Kirkuk Journal of Science

In the present work, the hydroxyl groups of starch polymers bonds with bioactive material
(Ketoprofen drug) by esterification process. (direct esterification and indirect esterification).
The modified starch polymers are characterized by some spectroscopic methods such as FTIR
,UV, H1
. NMR and C13.NMR. The degree of substitution (D.S) of the hydroxyl groups in
starch molecule was determined in all cases. The hydrolysis of modified starch polymers is
carried out in the heterogeneous phase in a buffer solution of pH (2.0 , 7.0 and 9.0 ) at various
temperatures (25, 37, and 45 Co
). The amounts of released Ketoprofen drugs were
quantitatively determined by using calibration curve method. Biodegradation (in vitro
degradation) of modification starch polymers is carried out by enzymatic cleavage (using
lipase enzyme) at pH 2.0 and 37Co
. The amounts of released ketoprofen were quantitatively
determined by U.V visible spectrophotometry by using the usual calibration curve method. In
general, it was found that the release in presence of enzyme was faster than in hydrolysis
process.

The reaction of one mole of Hg(II) acetate with two mole of 2-amino thiophenol gave one
mole of [Hg(2-apt)] compound. While the reaction of one mole of [Hg(2-apt)] with two moles
of MCL2 salt. Produced new complexes in general formula [M2{Hg(2-apt)Cl4] where
M=Pt(II) or Pd(II).All the prepared complexes were identified using FT-IR, 1H-NMR,13CNMR,elemental analyses (CHNS) and molar conductivity. The results exhibited that metal
bounded to the ligand via S and N in squar planer geometries.

An easy and simple spectrophotometric method was described for estimating
chlorpromazine Hydrochloride drug in aqueous solution. Where The method was adopted on
oxidative coupling reaction of the drug with p- nitro aniline in the presence of ceric(IV)
ammonium nitrate and hydrochloric acid solution an orange-brown product dye was
obtainded with maximum absorption at 525 nm. with moler absorptivity of 9.24×103
l. mol-1
.
cm
-1
and sandell's sensitivity of 0.0385 µg.cm-2
Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration
range of (12-46) µg.ml-1
. The method was applied successfully for the estimating the drug it's
on pure condition or in pharmaceutical preparations (Largactil drug).

Electrical Resistivity Method involving Shallow Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was
carried out in four (4)locations in AL Diwaniyah Electrical East- Substation site, AL
Diwaniyah province, South of Iraq, using the Wenner (α) array configuration with the aim of
determining the conductive zone for establishing suitable earthling medium in the area. At
each location, vertical electrical soundings with total spread of AB/3 = 30m were occupied
with ‘a’ varying from 1m to 10 m. The acquired field data has been interpreted by Edwards
formula, ID IPI2win software and Inverse slope methods. The result reveals between three
(4) to five (5) geo-electric zones which comprise of essentially silty clay with fully water
saturation condition . The resistivity ranges between 1.05 -7.3 ohm-m and thickness is 2.5 m .
The curve types obtained from the study area were QH and QQ types. The results reveal the
points characterized by a reasonable silty clay thickness that may serve the purpose of a good
earthling medium /protective soil material in some of the locations.

Naive Bayesian classifier is a fundamental statistical method that assents the conditional
independence of features values by minimizing the probability errors within the classes. In
practice, Naive Bayesian classifier often violated assumptions and is not robust to the noise
with multidimensional cases. A useful way to signify classifier is through discriminant
functions where the classifier assigns a feature vector to divide the feature space into decision
surfaces separated by multidimensional boundaries. In this work, Naïve Decision Surface
Network is proposed to build on discriminant quadratic functions that obtained for a
multiclass, multi features problems. The action all of covariance, variance and correlation
possibilities are addressed. An example is illustrated to demonstrate the computational and
analytical simplifications and the results showed less classification rate error

Secure Electronic Transaction protocol is a very large protocol in securing electronic
bargains in business online for the sake of privacy. The Data Encryption Standard (DES) cons
are that it is slow and short key (56 Bits). The typical attack for this one is the key exhaustion,
because of the progress in the computer devices. The goal of this paper is to offer a new
perspective so the protocol is more secure and fast, by using (AES) Advanced Encryption
Standard (128 Bits for 10 Round , 192 Bits for 12 Round, 256 Bits for 14 Round). Besides, it
has a comparison between Data Encryption Standard & Advanced Encryption Standard.

The present paper has dealed with two stages. In the first, an experimental set up of the
parabolic cooker with direct use has been made-up and studied at Renewable Energy Research
Center-University of Anbar. Based on experimental results, statistical studies by using Response
Surface Methodology (RSM) have been done to identify the optimum influential parameters and
estimate mathematical temperature model. In this study, parabolic collector parameters that can
effect on the Parabolic Collector efficiency are studied in more details. Six amounts of water are
used for measuring the increasing of temperature relative to the measuring time. Parabolic
Collector parameters are optimised with the consideration of single-response; temperature of the
working fluid (in terms of water). The achieved experimental results are analysed by the
desirability functional analysis DFA approach, and optimal levels of input factors have been
distinguished. ANOVA also has been utilized to recognize the assurance of powerful factors on
the response

The present study was established on the slaughtered ruminants in Kirkuk central abattoir
between June 1st till December, 31st 2015. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence
of gastro-intestinal parasites (GIPs
) of slaughtered grazing ruminants in Kirkuk province.
Fresh faecal specimens (n=276) were obtained from slaughtered grazing ruminants (85 sheep, 71 goats
and 120 Cattle) in Kirkuk province. The investigational processing represented as direct and
concentration methods were carried out using faecal direct smear, flotation and sedimentation protocol
to investigate the fecal specimens to determine eggs/oocysts/trophozoites of the parasites. The
obtained data showed that overall prevalence of GIPs
among slaughtered ruminants was
78.98%. Six different GIPs
species were recognized in the present study, namely:
Haemonchus contortus, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichuris spp. Ostertagia spp., Entodinium
caudatum, and Eimeria spp. The highest prevalence of GIPs was among goats (91.55%).
While, lowest infections was observed among cattle (69.17%). The highest recorded results
was Eimeria spp. among adult goats (42.2%), followed by S. papillosus (28.6%) in young
sheep. The lowest infection was 5.33% in adult cattle by Trichuris spp. By age groups, young
and adult goats showed the most prevalence of GIPs with infection ratio of 93.33% and
88.46%, respectively. Data in the present study revealed that the GIPs
prevalent rates among
grazing ruminants in Kirkuk province was about 79%. Adult goats seem to be the most
infected ruminants GIPs with Eimeria spp., followed by young sheep with S. papillosus. This
finding may be due to using unorganized traditional management systems in which huge
numbers of the animals are kept together.

In this research we prepared about 28 derivatives of five-membered heterocyclic
compounds (1,3,4-oxadizoles) in two lines , in the first line we used phenylhydrazide and in
the second line we used 4-hydroxy phenylhydrazide as starting material for cyclization, By
using eco–friendly efficient synthesis of oxadiazole derivatives through the reaction of
aromatic hydrazide with different substituted aromatic aldehydes by grinding them in the
presence of catalytical amounts of iodine.

More than 2 billion people, equal to one third of the world’s population, are infected with
tuberculosis (TB) bacilli, the microbes that cause TB. One in 10 people infected with TB
bacilli will become sick with active TB in their lifetime.
To assess treatment outcome and to evaluate the compliance of our patients registered for
anti-TB treatment at Kirkuk Center of Tuberculosis Treatment.
A one year prospective cohort study of tuberculosis patients (n=100) registered for antiTB treatment at Kirkuk center of tuberculosis treatment according to the World Health
Organization guidelines.
Among study participants, 100 patients (100%) were sputum smear positive, the 100 study
participant (100%) were tested for HIV. There was no TB-HIV co-infection .Among the 100
study participants, 90(90%) had successful treatment outcome (90 cured). The overall death,
default, were 3(3%), 7 (7%) respectively. There was no treatment failure. Active pulmonary
tuberculosis was predominant at age group (21-30) year, 31(31%) patients. Also there was a
significant association between the residence and tuberculosis, 77 (77%) patients were living
in urban area. Treatment outcome of the patients who registered in Direct Observation Treatment, Short
course therapy (DOTS) was successful.

In this paper, a technique of a piecewise-uniform meshes formed on an improvement
finite difference algorithm for finding derivatives of functions. The purpose was to overcome
difficulties which face numerical derivatives of functions with stiff formula, the main idea is
that the formula includes some terms that can lead to rapid variation in the graph of the
functions, which have recently been named singular layers in numerical analysis. The
fundamental numerical difficulty is related to non-physical oscillations of the solution
(instability) when the formula of the function dominates over the formula of its derivatives,
this is a characteristic of many fluid flow problems. The use of Shishkin mesh to find
derivatives of arbitrary degree and order is the novelty of this paper. The method was applied
to find derivatives of some examples until third order and the results were compared with a
previous study, mentioned in the paper, to derive the functions numerically.

Internet of Things (IoT) is an advanced application scenario of Internet and becomes
buzzword in current world of distributed application platform. Security is one of the biggest
challenges to the private and sensitive data processed through the IoT. In this research paper a
cryptographic algorithm technique is being proposed to provide more security of information
flowing through the distributed network under IoT system The proposed cryptographic
algorithm is capable of providing the enhanced security of data and information from the
sensor or Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sub systems of IoT to communication
network such as Internet to cloud storage. The main features of this proposed algorithm is the
simplicity, adaptability under distributed applications and its ability to encrypt and decrypt all
types of data

The geomatics study is one of the techniques used in the geochemistry to improve and
determine the chromatic anomalies using geographic information system(GIS), and to apply
statistical analysis to identify the quality of elements and chemical compounds that affect the
color change implications. Therefore, the present study involves a geometical study of the
chemical elements (Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Co, Ni, Cd, As, Cr, Tl, Zn, Cu) in 9 suspended
sediment samples that were collected along Tigris River between the Sarrafiya bridge and
Shuhadaa bridge(Baghdad) and were analyzed byInductively Couple Plasma – Mass
Spectrometry (ICP-MS).The elements (Pb, Cu, Zn) showed a strong positive relationship (r>
0.90) with colors (red, green and blue), indicating the contribution of these elements in giving
light colors to the color reflections of the studied samples which possess high concentrations
of these elements. The elements (Ca, Mg, Al, Mn, Ti, Co, Ni, Cd) have a negative correlation
with these colors, indicating the contribution of these elements to the dark coloration of the
reflections of thesewater suspended sediments

In this study a survey for the archaeological area of Tall-Arab (Kombat) has been done by
magnetic method using ( MCL-2 microcomputer magnetometer ) which can measure the
vertical component of the magnetic field. The studied area is located in Hay Al-Wasti which
is located at about 15 km to the south of Kirkuk center. It covers about 1320 m2
, with
dimensions ( 120 * 110 )m. In the beginning a reconnaissance magnetic survey has done in
order to choose the convenient measuring altitude of the sensor and the suitable station–
spacing. Measurement were taken from 50 cm height above ground surface, with 10 m.
station – spacing.
The observed magnetic reading were corrected for the daily changing of earth magnetic
field, while the normal correction was neglected because the space of the area is small and
terrain correction was not applied because the area is nearly flat and sedimentary. Then a
vertical field magnetic map was drawn from the corrected data. Many samples of
archaeological bricks and soil were collected from the study to measure their magnetic
susceptibility using the instrument ( SM-30 ). The magnetic data treated by applying different
methods such as the graphical and the polynomial analyses for regional– residual separation.
The qualitative and quantitative interpretation has done on the magnetic field map by using
different limited ways and the central anomalies have been identified on the remaining and vertical magnetic field map. The quantitative interpretation has done using the fore ward
modeling of chosen traverses by the program ( Mag2dc ). The qualitative and quantitative
analyses showed that the negative anomaly are a result of the existence of canals, trenches or
graves (cellars). Positive, linear-elongated anomaly reflect the existence of extended
archaeological walls that have been built from mud or backed clay. Positive, circular or quasicircular anomaly represent a base foundation for construction, which may have been
destroyed or disintegrated by influence of weathering or other factors.

The study includes measuring of some blood variables, measuring the level of the
effectiveness of the enzyme G6PD quantitatively and studying the different relations between
them in the blood of children with the disease of the rest of the children's hospital in Kirkuk in
the center of Kirkuk province. The study includes (60) children age group (1-10) years (46)
males and (14) female, in addition to (30) healthy children of the same age group as control
group (21) male and (9) female. The results show a significant decrease in the level of
efficacy of G6PD in children with bacillus disease compared to healthy (2.75 ± 5.04) IU / G at
the probability level (P00.01). The healthy people reach (1.5 ± 12.49) IU The results show
that children with G6PD deficiency have significantly lower levels (1P00.0) in Hb, RBC, and
PCV, with a concentration of 1.40 ± 0.30 g / 100 ml, 1012 * (1.03 ± 3.77) for each liter, (8.36
± 31.08%), respectively, whereas in the healthy, the concentration is 1.5 ± 12.49 (IU / g), 1.22
± 12.23 g / 100 ml, 1012 * (0.445 ± 4.476) per liter, (3.66 ± 35.90%), respectively. (P = .01)
in the white blood cell count as compared to healthy patients, with a level of 109 (3.96 ±
10.63) per liter. In the healthy, it is 109 * (2.3 ± 8.88) L.

The study deals with the study of environmental conditions and the evaluation of soil
pollution and sulfur water in Mashreq sulfur mine area before and after the cessation of sulfur
extraction in 2003. This is done by comparing the results of hydrochemical analyzes of the
water samples taken from the Tigris River and the water wells and soil samples taken from
the Mashraq and its surroundings, Extraction and productivity on the characteristics of surface
soil in the company's public through the results of hydroochemical analysis of water samples
taken in 2007 and previous years with 2017 and its resistance before and after extraction
stopped. The main source of pollution is the injection of hot technological water at 140 ° C in
the field. The main recipient of these pollutants as hot water and sulfuric means is the Tigris
River and the hydrogeological fact of the area. The soil and soil resources were particularly
important depending on their use. The extent of soil contamination was measured by the
relative coefficient of Erichment Factor. EF< 2 was found to be the result of natural and not
human activities due to the rocky natural nature of the area. The ecological hazard factor and
Pollution load index are within the permissible limits and there is no industrial impact on the
region. This indicates that the pollution is effective in the case of the company's business. In
case of stopping it as it is now, there is no effect of pollution.

The aim of this work is to study the effect of three types of heat treatments (AnnealingQuenching-Tempering) on the Hypo-eutectoid steel corrosion rate in water and salt solutions.
The results showed that the maximum corrosion rate was registered for the steel samples
treated by quenching in both solutions, and minimum corrosion rate for tempered samples,
while the corrosion rate of annealed steel samples was between them. It was found also the
corrosion rate of all samples were exposed to salt solution was greater than that in water
solution. The results showed also that the corrosion rate of all samples decrease with
increasing the time of exposing to the corrosion media. This is because the corrosion product
which form the isolation film protect the metal from further corrosion.

This research aimed to studying the pathological effects of intestinal parasite Entaneba
histolytica & Giardia lamblia on the Hemoglobin concentration and number of WBCs in the
albino mice by measuring the concentration Hb and number of WBCs after oral adminstratier
of the parasites and various concentrations of (1000, 10,000.100000) and periods fixed time
(week, two weeks, a month, two months) It was the follow-up changes that occur in different
concentrations of these parasites, this study shows increase in the number of WBCs and
decrease in the Hb.

Trachyte extrusion rocks exposed as dyke cutting Avroman carbonate formation that is
part of northwestern Zagros suture zone. Petrographical study combined with EMPA study
reveals that these trachyte rock composed of essentially Plagioclase and Clinopyroxene
minerals with occurrence of some accessory minerals such as Ileminete and Magnetite.
Secondary minerals of Zeolite facies (Analcime) and Serpentine minerals are present as result
of alteration and serpentinization process. The whole rock geochemical indicates that these
rocks are poor in silica and rich in calcium content. Upper continental crust indicate that these
elements are depleted in Large ion lithophil element(LILE) and enrich in high field strength
element(HFSE). Chondrite normalized rare earth elements are characterized by enrichment in
light rare earth element (LREE) relative to heavy rare earth element (HREE). Geochemical
data indicate that these rocks were generated from on enriched (OIB) mantle source formed
Within Plate (WIP)

The study conducted to know the effect of dehydration on Raphanusrapnanistrum growth
as broad leaf weed and wild barely as leaf weed addition to study the effect of Shefaleer
herbicide as integrated with three dehydration periods which included 3, 6 and 9 days besides
control treatment and two stages of spraying herbicide. The results showed that the Shefaleer
herbicide had high efficiency in Raphanusrapnaistm-n control but this herbicide didn’t show
any effect on wild barely. The results also indicated that the plant exo exposures to
dehydration periods caused significantly in creates of amine acid content and cytoplasmic
membrane signal damage so the results also showed significantly in creases of propene amino
acid content and cytoplasmic membrane signal damage so the results also showed
significantly decreases in chlorophyll total content according that in treatment control.

The experiment was carried out on tractors type KOTI model 2013 belongs to North Oil
Company/Kirkuk to study the effect of operating time at several levels: 100, 500, 1000, 10000
and 15000 hours of work in some hydraulic oil properties In the tractors. These properties
included: oil density, kinetic viscosity, viscosity index, water content for oil, flash point,
volumetric ratio of sediment, ratio of solids - ash content, spill point, acidity. The data were
analyzed using CRD design with 3 replicates for all time factor levels. The results showed that
the hydraulic oil density decreased by increasing working hours and reached 0.834 g/cm3 at
15000 working hours. The less kinetic density of hydraulic oil SWE20 Appeared at 100 Co, as
started to collapse gradually by increasing working hours until it reached a minimum level for it
4.92 cts at 15000 Hour, while the least viscosity index reached to 121 at 15000 hours of work
despite its declining, The moisture content was nil ppm, which is the best ratio of oils used to
lubricate the hydraulic system. The increasing of working hours showed stability in the flash
point at 170 Co for the oil, The results indicated an increase in the percentage of sediment by
increasing working hours by 0.079% at 15000 working hours, The ratio of solids and ash content
increased with increasing working hours which is reached 0.328% at 15,000 hours. The results
showed that the oil doesn't affected by increasing working hours and kept its spillage values low
and stable at extent –30 Co. While the acidity increased by increasing working hours and the
minimum value for acidity reached to 1.78 mg KOH/g oil at 100 working hours, In addition, the
machines that works permanently within gas pollution zones led to increase the acidity in
hydraulic oil and that affected to the all of the properties of hydraulic oil.

In this study, some of (pyrazole, pyridine-2-one, indazole and isoquinol-3-one),
compounds have been prepared which derived from the chalcone compounds. The chalcone
compounds have been prepared by reaction of cyclohexanone with substituted benzaldehyde
(1-5) and with cinnamaldehyde (6,7) and acetanilide with terephthalaldehyde (8-13) in base
medium, the resulting chalcones reacted with succinohydrazide using ethanol as a solvent to
produce substituted pyrazole (14-17) and using DMSO as a solvent to produce indazole (22-
28). also the chalcones reacted with substituted acetanalide using benzene as a solvent to
produce pyridine-2-one (18-21) in base medium and using methanol as a solvent to produce
substituted isoquinol-3-one (22-35). The prepared compounds were characterized using
physical methods, the precise analysis of elements (C.H.N), infrared IR and 1H-NMR
spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity were evaluated of these compounds also.

The study deals with geochemical distribution of cadmium ion in some geological
formations outcropped, in Kirkuk area, Northern Iraq. Fifteen samples were taken from Fatha
(Middle Miocene), Injana (Upper Miocene), Mukdadiya (Upper Miocene-Pliocene)
Formation (5) samples from each formation were collected. Induced coupled plasma (ICPMS) method used to measure the Cd ion concentration and other elements. Analysis done at
Vancouver labs in Canada. Cadmium (Cd) ion concentration in Fatha, Injana and Mukdadiya
formations are 0.117, 0.149 and 0.194 ppm respectively, which is below that internationally
reported value except the pebbly sand unit of Mukdadiya Formation which have values above
the international recorded.

Research on the maintenance, protection and restoration of monuments in the northern Iraq
city of Mosul, a tedious, lengthy and complex due to the many milestones and development of
methods and approaches on the subject if we take all the parameters with the lengthy statement
problems needed a more specialized work team and needs a long time.
Different work in maintenance and repair of buildings according to their financial ability,
artistic, cultural and heritage in all its aspects, there is the need for maintenance of that heritage as
an expression of respect for the past and care to continue the dialogue with him because that is
linked to the past with the present and looking to the future prosperous, sophisticated, and there
was seen a negative heritage and considers it a sign of backwardness of the past and the need to
get rid of it, this has caused the destruction of many monuments, in many Muslim countries.
Deep foundations were identified carrying the base of the minaret and determine the impact
of the foundations in terms of physical, chemical and mechanical result of age and exposure to
the boundary conditions. As well as conducting a general survey and measuring the deviation of
the Minaret and determine the areas affected as a result and the structural analysis and
identification of weaknesses that had caused the collapse of a minaret has also been conducting
Necessary tests and study the nature of the materials used in creating the minaret and the
vulnerability of these materials by external circumstances and study of mechanical properties.
As is the work of steel supporters inside the minaret with a suitable metal sections depending
"on structural analysis to be installed to the steel sections are embedded in the base of the Minaret
using materials such as epoxy bond Linking to an external Datum being installed after a minaret
by choosing a section of supporter

Research on the maintenance, protection and restoration of monuments in the northern Iraq
city of Mosul, a tedious, lengthy and complex due to the many milestones and development of
methods and approaches on the subject if we take all the parameters with the lengthy statement
problems needed a more specialized work team and needs a long time.
Different work in maintenance and repair of buildings according to their financial ability,
artistic, cultural and heritage in all its aspects, there is the need for maintenance of that heritage as
an expression of respect for the past and care to continue the dialogue with him because that is
linked to the past with the present and looking to the future prosperous, sophisticated, and there
was seen a negative heritage and considers it a sign of backwardness of the past and the need to
get rid of it, this has caused the destruction of many monuments, in many Muslim countries.
Deep foundations were identified carrying the base of the minaret and determine the impact
of the foundations in terms of physical, chemical and mechanical result of age and exposure to
the boundary conditions. As well as conducting a general survey and measuring the deviation of
the Minaret and determine the areas affected as a result and the structural analysis and
identification of weaknesses that had caused the collapse of a minaret has also been conducting
Necessary tests and study the nature of the materials used in creating the minaret and the
vulnerability of these materials by external circumstances and study of mechanical properties.
As is the work of steel supporters inside the minaret with a suitable metal sections depending
"on structural analysis to be installed to the steel sections are embedded in the base of the Minaret
using materials such as epoxy bond Linking to an external Datum being installed after a minaret
by choosing a section of supporter

Research on the maintenance, protection and restoration of monuments in the northern Iraq
city of Mosul, a tedious, lengthy and complex due to the many milestones and development of
methods and approaches on the subject if we take all the parameters with the lengthy statement
problems needed a more specialized work team and needs a long time.
Different work in maintenance and repair of buildings according to their financial ability,
artistic, cultural and heritage in all its aspects, there is the need for maintenance of that heritage as
an expression of respect for the past and care to continue the dialogue with him because that is
linked to the past with the present and looking to the future prosperous, sophisticated, and there
was seen a negative heritage and considers it a sign of backwardness of the past and the need to
get rid of it, this has caused the destruction of many monuments, in many Muslim countries.
Deep foundations were identified carrying the base of the minaret and determine the impact
of the foundations in terms of physical, chemical and mechanical result of age and exposure to
the boundary conditions. As well as conducting a general survey and measuring the deviation of
the Minaret and determine the areas affected as a result and the structural analysis and
identification of weaknesses that had caused the collapse of a minaret has also been conducting
Necessary tests and study the nature of the materials used in creating the minaret and the
vulnerability of these materials by external circumstances and study of mechanical properties.
As is the work of steel supporters inside the minaret with a suitable metal sections depending
"on structural analysis to be installed to the steel sections are embedded in the base of the Minaret
using materials such as epoxy bond Linking to an external Datum being installed after a minaret
by choosing a section of supporter

The present paper aims to determine the bulk etch rate (VB) of the nuclear track detector
LR115 type  using the track "length-diameter" (Le-D) measurement method. The detector
was irradiated with energies 1.8, 2.47, 3.29 and 3.95 MeV of alpha particles under normal
incidence. A 1Ci 241Am source emits alpha particles with the main energy of 5.485 MeV
was used in irradiation of the detector. The energies less than the main value are obtained by
changing the source to detector distance in air at atmospheric pressure. The alpha-irradiated
detectors were etched with a 2.5 N of NaOH solution at temperature 50±1oC, and then the
track diameters were measured. Using an alternative method presented by Al-Nia'emi and the
D-Le calibration method, the track lengths were determined from the directly measured track
diameters for different etching times according to the energies of the alpha particles. It was
found that the average value of VB was 1.1 m.h-1
, which is not extremely dependent on the
alpha particle energies. The result was compared to values recorded by other studies using
different methods of measurement.