the field study for the year (2020 AD), which was represented by the questionnaire form. It was distributed to a sample of 1752 polygamous forms, which were selected according to approved statistical methods to choose the optimal sample size. The analytical method was used, which deals with the study of the phenomenon as an analytical study, and the data of the current study was analyzed and processed automatically using the ready-made statistical program (SPSS Package for Social Sciences). To measure the response rate for each paragraph of the study, and the standard deviation of the dispersion of the response to.

This study included determining the extent of groundwater contamination in heavy elements in the Um-Rahal area, located in the northwest of AL-Muthanna Governorate.The field work analysis of (40) samples of water from (20) sites, as water samples were taken during two seasons: The first season during February, and the second season during August of 2018, analyzes were heavy elements (Cu, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni, As, pb). As for spatial analyzes of water properties, they were using GIS techniques, including the Moran's Index within the Arc GIS 10.5, which the pattern of elements. Groundwater for human uses due to the large pollution of with the element (Fe), and it was also found to exceed the permissible limits for the elements (Cu, Cd, Pb, Mn), as well as the absence of pollution in terms of the elements (As, Cr ,Co) according to standard specifications.

The study aims to assess the state of drought in Najaf Governorate using the
VCI Vegetation Conditions Index for the period of time ( - ). The VCI
plant index was used as a function to measure the level of aridity in the
governorate, since the level of vegetation cover in the region reflects the level
of aridity of the region, as the plant has an inverse relationship of levels.
Drought, meaning that the increase in vegetation cover is matched by a
decrease in dry areas, and vice versa, the levels of aridity in the region were
ـــــــ ةيفارغلجا ثوحبلا ةلمج ( ددعلا 43 / ) 0202 ـــــــ فجنلا ةظفامح في فافلجا تايوتسم مييقت

( 581 )
measured based on satellite observations for the period of the study for
years. The indicator was analyzed and it was concluded that there is a relative
increase in dry areas in the study area.

The research includes in its study the impact of dusty phenomena represented
by dust storms, rising dust and suspended dust, on the increase in respiratory,
neurological and psychological diseases for the population of NajafGovernorate and studying the impact of these phenomena on their violent
behavior represented in the study of murder, premeditated harm, theft, rape,
sodomy and other sporadic crimes, and the research consists of Four sections,
the first section included the theoretical evidence for research, and the second
section was devoted to explaining the characteristics of dusty phenomena in
Najaf Governorate, and in the third topic we studied the characteristics of dusty
phenomena in Najaf Governorate.
Characteristics of dusty phenomena in Najaf Governorate, and in the third
section we studied the characteristics of some behavioral and pathological
indicators for the population of Najaf Governorate.

The forms of weathering vary according to the nature of the factors that
help its activity, most notably the climatic characteristics and the mineral
composition of the rocks of the old buildings or those scattered over the
archaeological hill. It is worth mentioning that an archaeological site is hardly
devoid of weathering processes, whether on its surface in relation to
archaeological hills, or on its walls in relation to ancient buildings. possible.

The phenomenon of dust storms is one of the most prominent phenomena
suffered by the silt of najaf international air port , as the air port is subject to
repeated occurrence of several days during the year during the hot season
disrupting or delaying flights for several hours , causing economic losses to air
lines and health damage to travelers , the research consists of three section as
will as theoretical form work conclusions recommendations and sources the
first topic deal with the concept of dust storms and the reasons for their
formation in the study area and the second topic review the climatic
characteristics in the study , the third to the dust storms on the takeoff and
landing of aircraft at the international airport of najaf ,problem duration from
to the researchers found several related to the search

This paper deals with the study of the natural constituents of fruit production in
some administrative units in Al Damer locality, River Nile State, which is
considered one of the most important areas of fruit production in Sudan. . The
study used a set of research methods and data collection tools related to the
subject of the study, such as the historical, descriptive, objective, quantitative
and statistical method. The study also relied heavily on primary sources to
collect information, such as questionnaire, observation and personal interviews.
The study found that there is a group of natural ingredients that help the
development of fruit production in the study area. The study recommended a
set of recommendations to take advantage of these factors in developing fruit
production in the state.

The research aims to determine the relationship of air transparency with the
values of ultraviolet rays arriving at the study area (Mosul, Baghdad and Basra)
and the effect of air clarity on the values of ultraviolet rays arriving at the study
area. as the transparency of the atmosphere was calculated by a mathematical
model, and a mathematical model was also relied on to calculate the values of
ultraviolet rays reach to the earth surface, by making a correlation between air
transparency and ultraviolet rays based on the (SPSS) program to find out the
extent of the relationship between them. The research found that the values of
atmospheric transparency vary in the study area, where the stations (Baghdad
and Basra) recorded the highest annual rate of air transparency, which
amounted to ( ), while the Mosul station recorded the lowest values of
transparency, where the annual rate was about ( ), and from This shows
that the values of atmospheric transparency rise as we go from north to south
in the study area. The research also showed that the study area enjoys a good
percentage of transparency that allows most of the solar radiation to pass
through the atmosphere and reach the surface of the earth (the study area).
The study, as the study showed that the transparency and purity of the
atmosphere have a significant impact in determining the values of ultraviolet
radiation.

Cartography can be described as the science that is concerned with the map,
its preparation, its representation, its design, and its output. The geographer
elicits all information related to natural and human phenomena on the one
hand and on the other hand as an informational and cartographic source for
setting and preparing geographical maps, whether they are general maps or
objective maps. Visually, it achieves effective cartographic communication with
which it is easy to read, interpret and analyze it from the reader.In this
research, I will focus on the concept of cartographic communication, its
elements and components, and the factors affecting the balance of the
components of the map and achieving cartographic communication as well as
reading the objective map to achieve cartographic communication and the
practical stages starting from the stage Processing data up to the stage of
realizing and understanding the content of the objective map and
understanding it and clarifying the most important errors that fail to achieve
effective cartographic communication in achieving optimal visual perception,
and then addressing how to choose the best basic elements of the map and
design it by choosing its digital forms using one of the GIS programs

Najaf Governorate is one of the important agricultural governorates in Iraq, and
one of the governorates distinguished in producing important crops such as
wheat and barley, as well as other crops. In establishing agriculture and
production on the one hand, and the human ability to exploit and improve these
natural, human and economic factors on the other hand.
The research was concerned with studying the natural geographical
characteristics and their impact on agricultural production (crop), as the surface
features, climatic characteristics and soil types were studied in the
governorates of Najaf as well as water resources and these characteristics are
the basis for any agricultural activity, as well as discovering the geographical
distribution of crops (wheat and barley) For the purpose of knowing the spatial
and productivity differences between the administrative units in Najaf
Governorate. The research aims to know the effect of natural geographical
characteristics on the agricultural production (crop) of cereal crops (wheat and
barley) in Najaf Governorate, as well as to reveal the geographical distribution
of cereal crops (wheat and barley) in the administrative units of Najaf
Governorate.

This study aims to identify the extent of the impact of population growth on the
educational sector. The study relied on the descriptive and analytical
approaches, which are based on the study of population growth in the city and
development in the field of the educational sector in different stages of data
and information processors collected from various sources to achieve the
objectives of the study. The study reached a number of One of the most
important results is that the growth rate in Najaf during the period ( -
)
was higher than the rate of development in the various fields of services, due
to the large increase in population numbers resulting from natural increase and
immigration from other regions, The study also found that the educational
sector suffers from overcrowding in the numbers of students, especially in the
basic stages, in addition to a poor distribution, which constituted a great
pressure on it, and this was reflected on the level of the educational sector and
the services it provides to citizens. The study recommends reconsidering the
previous structural plans of the city, taking into account the reality and the
recent organizational developments and population growth that has occurred in
the city, and the provision of educational services and public facilities to meet
the increasing numbers so that they are commensurate with the requirements.
Keywords: geographical analysis, population growth, educational services,
natural characteristics, population characteristics