URUK FOR HUMANITIES

Soil is one of the important resources whose formation takes millions of years, and its important role in human life has been the reason for many studies to take up this resource. The fragility of its joints, so it is important to invest them in an optimal way, and the field of research was the western plateau, which lies between longitudes (49 38° 55° 47°) east and two latitudes (4.29° 34.6°) north, and the borders were represented Spatial study in the western part of Iraq.

The research aims to clarify the effect of atmospheric depressions at the pressure level of 1000 millibar on the temperatures during the summer in Iraq. Al-Jazeera was recorded repeatedly during the month of May only, while no recurrence of it was recorded during the other months. As for the seasonal Indian depression, it has almost absolute control during the months of July and August over Iraq in general and for all days of the two months, and as for the temperatures, it became clear that they rise with the increase in frequency Thermal depressions, as well as the case for the smallest temperatures, as they rise with the recurrence of thermal depressions as well. This relationship was statistically clear through the use of some statistical methods represented by the Pearson correlation and simple linear regression. The statistical relationship between temperatures was inverse with the Mediterranean depressions and to a strong degree, the correlation coefficient reached (-0.8) in the Mosul station, while in the Baghdad and Basra stations, the correlation coefficient was (-0.9) for both, and the relationship of temperatures with the Sudanese depression was (-0.8) It was positive in the Mosul station of (0.1) and moderately positive in the Baghdad and Basra stations, where the correlation coefficient was (0.7, 0.6), and then returned to be inverse with the peninsula depression of (-0.7) in the Mosul station, as well as it was inverse in the Baghdad and Basra stations, where it was The correlation is (-0.6, -0.5), and it was also clear that the relationship was direct with the seasonal Indian depression in all study stations, as the correlation coefficient in the Mosul station was (0.6), while in the Baghdad and Basra stations, the correlation value was (0.8) for both of them, respectively.

The study aims to reveal the reality of the spatial variance of population densities in Muthanna Governorate for the year (2021 AD), and the appropriateness of the distribution of population density for each district and the variables affecting those densities (general - physiological - agricultural - physiological) on the basis of districts in Muthanna Governorate and finding the variance in the distribution using Standard degree, and it has been relied on (ARC GIS) technology in mapping and analysis. The study found that there is a spatial variation in the distribution of population densities on the basis of districts in Al-Muthanna Governorate for the year 2021 AD, and that there is a large discrepancy in the distribution, and the study showed that the highest percentage of population densities in the Governorate of Al-Muthanna (general - physiological - agricultural - physiological) was in Samawah district, with percentages (359.72 people/km2 – 1.19 people/km2 – 0.42 people/km2 – 2.13 people/km2), respectively, for each density, while Al-Salman district got the lowest rates at (0.25 people/km2 – 0.00 people/km2 – 0.00 people/km2- The study showed that the arable areas in Al-Muthanna Governorate for the year (2021 AD) amounted to (6323420 dunums / km2), and the study showed that the population densities in the Governorate of Al-Muthanna are low, as the governorate suffers from a low economic level, especially in the aspect agricultural.

Noise excites nerves and leads to a lack of mental focus and thus distracts the mental and mental serenity from the human being, knowing that this mental and mental serenity is one of the most important requirements of a quiet life and intellectual creativity. The human reaction to sounds and the degree of their impact on them varies according to their types, frequency, intensity, intensity, permanence, and the nature of the person himself.
Through the research, the concept of noise pollution and its emission sources, sources of noise pollution and monitoring sites for measurements of noise pollution in the study area were identified. Noise pollution was measured in the study area. It became clear that the sound intensity varied in the spatial monitoring sites and recorded a clear difference depending on the proximity and distance from the sound source and the difference in places, as the measurements of some sites exceeded the industrial environmental determinants of between (40-60) decibels out of a total of (19) sites, including (7) exceeded (70) ) The level decibels to which exposure causes permanent health damages, and the exposure of workers to the dangers of noise pollution and its health and psychological repercussions.

Geographical factors play an important role in stressing the environment, as they are the drivers of environmental change that are reflected in air quality as a result of the rapid development of infrastructure and the increase in demand for energy sources, the diversity of transport means and the multiplicity of land use. They are fixed and mobile, which constitutes a major damage to the safety of the population in the City .
The study has so responded to determining the concentration of invasive pollutants in the atmosphere of the city of Samawah, as well as physical pollutants (PM 2.5), in the summer, winter and the overall rate extract and compared with environmental determinants, where the overall rate of gas concentration (NOX) and (NOX) overtook the safe limits (0.02 PPM), (0.015 PPM), while Gas Conquests (SO2) (SO2) (O3) are within the secure limits (0.383 PPM), (0.03 PPM), (0.1 PPM), as not exceeded The pollutant pollutures with 0.343 (μg / m3), which is the quality and quality of the right to ensure the health of the population in the city of Samawah if environmental .

Global population growth rates, especially in cities (urban growth), have taken serious steps since the mid-twentieth century, especially in developing countries, resulting in pressure on land and its use within the city, on the one hand, and in the empty of the human potential found in the countryside, on the other. Hence the importance of the study in investigating and analysing trends in urban growth and comparing them between developing and developed countries with a view to drawing on developed countries' experiences in addressing this problem.
By reviewing global population and urban growth and analysing the size of the world's rural and urban population, a clear picture can be given of the gap in global urban growth rates and its comparison between developing and developed countries. The study found that the existing gap was the result of poor management of population development and poor population policies in developing countries, as well as rural migration to the city and its repercussions.

This study dealt with the identification of the natural ingredients that lead to the development of agricultural activity in the Samawa desert, which is characterized by dry climatic conditions, through those ingredients that include (climate, soil and surface and groundwater resources) and determining the impact of these ingredients on the spatial distribution of agricultural development and in diagnosing the nature of agricultural production and productivity . The Badia possesses the largest agricultural potential in the region. And that the development and investment of agriculture in the region in an effective and sustainable manner is now one of the important things for the development of this vital region and for the production of food, which has become the priority of food security for the state. The Badia of Al-Muthanna Governorate has an area of 46,254,5 km2 and constitutes (89.38%) of the total area. Al-Muthanna Governorate, which amounts to (51,750) km2, is one of the important areas that is characterized by its possession of many possibilities that can contribute to achieving a great deal of agricultural development, in addition to being the agricultural and pastoral support for the residents of Al-Muthanna Governorate, as the economic basis of the region depends largely on the agricultural sector, and the region is distinguished The diversity of the natural ingredients that can be invested and harnessed in the field of agricultural sector development and other economic development plans, As the economic basis of the region depends largely on the agricultural sector, and the region is characterized by the diversity of natural ingredients that can be invested and harnessed in the development of the agricultural sector and other economic development plans. The research aims to study and analyze the most important and most prominent natural components and the role that these components play in the development of the agricultural sector, and to study the repercussions and main dimensions that exist between agricultural activity in its current state and the natural potentials specified for it, as it was found that the natural components represented by the surface, climate, soil and water resources sections are prepared and appropriate To develop the agricultural sector in the Badia, while the human components are determined in the human being as a producer and consumer, and the research focuses mainly on the natural agricultural components. Accordingly, the development of the agricultural sector has become a necessary necessity in all societies, whether developed or developing, as it works to provide the population’s food requirements in quantity and quality, Providing job opportunities and achieving food security for communities.

The study showed that the load stuck in the waters of the Tigris River and its arguments in Maysan province is of agricultural importance in the past years because of the tomatoes it adds to increase soil fertility when conducting water irrigation, and has harms by reducing the efficiency of irrigation channels and building sand tongues in river streams as well as contributing to the damage of water pumps, especially during the flood season, as it was also shown that it is possible to estimate the load stuck in the waters of the Tigris River using some sports formulas Which depends mainly on the amount of water discharge of river streams on one side and some hydrological specifications of these sewers, which are expressed in digital terms on the other, and accordingly the total load stuck in the waters of the Tigris River before the branching of the petra table for the water year (2019_ 2020) About (164,712) tons and at the site of the city of Amara the outstanding load reached about (60,210) tons, and in The Castle of Saleh about (224,581) tons, as for the streams of the Tigris River, its suspended load reached the streams (Petra) Broad, Kohl, Big Hungary, Morgue) circa (3758, 2216, 6141, 3677, 4933) tons respectively, When using the laboratory formula based on the calculation of the concentration of suspended substances and water discharge, it was found that the total load stuck at the Tigris River site prior to the branching of the Water Year (2019_2020) was (582,178) tons, the site of the building was (155,640) tons, and the site of The Castle of Saleh amounted to about (582,178) tons. 111036 tons, as for the streams of the Tigris River, its suspended cargo for the same year was about (39739, 30225, 29876, 14050, 8450 tons for tables (Petra, Broad, Kohl, Large Hungary, Morgue) Respectively. Thus, there is a significant disparity between the two formulas mentioned in the estimate of the outstanding load of the Tigris River and its arguments in the province, and we believe that the laboratory formula for calculating the suspended load is the most objective because it is based on laboratory analysis of the concentration of suspended materials, while the mathematical formula depends on constants related to the hydrological status of the river, which may be affected by many environmental variables .

Constantine is considered the most important large city in eastern Algeria, which has benefited over the last decade from major urban projects within the framework of the State's orientations towards the modernization of the city and its sustainable development, the most important of which are: the Giant Bridge, the Great Hall of Spectacles, the international hotel chain, the tramway... and others, which have directly contributed to the efficiency of urban functions and to ensuring a balanced urban development of the city of Constantine; Where different actors interact.
In this research, we will try to shed light on the analysis of the role of new urban megaprojects in solving the various urban problems from which the city of Constantine (Algeria) suffers and to shed light on the opportunities it offers to achieve urban development there. . , in addition to analyzing the methods and methods adopted to promote urban sustainability in a time when it is known The city of Constantine has carried out numerous interventions related to urban rehabilitation and maintenance that have targeted historic buildings such as the Palace of the Bey and some old mosques and buildings aligned on the most important main road of the city center, in addition to the plans for the expansion of the hotel barn and the development of infrastructure within the framework of urban planning policies successive ones and their divergent spatial repercussions, with imagine some recommendations that would strengthen urban sustainability in Constantine.

The trends around the concept of water rationalization have evolved considerably and are no longer limited to the economic aspect and the physical, chemical and biological characterization of water properties, but include the social aspect that examines the human behavior of water use and the role of gender in providing water and reducing consumption and water waste.
Considering the environmental awareness one of the most important elements in dealing with the various environmental problems facing the human being, and this can only be achieved by disseminating environmental concepts through the family and the school as well as the role of the media influencing the implantation of these concepts among individuals about the importance of the environment and what is caused by pollution From the damages and problems that may lead to health and economic disasters, and the weakness of environmental awareness is a machine that causes its destruction, therefore a large part of the responsibility of environmental awareness rests with everyone by presenting the behavior that contributes to protecting the environment, by including the environment in its interests and prioritie

The research discusses the dialectical relationship between geography and the place, which is described as the intellectual container of space or spatial domain, The place itself is not a phenomenon, Rather, it is an intellectual framework and an abstract concept that does not really exist, Rather, it is related to our human sense, because we cannot perceive things unless they are biased in space and successive in time. The place consists of four dimensions symbolized by four variables (length, width, depth, and time). These dimensions are necessary to identify any geographical phenomenon, and the evidence for this is the reference of intellectual studies to geography as the science of space. The spatial view has existed since antiquity and is linked to it, despite its changing dynamics in content, goals and curricula, which were among the reasons for its development, but it did not prejudice its function and areas of interest. It is a conclusive guide towards understanding the spatial system and the spatial complex by geographers, and to give a clear and scientific idea to the geographers emerging from this philosophical dialectic, which became the goal of the research, which began with an introduction that contained the theoretical framework, Hence, the content included four topics, the first on the growth of philosophical thought of the place, and the second on the development of the idea of geographical territory, The third studied spatial processing in geographical studies, As for the fourth and last, it discusses spatial relations and regional development, The research concluded to multiple conclusions, the most important of which is that there is a strong relationship between geography and place because it represents the field or space in which the studied phenomenon is determined, Where geography finds itself in it with all its limits and its spatial and temporal relationships, and even its treatment of phenomena and its analysis is within the framework of the place with its four dimensions that any geographer must define to begin his study and reach hypotheses, then generalizations, then theories and perhaps he may reach laws.

In this research, the researcher dealt with the reality of water resources in Al-Muthanna Governorate, in terms of wasteful use of water in homes, farms and factories, which led to the depletion of groundwater and a decrease in the discharge rates of the Euphrates River, as the large volume of water loss is due to the old water networks and the presence of fractures In it, the use of fresh water for watering gardens, and for purposes other than drinking, as well as the use of old irrigation methods, in addition to the variation in the amounts of rain from one place to another and from time to time due to the occurrence of the research area in dry and semi-arid areas.All these factors resulted in a water scarcity in the research area, which led to the deterioration of the agricultural economy, in terms of the emergence of many problems and crises resulting from it, including the decrease in the per capita share of water to (less than 50 liters) per capita, the destruction of many orchards, and the shrinking of the area Agricultural lands, and because of the scarcity of water, the phenomenon of removing orchards and transforming them into housing units spreads, and industrial and commercial establishments have been established on agricultural lands.

Through this research paper, indicators of prenatal health care for women aged 15-49 were addressed at the level of the governorates of Iraq, and it included six indicators including (a visit to a specialist (doctor), a visit to three times or less, a visit to more than four times, the visit during The first months of pregnancy (4 months or less), the visit during the late pregnancy months (eight months or more), doing laboratory tests), and the data of the Ministry of Planning was approved as a report (Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey in Iraq 2019), and the data was processed statistically using the standard degree Through the statistical package Spss, and then the results are represented graphically by adopting the Arc GIS 7.1 program, and among the most prominent results of the paper there are spatial discrepancies in the indicators in which the social, economic and health status played a role.

The importance of the research, which focused on the reality of the infrastructure services for three basic and necessary services for the stability of the residents of the governorate’s countryside, is (the electrical power supply system, the motor vehicle network, the drinking water supply system). The field survey data that was conducted by the Muthanna Planning Directorate for all the villages The governorate (538) villages for the year 2020, In which the service infrastructure was studied in four axes, in addition to the conclusions and suggestions, the first axis dealt with the spatial distribution of the population and villages in Al-Muthanna Governorate, and the second axis studied the reality of electric power services, while the third axis dealt with the road network and its types, while the fourth axis focused on the system Providing the rural population with safe drinking water, The research found that (47.9%) of the rural population do not depend on the national electricity network throughout the day, in addition to the low services of the transportation network and the drinking water network, which requires conducting studies that are planned according to specific time periods and addressing the abuses that occur on those services .

Each of the human societies distributed on the surface of the earth has its distinctive population characteristics for it in terms of composition and composition, and it is difficult for two societies with similar characteristics, which prompted many specialists in this field, including geographers, to pay attention to studying population characteristics and show their spatial differences to reach real results that can Reliance on them in various development projects, and this research came in the president's goal to reveal the reality of population characteristics in the Rumaitha district and its spatial contrast, and for the purpose of achieving this scientific necessity required a division on three topics preceded by an introduction, as the first topic concerned By studying the size and growth of the population, As for the second topic, it included the reality of the spatial distribution of the population, while the third topic touched on the qualitative and age structure. The research concluded that there is a noticeable change in the population growth rates during the approved time period, as well as the variation in population density, and the high rates of type and dependency of the population. The research concluded a set of conclusions and recommendations.

There is a clear impact of the political transformations that affected the Iraqi state after 2003 on its political entity and its various structures, as the building of the state collapsed and internal and external influences ravaged it that undermined its political stability, which negatively affected the state’s effectiveness and performance towards its citizens, its development plans and its foreign policy. Political fragmentation and the spread of financial and administrative corruption in Iraq, in addition to the escalation of terrorist operations supported from abroad and the accompanying forced displacement, killings and kidnappings, with the aim of regressing the foundations of peaceful coexistence in the state and making it an arena for endless conflicts, since the stability of the state ends the justifications for the presence of the American presence in it, and even prepares the ground The occasion for Iraq to take its role at the regional and international levels. Therefore, this research came as an attempt to reveal those determinants and know their successive roles in the exacerbation of this phenomenon in Iraq and the possibility of reaching solutions to reduce it.

The importance of the study stems from the importance of the housing sector, as housing is one of the priorities and basics of human life after clothing. Al-Muthanna governorate represents the poorest governorate in Iraq, and this was reflected in the housing sector, as its growth rates declined compared to the population growth rates, which widened the housing gap.
The study aims to determine the housing deficit and analyze it spatially according to the administrative units in Al-Muthanna Governorate, in order to reach a comprehensive vision of the areas of housing deficit, and to develop appropriate plans and strategies to enhance housing units in order to achieve quantitative and qualitative efficiency in the housing sector.
The study concluded that there is a gap in the housing sector amounting to (34,731 housing units) which constitutes (26.3%) of the total housing units in Al-Muthanna Governorate. The housing institutions, whether in the public or private sectors, have been reluctant to perform their task in providing housing units.

Women represent half of society in promoting efforts aimed at achieving comprehensive development. Development depends on developing the contribution of both sexes - males and females - in its plans and programmes, and neglecting one of them constitutes a waste of human resources and the failure to achieve maximum benefit from them. Hence the importance of this study as an attempt to shed light on its developmental reality, which would affect its integration into work. Accordingly, the research showed a high percentage of economically active females with their high educational level, but the indicators of their contribution to the labor force are low with spatial variation, as it is clear that the service sector attracts higher percentages, and one of the main reasons for the low contribution of females to work is the inability of the economy to absorb labor and provide opportunities It is appropriate to her and the social view of women’s work outside the home, as well as their low percentages in positions of influence and decision-making, thus depriving them of making radical changes in labor and development policies, which calls for the need to find effective solutions for them to deepen women’s contribution to the labor market, activate their role in the development process, change wrong social practices and correct The negative stereotype that detracts from its rights.

This study aims to reveal the natural and human geographical capabilities and their role in achieving sustainable development in the northern of Dhi Qar Governorate, through the optimal use of the available capabilities in order to advance the reality of the region, as well as identifying future development needs reality in it. The study has a descriptive approach and an analytical approach, and the study has reached a set of results, the most important of which is the presence of a group of natural and human ingredients that the study area enjoys that form the basis of sustainable development if it is optimally exploited, and these ingredients are represented in the presence of plain lands that contribute to the establishment of agriculture and the construction of irrigation channels Extension of transportation routes, as well as the availability of natural resources that contributed to the establishment of industries in the study area, such as the oil industries, the brick industry, and the asphalt industry, as well as the availability of tourism components represented by the presence of a number of archaeological and religious sites, and the presence of human potential represented by the productive category, represents the cornerstone For the sustainable development process in the study area, and despite the availability of all these ingredients, It still suffers from many social problems, foremost of which are the high rates of poverty and unemployment, and a significant shortage in the provision of community services, and these are the basic indicators by which the quality of life is measured.

The importance of the study comes from the phenomenon of illiteracy as one of the levels of the educational structure of the population and demographic studies, and the importance of reading and writing as a human right, and the fact that the low level of education of the individual will negatively affect the individual at all social, economic and health levels The aim of the study is to reveal the variation in the distribution of the illiteracy phenomenon in the Najaf governorate according to administrative units and according to the environment.To achieve the goal of the study and reach satisfactory results, the descriptive and analytical approach was adopted and used, and quantitative methods were used, due to the need for population studies and their reliance on numbers in most of their studies.
Illiteracy is also the biggest enemy and the basis in the battle of human development, as illiteracy is one of the major problems suffered by many members of society, especially the poor among them in all parts of the world, as this phenomenon constitutes evidence of the economic and social disparity between the poor and the rich, and it represents the most prominent The main obstacles that impede the economic, social and cultural development of all countries of the world.

Industries small occupied a distinguished place among the countries of the world due to the diversity and multiplicity of their projects, and small industries play an important role in the development of economic activity in any country and in any region. nationally and in the manufactured products of countries
Small industries work to provide job opportunities and improve the standard of living, especially as they meet the population's requirements for goods and services, which helps to raise the value of production, increase profits, invest capital and eliminate unemployment that is exacerbating day by day. In Muthanna Governorate, small industries are one of the important activities. Which plays an important role in the economy, despite the many problems and obstacles that hinder its progress to the required level that hinder its growth and development.
Therefore, the research includes small industries in the Governorate of Al-Muthanna and their geographical distribution among the centers, districts and districts of the governorate, which amount to (808) small industries,It is classified within four industrial sectors, namely the food and beverage industries, the clothing and textile industries, the wood industries and furniture made from them, the metal products industry and auto repair, The total number of employed people reached (2419) workers, and the governorate’s district center represented in the city of Samawa got the largest percentage in the number of employed and the number of small industries, where the total of small industries (441) small industries and the number of workers (1323) workers, The research also dealt with the most important basic concepts of small industries and their importance and effective role in contributing to the employment of unemployed workers, in addition to the most important characteristics of small industries, and to identify the most important problems that small industries suffer from in Al-Muthanna Governorate and find some ways to develop and develop them.

The aim of the research is to know what crises are and what are their most important negative impacts and repercussions on society in general and on small industries and industrial services in particular in light of the Corona pandemic crisis, and knowing the importance of health awareness and the danger of the spread and infection of a disease virus Corona among the population, as well as knowledge of the negative effects and its impact on small industries and industrial services, and what are the damages caused by the epidemic to the population of the research area, especially the owners of industrial workshops, laboratories and small industries as a result of government preventive measures.
And the researcher seeking to find an answer to the questions raised in the research problem
1- What is the impact of the spread of the Corona virus in the study area?
2- What is the impact of the crises resulting from the spread of the epidemic on the owners of shops and industrial workshops in the study area?
3- Are the governmental preventive measures a positive or negative impact on the activity of services and small industries?
The research is based on a descriptive field study and that the study area is the largest area of the Shula municipality of Kadhimiya district and consists of a number of residential shops, where it suffers from many problems, including the reality of housing and overcrowding of the population as well as the low standard of living and weak purchasing power, and this has a lot of implications. Sat on the health and livelihood reality in the study area, and the research deals with the material and moral damage caused to the owners of small industries and industrial service workshops as a result of isolation, complete closure and staying at home to prevent the Corona virus, whether through anxiety and fear or leaving work and exposure to unemployment and poverty.

The great technological progress is the merit to allow all segments of society to use the Internet in its various tools for expressing their opinions and follow their beliefs, and hence, criticism of its opponents. This was reflected in the diplomatic work greatly, which generated a new branch called digital diplomacy, which prompted Israel to exploit it to influence Arab public opinion Through the ease of access to the Arab community without going through the traditional diplomatic paths through the establishment of a special section for this matter affiliated with its Ministry of Foreign Affairs, by relying on social media platforms that bear names in Arabic at times and the names of Israeli political and military figures at other times, which provided a great opportunity to strengthening and establishing relations with Arab countries that represented by signing Abraham's agreements with the United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Bahrain, and creating social cohesion with most societies of other Arab countries.

The research deals with a vital topic represented by studying the geographical potentials for investing renewable energy and choosing the most appropriate sites for the establishment of renewable energy projects in Al-Muthanna Governorate. This is because the governorate is characterized by being a suitable and appropriate environment for investing alternative energy sources for oil, exploiting them and directing them for promising development purposes in various projects. Renewable energy sources are free, inexhaustible and environmentally non-polluting. One of the most important renewable energy potentials available in Al-Muthanna Governorate is the large amounts of solar radiation that can be invested in the production of solar energy. The annual rate of direct solar radiation can reach (15.44 MJ / m 2 / day), while the annual rate of total solar radiation can reach (19.81 MJ / m 2 / day). The wind speed and direction are appropriate to be exploited in power generation, as the wind can produce an estimated energy of (27.65 Watt /m2/hour) as an annual rate. Solar salt ponds can also contribute to generating electricity economically in the Governorate of Muthanna, due to the availability of salt in abundant quantities, the availability of large areas and the proximity of salt sources, which reduces its economic cost. As for the energy generated from waste by recycling and safe disposal of it, it contributes to the protection of groundwater from pollution. That is, per day, approximately (305.6) tons of waste is produced (244.48) megawatts of electricity are produced per day, to be exploited to meet the governorate's need of electricity

The research seeks to review the Chinese approach towards the countries of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf and its premises, especially with its geopolitical dimensions. The relations of the two sides are of a great deal of importance imposed by mutual interests, the desire to develop and develop relations, and most importantly, the mutual awareness of the strategic need. Especially with China putting forward the project of the world's economic century (the One Belt - One Road initiative) in 2013 AD, which links the continents of Asia, Europe and Africa to enhance cooperation and develop relations between the countries of the Road Belt, which countries in the study area are the most important stations.

The study included evaluating the hydrogeological characteristics of the underground aquifer in the northwestern part of the Badia of Muthanna Governorate, and the field work included determining the locations of pumping wells, as six pumping wells and two monitoring wells were relied upon. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the water at the beginning and end of the pump. And it was found that the main aquifer is the Dammam formation aquifer, which is an unconfined aquifer. Through the study, it became clear that the thickness of the aquifer increases as we go to the southwest of the study area and decreases towards the north, at a rate of (63 m). In addition, the study showed when using the method (1946 (Cooper-Jacob), in the curve of the relationship between time and level, the rates of hydraulic properties of these wells were high, and ranged between (excellent - high), as the rate of water Transmissivity (T) reached (1640.1 m 2 / day), while the rate of hydraulic conductivity (K) ) (43 m/day), which is classified as a natural resource of great regional importance

Residential movement means a change of residence within the city's administrative boundaries or internal urban migration of the city’s residents. The phenomenon of residential movement is one of the distinguishing features of cities and urban life due to its close association with urban planning, general trends for the growth of cities, and the change in population distribution. The current study aims to: understand the reality of the housing movement within the city in terms of patterns and trends of this movement, shed light on the most important causes, and identify the rates and types of housing. Mobility in the city of Samawa, and to achieve this, was benefited from the data of a residential and population survey that includes (37068) Families (residential units), and the questionnaire distributed to the study samples was used to collect data about a study.
The results of the present study showed that the general trend of residential movement in the city of Samawa is to move away from the city center towards the outer area. Moreover, most of the movements occurred between residential neighborhoods and not within them, indicating that residential movements may cross relatively long distances. As for the reasons for moving, the most common reasons were buying or building a house, then other reasons come, such as the desire to get better housing, increase in family size, and high rent.
As for the characteristics of the movers, the study showed their differences in age, educational level, monthly income, housing type, and ownership. The study ends with some observations related to future studies and research.

The study aims to reveal the extent of the influence of climate elements on the characteristics of surface water represented by the qualitative characteristics in the waters of the Euphrates River, and to find statistical relationships between the studied variables. As for the third topic, it dealt with the statistical relationship between climatic characteristics and qualitative characteristics, and the field study included the identification of (8 sites) in the Euphrates River that were distributed spatially, to take water models and analyze them laboratory at the College of Agriculture / University of Al-Muthanna, as (13 elements) were examined and analyzed (and for four seasons) during the year 2020, and the study found an increase in the concentrations of total dissolved salts (TDS) in the waters of the Euphrates River, ranging between (2654-3954 mg / liter), as well as an increase in the concentrations of most of the physical and chemical elements, and the statistical analysis showed the effect of the elements The climatic characteristics of surface water have different correlations, as in the correlation (evaporation) with water temperature.

Renewable energy sources are of great importance at the global level due to their cleanliness and few environmental impacts as well as being inaccessible, and despite these characteristics that are not available in other energy sources, they face many geographical determinants that reduce the importance of their production and the most important of these obstacles is the nature of weather and changing climate Daily, monthly and annually in the governorate, as the variation in the values of solar radiation, temperature, wind speed, dust quantity, as well as the rate of water discharge, all of these factors negatively affect the efficiency of electrical energy production from its renewable sources. In the province of Najaf, it can be invested to produce electric energy, such as solar energy and biomass energy, and some of these sources do not encourage natural conditions to exploit them, such as wind energy, hydro energ,. The research also identified the most important site in which solar energy was actually invested in the study area.

The objective of the research is the spatial and temporal distribution of tourist sites in Al-Manzara district and its geographical distribution by administrative units and the distribution of natural and human factors based on official recorded data. The research works on the distribution of natural factors from the site, surface, climate and soil. Human factors have been distributed according to the classification of population growth and extraction of population growth rate through the years (1997-2007) and (2007- 2020). (1997_2020), and then spatially disaggregated by natural, religious and archaeological sites and their potential for tourist investment.

Indeed, ideological extremism and violence lead to a political and economic conflict between the parties responsible for the governance of Iraq. This is the weakest framework for building the state, especially after the historical opportunity that came to the political decision-maker, especially after the end of the totalitarian regime (dictatorship) era in 2003. The fragility of the Iraqi state played a major role in turning to the extremism of the political decision-maker according to sectarian (ideological) affiliation, not the homeland, and moving away from loyalty to the homeland and moving towards sectarian components that believe in violence and ideological extremism, which greatly affected peaceful coexistence. Violence and extremism became the ones controlling the building of the state along with the ruling parties that believe in revenge and regional loyalties.The article attempts to find solutions that believe in building a modern state that includes ensuring peaceful coexistence away from violence and intellectual extremism, in addition to believing in citizenship and belonging. The research also dealt with the problem of state building after 2003, in addition to the most important foundations and rules that ensure the success of building the Iraqi state, and perhaps the most prominent of these foundations are political reform and the end of political and partisan bias resulting from the extremism of the ideas of the leaders of the blocs forming the government.

The research aims to study traffic accidents in Iraq for the year 2020. They constitute a humanitarian, economic and social problem. The research was based on the data of the Ministry of Planning, the Central Bureau of Statistics, and the data of the Ministry of Health and Environment. The research found that collision accidents constitute the first place with a percentage of (42%), followed by run-over accidents by (41%), then overturning accidents by (15%), and other accidents recorded low rates.

The natural characteristics have a role in choosing the appropriate sites for the implementation of renewable energy projects in the desert of Muthanna Governorate, and they can be harnessed to reduce the total cost of the project, or to be avoided if there are suitable alternatives. These programs are nowadays the basis for any sustainable development processes.

The research deals with a political-geographical analysis of the Iraqi religious sects after 2003 and their impact on achieving peaceful coexistence, not the importance of this type of studies in light of global developments, and the growing interest in human rights and religious freedoms, given the dimensions that religious sects' problems have acquired, and the role they can play by including It serves national unity, with the aim of clarifying its concept, its size and spatial distribution in Iraq, the legislation that addressed its issues, and its contribution to political life. The level of ambition, and the research suggested amending some legislation, publishing statistical data for each sect, and holding seminars and conferences that encourage peaceful coexistence among the people of the same nation.

The term " modern Landshaft " or " changing Landshaft under the influence of human activity " refers to every natural Landshaft in which the interrelationships between its constituent elements have changed as a result of man's influence with his various activities.
Based on the foregoing, in this research, a study was conducted for the city of Damascus, which arose as a result of a group of zonal factors ( climate with all its components ) and irrationality ( structure and construction composition ) and the mutual influence between them.
The city of Damascus has recently witnessed a large population explosion that caused a disorder and resulted in a random urban expansion, affecting its environmental balance in general, and led to the occurrence of many environmental problems - which appeared due to the negative impact of man under the influence of his various activities - the most important of which was the problem of environmental pollution of its various types. (water pollution - air pollution - pollution with solid waste - noise pollution ................) it will be focused on in this research, which led to a change in the characteristics of the Landshaft city of Damascus.
The research relied on a main approach, which is the descriptive analytical approach in describing all the available information about the research area, in addition to analyzing the available data and working on linking and analyzing what the region was in the past and what it is today.
While the research concluded by suggesting some of the possible recommendations that help reduce the aggravation of the problem of pollution of all kinds in the city of Damascus.