Kirkuk Journal of Science

A new species of soft-winged flower beetles, Malachiusraniansis sp. nov.is
described and illustrated from Iraq. Distinctive characteristics for this species are
Mandibles bidental; Antenna serrate,11th segment tubular shaped 1.2 times as long
as 10th segment . Apical part of adeagus nearly tubular, basalcylindrical shaped.

Many new mixed ligand mercury complexes have been synthesized with LH
= 5(4-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thione and tertiary phosphines as co-ligands. The
compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, IR, molar conductivity,
and NMR spectroscopy. In the binuclear complexes (2-5), both Hg atoms have
tetrahedral geometry, the Hg atom bonded to three halide ions and one thione
ligand (LH) through the sulfur atom. The complex (6) show that thionlate ligand(L
)
is coordinated as monodentate through the sulfur atom. The
bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) behave as bidentate bridging ligand to
bonded two Hg(II) ions in the complex (7), Whereas in the complexes (7-10), the
thionlate ligand bonded as a monodentate fashion via the sulfur atom, while the
diphosphines ligands coordinated as bidentate chelating ligands, and the geometry
around the Hg center ion is tetrahedral. And in the complexes (11 and 12), the
phosphine bonded as monodentate ligand, and the thionlate bonded via the sulfur
atom as monodentate to give tetrahedral complexes.

With the entry of mobile phone in Iraqi 2004,communication companies began to
install cellular to worsen random ways but they ignore the safety conditions imposed
for the health and environment. This research concern with the risks and damage that
may be caused by radiation emitted from Asia cell base stations in Kirkuk city.
Research has been conducted by measuring the power density around base stations
using a radiation survey meter model (EMF Strength Meter 480846). First way of
measurements has been accomplished by using a constant height of 2meters above
ground for different distances ( 0-300 meters)while the second way at a distance of
150 meters for different levels above ground. The maximum measured power density
is about (0.65mW/m2). Results indicate that the levels of power density are far below
the RF radiation exposure set by (World Health Organization).

ract:
Pb(Zrx,Ti1-x)O3 (PZT) powder was prepared via solid-state reaction and
deposited on glass by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD). X-ray diffraction (XRD)
analysis carried out to investigate the phase structure, it was found that PZT thin films
with x=0.7 are polycrystalline with many peaks, and the results of Atomic Force
Microscopy (AFM) used to studied the samples topographic indicated the film have
grain size around 100 nm decrease to around 70 nm after annealing to 723 K. The
optiical properties of PZT films with x=0.7 studied at RT and 723 K. The absorbance
and transmittance spectra have been registered in the wavelength range (390-1100)
nm so as to examine the optical properties at vis-IR wavelengths. It was investigated
that the optical energy gap (Eg) increase when annealing temperature (Ta) increase.
An extinction coefficient, refractive index, real and imaginary dielectric constant were
sensitive to the change in temperature. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) to know
the identity and to study the vibrational frequencies between the bonds of atoms for
synthesized (PZT) Nanoparticles which found stretching at (3477.66 cm-1
) after annealing to 723 K. the interferometer used to determine the thickness of the
deposited film, it found of about 200 nm

Objectives: Assess pregnant women's Knowledge about complication of long hours
working on Pregnancy outcome.
Methodology: A descriptive study design , content A purposive (non probability)
sample of (80) pregnant women's whom aged are ranged from (25-40 yrs) that was
selected from North Oil Company ,from the period 1\5\2014 to 10\4\2015. A
constracted questionnaire consist of three parts sociodemographic characteristic,
reproductive characteristic and women's knowledge about long hours working data
were analysis thrugh application of discreptive and infreantial statestical approach.
Result: The study findings demonstrate that the following variable was contributing
significantly in the occurrence of complications on pregnancy outcome (fetus and
mother health) which include (age, level of education, smoking, and working stat). In
respictivly (67.3 %, 33%, 27.5%, 63.7%) Conclusions: long hours working can be interrupted as a one sources of complication
among pregnant women who worked more than 40 hrs weekly. The study
recomended.
Encourage the females to take adequate completely rest from long working at least
one month before delivery time.

Natural dyes from plants such as Stigma (Isatis sp.), Myrtle (Myrtussp.), Rosella
(Hibiscussp.) and crust of Walnut (Juglanssp.) fruits were extracted by 95% ethyl
alcohol or distilled water. Myrtle and Stigma weremixed dye with ratio 1:2,
respectively, also Rosellaand crust of nut fruits were prepared with same ratio.
Mixeddyes or stains prepared as alternative of Gram stainfor staining Gram negative
and Gram positive bacteria. The results showedthat the wall of bacteria were stained.
This is well comparable to Gram stain in respect to clarity, differentiation, and
economic cost.

Natural dyes from plants such as Stigma (Isatis sp.), Myrtle (Myrtussp.), Rosella
(Hibiscussp.) and crust of Walnut (Juglanssp.) fruits were extracted by 95% ethyl
alcohol or distilled water. Myrtle and Stigma weremixed dye with ratio 1:2,
respectively, also Rosellaand crust of nut fruits were prepared with same ratio.
Mixeddyes or stains prepared as alternative of Gram stainfor staining Gram negative
and Gram positive bacteria. The results showedthat the wall of bacteria were stained.
This is well comparable to Gram stain in respect to clarity, differentiation, and
economic cost.

The present study is aimed to evaluate the role of some markers in the diagnosis of
sepsis among SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) patients. The study
included 180 patients with SIRS criteria within 24 hour of admission. They were
admitted to different hospitals in Mosul city for the period from January 2013 to
January 2014. From each patient two blood samples were collected, one for blood
culture and the other separated by centrifugation and kept frozen for ELISA tests of
PCT, IL-1, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-13. IL-1, IL-10, IL-13 and PCT were having a
significant difference in mean between culture positive and negative cases. PCT was significantly highly elevated in patients with sepsis (P=0.004) with high
sensitivity (93.7%) and specificity (90.1%). Many combinations of markers were
used in the current study to find out the best combination of markers. The results of
using combined sensitivity and specificity of PCT together with 2 anti-inflammatory
cytokines (IL-10 and IL-13) were the best. They were an excellent markers with
100% sensitivity and the highest specificity.

Based on the Dai-Liao and Kafaki-Ghanbari methods, a new non-linear
conjugate gradient method is proposed. Under proper conditions, it is briefly
shown that our proposed method possess the descent property and generates
conjugate directions. We also show that the suggested method with Wolfe line
search conditions is globally convergent. Numerical results illustrates that our
suggested method can efficiently solve the test problems and therefore is
promising.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of VRSA among patients attending Erbil Teaching
Hospital and their resistance to community used antibiotics.
Materials and methods: Cultural studies using different cultures and biochemical tests were
done to ensure the identity of species under study. Susceptibility of the isolates for the
antibiotics test were done using discs of twenty two different antibiotic discs including
(Carbenicillin (CAR), Vancomycin (VA), Clindamycin (DA), Methicillin (MY), Cephalothin
(KF), Pipercillin (PRL), Nitrofurantoin (F), Cephalexin (CL), Rifampicin (RA), Gentamycin
(G), Chloramphenicol (C), Trimethoprim–Sulphamethaxazole (SXT), Ceftazidime (CAZ),
Polymyxin B (PB), Amoxicillin–Clavulanic acid (AMC), Doxycycline (DO), Amikacin (AK),
Oxacillin (OX), Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Cefixime (CFM), Cefoperazone (CEP) and Neomycin
(NEO).
Results: The results show that resistance for the antibiotics ranged from 26.31% to 98.61% for
DA and MY consecutively. 78.94% of those demonstrated resistance to MY have also found
resist to VA antibiotic. Thus, the current study concludes that some strains of S. aureus
isolates acquired genes that are able to resist those antibiotics.
Conclusions: In conclusion, the results of the current study showed an increase of
Vancomycin resistance among MRSA and excessive use of antimicrobial agents have
worsened the sensitivity, which call for further epidemiological studies.

The extraction of arylesterase from the aqueous extract of (peel and pulp) of
Annona muricata fruit was conducted using different biochemical techniques. It was
shown that, max activity was obtained in the pulp than in peel, and by using gel
filtration chromatography on sephadex G-75 for the pulp part, the solution of the
proteinous precipitate produced by acetone precipitation, contained three proteinous
peaks. The activity for peak A (1653) and peak B(2310.9) but the third peak C was
very low. while maximum specific activity was obtained in the second peak (B) which
showed (23107), (18366 ) IU/ml /mg for (A) and very low for the third one (C), and
(12.58),(26.531) folds of purification for B and A peaks respectively .Furthermore,
the comparative molecular weight of the partially purified isoenzymes arylesterase(peaks B and A) using gel filtration were found to be (92,129), (86,895) Dalton
respectively.
The optimum conditions of arylesterase were determined as maximum
activity was obtained using (9 mM) Tris – HCl as a buffer at pH (7.2), with incubation
temperature (37ºC), incubation time (25min) and (4mM) of phenyl acetate as a
substrate. Using Linweaver–Burk plot, it was found that maximum velocity (Vmax)
and Michaela’s constant (Km) had the values of (211UI/ml) and (2.8 mM)
respectively.

Theoretical calculations performed on the electron energy distribution
function (EEDF) and ionization coefficient (
 / N
) in pure Krypton
(Kr) and pure chlorine (Cl2) and their mixtures by using Boltzmann
transport equation. The numerical solutions are utilized within the
international computer code kinema-Elendif. The results have been
compared successfully with other researcher's results and there was a
good agreements. A set of electron cross-section data have been used in
the calculation. The calculated distribution function found to be
remarked non-Maxwellian that have energy variations which reflect the
import electron-molecule energy exchange processes. It is noted that a small quantity of Cl2 add to pure Kr affects the electron energy
distribution function and the ionization coefficient of the mixtures.

Vitamin D is a suparstar of our health. Sun exposure is the major source of vitamin
D for most humans, and the primary cause of vitamin D deficiency in women living
in Kurdistan is the lack of appreciation of the sun. Very few foods naturally known
to contain vitamin D, and these foods are not a part of these women daily meals. In
the first section of this study, the measured serum 25(OH), D levels for 1128 women
and girls were considered. Over 79% of these results were below the standard range
value. In the second part of this study, we use analysis with the Hight Performance
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method to elucidate the
ratio of Vitamin D between commercially produced eggs (non-organic eggs) and
Vitamin D in eggs produced by hens raised on pasture (organic eggs). Data showed
vitamin D content in organic eggs 7.66 fold higher than non-organic eggs. It is
clear that attention should pay to the vitamin D status of women in Kurdistan.

polyacrylamide and some of its copolymers with styrene and N-vinyl carbazole
have been prepared by free radical polymerization and some chemical modifications
by using bromine, xanthhydrol and mercuration with mercury oxide and mercuric
acetate have been done on polyacrylamide and its copolymers.
This study was carried out to remove dibenzothiophene from model light oil
(benzene containing DBT, 3080 ppm. sulfur content) by using the mercurated
polymers.The analysis of the resulting treated DBT solution to know the sulfur
concentration was obtained by using atomic absorption The mercurated polymers were identified spectroscopicaly using infrared
spectroscopy.

n this work sol-gel method used for preparing nanoscale iron
oxide ferrites dopant by copper and lithium, which carries the chemical
formula Li1-xCuxFe5O8 where x is the added ratio as molar ratio (x =
0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6 and 1), during the self- combustion for sol-gel
which happen at temperature of 200oC, after that the samples were
divided into four groups , the first group namely that have not been
annealed while the other groups ; the second, third and fourth were
annealed at 500oC , 700oC and 900oC respectively.
In this work the crystalline structure have a dominate phases
which have been studied by using the X-ray diffraction as well as examination of the electron microscope and examine the infrared -
mediated model of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer either the
topography of the surface has been studied by using an atomic force
microscope, examine the properties of electrical capacitive mediated
capacitance measuring device, resistance and the inductor also studied.
And indirectly through these tests was to know the size of the structural
unit of the crystal density theory and fixed lattice, as well as the size of
the grain has been measured by X-ray diffraction, while a microscopic
blocs have checked mediated electron microscopy scan scanner, either
measuring the size of the granules on the surface of the sample and the
coefficient of roughness has been measured mediated by an atomic force
microscope and the type of bonds that bind atoms in the crystal and the
type of crystalline eccentric may checked mediated infrared while
measuring the properties of capacitive and portability electrical
conductivity of the alternating current it may have been mediated by
checking capacitive properties.
he current study focuses on measuring the properties of capacitive, which
takes into account the effect of changing the copper content in the
samples and the degree of sintering temperature as well as the change
altered applied to the samples from the external voltage source, as well as
the loss of electric power when the power is in the passage of the samples

Scanning Hall probe microscopy (SHPM) has been used to demonstrate
the interaction of pancake vortices with the Josephson vortex lattice in
Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (2212) single crystals at large in-plane fields in the
‘‘crossing lattices” regime of highly anisotropic cuprate superconductors.
SHPM has been used to study vortex structures in the interacting
crossing lattices regime under applied in and out-of- plane magnetic
fields. The interactions between the pancake and Josephson vortices (JV)
depend on the values of crossing fields and temperature and the space
between chains varies inversely with the in-plane field. These chains are
clearly visible at very high in-plane fields HII~315 G over a range of out-of-plane fields 1.7- 6.8 G at 85 K. The study of such chains allows a
better understand the regime of crossing vortex lattices in highly
anisotropic cuprate superconductors.

Pb(Zrx,Ti1-x)O3 (PZT) powder was prepared via solid-state reaction and
deposited on glass by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD). X-ray diffraction (XRD)
analysis carried out to investigate the phase structure, it was found that PZT thin films
with x=0.7 are polycrystalline with many peaks, and the results of Atomic Force
Microscopy (AFM) used to studied the samples topographic indicated the film have
grain size around 100 nm decrease to around 70 nm after annealing to 723 K. The
optiical properties of PZT films with x=0.7 studied at RT and 723 K. The absorbance
and transmittance spectra have been registered in the wavelength range (390-1100)
nm so as to examine the optical properties at vis-IR wavelengths. It was investigated
that the optical energy gap (Eg) increase when annealing temperature (Ta) increase.
An extinction coefficient, refractive index, real and imaginary dielectric constant were
sensitive to the change in temperature. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) to know
the identity and to study the vibrational frequencies between the bonds of atoms for
synthesized (PZT) Nanoparticles which found stretching at (3477.66 cm-1
) after annealing to 723 K. the interferometer used to determine the thickness of the
deposited film, it found of about 200 nm.

In this study the mechanical behaviors of shaft and hub were
investigated by using the experimental tests by measuring the required
axial load during coupling and decoupling in interference fitting. The
surface roughness of the shaft and hub thickness effects on the
mechanical property of interference was studied. All tests were
performed for constant interference fit classes for three different
surface roughness of the shaft without changing the inner surface
roughness of the hub. Also four different outer diameters of hubs with
keeping constant surface roughness of the inner diameter of hub
studied, thus 21 samples of interference studied.
The analysis of variance reveals in this study is that the best
interference tightens condition is achieved at fine surfaces, the results
also show that the hub thickness effect and increases the stresses are usually generated immediately and reach maximum value in the inner
site of hub after the assembly completed. Finite element model of shaft
and hub was established, and the equivalent stress and contact stress
for different hub thickness were computed after interference coupling,
diameters in the thin hubs increase when coupling complete which
reduces the interference between the shaft and hub.

This paper describes the realization of the new configuration of an
active element namely, Z Copy Current Follower Transconductance
Amplifier (ZC-CFTA). In this study, the elliptic 6th order voltage-mode
(VM) Band-pass filter was configured based on the ZC-CFTA, which
operates at a high frequency of about 30 MHz. The active element also
contains floated and grounded inductance with one capacitor. The ZCCFTA which is an ABB (Active Building Block) is configured with a
passive element that is the 6th
order elliptic Band Pass Filter. The results
LT-SPICE software simulation using 0.18µm CMOS processing
parameter show that the designed filter could be operated at a supply
voltage of 0.9V and it offers the advantages of a small size and high
gain.

Background: Head lice infestation is one of the most important health problems
throughout of the world. The species which cause pediculosis in humanus beings is
Pediculus humanus capities.
Objectives: The aim of the current study is to estimate the distribution of head lice
among local and displaced secondary school girls to assess haemoglobin and packed
cell volume in Kirkuk city.
Methods: The hair of all students was examined by researchers and blood samples
were drawn from each student for determination of haemoglobin concentration and
PCV percentage.
A questionnaire form was filled for each student including personal and family
information. The student t-test was used to show significant difference of PCV and
Hb between lice infested and non infested students.
Results: The overall rate of head lice infestation among secondary students girls was
34.7% (displaced 42.7% and local 26.7%). The highest rate of infestation was among
16-18 years and lowest was among 13-15 years. The highest rate in displaced students
was among middle educated status, while in local students among low educated
status. The PCV and Hb values in infested girls were lower than non- infested ones.

Based on the Dai-Laio and Powell symmetric methods, we developed
a new three – term conjugate gradient method for solving large-scale
unconstrained optimization problem. The suggested method satisfies both
the descent condition and the conjugacy condition. For uniformly convex
function, under standard assumption the global convergence of the
algorithm is proved. Finally, some numerical results of the proposed
method are given.

Study and separating of crude oil components from Al-Rashidiya field - Eastern
Baghdad- Iraq was achieved. Samples were taken and separated into two
important parts Asphaltene and Maltin (saturated, aromatic and resin). The
separation was done by organic solvent such as n-hexane. Maltin separated by
column chromatography technique (liquid – solid) to basic saturated, aromatic and
resin components, this technique called (SARA) (saturated, aromatic, resin and
asphaltene). Three absorption layers used, alumina layer Al2O3, silica SiO2 and
combination layer from Al2O3 and SiO2. All the components were collected dried
and weighted. In order to determining the classification types, isolated compounds
were studied spectrally using NMR spectrum (13CNMR, 1HNMR) by identify
structures of separated materials.

There have been several attempts to optimise fluid flow manifolds; these, however, have
shown are limited and further investigation into the efficiency of these systems is needed.
This work focuses on improving the distribution manifolds efficacy in outflow division, i.e.
attaining the same flow rate per each exit port of the manifold. Water has been selected to be
the working fluid. A numerical investigation utilising CFD (by ANSYS Fluent R16.2)
analysis into two-dimensional, incompressible, and turbulent flow has been carried out to
resolve the flow manifold problem using two turbulence modelling, Standard k-ε and RNG
k-ε, approaches. Four values of flow rate have been considered, which are specified by the
Reynolds numbers 101×103
, 202×103
, 303×103
, and 404×103
. These values correspond to the
fluid inlet velocities 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/s, respectively. The manifold configuration is
defined by the given area ratio (total cross-sectional area for laterals /header cross-sectional
area). Three values of area ratio are considered; these are 0.703125, 0.84375, and 0.984375.
The results indicate that the flow uniformity has a reverse proportional relationship with the
fluid flow rate and area ratio for all manifold arrangements. However, there is no significant
effect of the flow rate increase on flow mal-distribution. Also, the use of RNG k-ε model has
shown higher values of the non-uniformity coefficient than those obtained by the Standard
k-ε model. The outcomes of this analysis have been compared with experimental data and
a good agreement among them has been found.

There have been several attempts to optimise fluid flow manifolds; these, however, have
shown are limited and further investigation into the efficiency of these systems is needed.
This work focuses on improving the distribution manifolds efficacy in outflow division, i.e.
attaining the same flow rate per each exit port of the manifold. Water has been selected to be
the working fluid. A numerical investigation utilising CFD (by ANSYS Fluent R16.2)
analysis into two-dimensional, incompressible, and turbulent flow has been carried out to
resolve the flow manifold problem using two turbulence modelling, Standard k-ε and RNG
k-ε, approaches. Four values of flow rate have been considered, which are specified by the
Reynolds numbers 101×103
, 202×103
, 303×103
, and 404×103
. These values correspond to the
fluid inlet velocities 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/s, respectively. The manifold configuration is
defined by the given area ratio (total cross-sectional area for laterals /header cross-sectional
area). Three values of area ratio are considered; these are 0.703125, 0.84375, and 0.984375.
The results indicate that the flow uniformity has a reverse proportional relationship with the
fluid flow rate and area ratio for all manifold arrangements. However, there is no significant
effect of the flow rate increase on flow mal-distribution. Also, the use of RNG k-ε model has
shown higher values of the non-uniformity coefficient than those obtained by the Standard
k-ε model. The outcomes of this analysis have been compared with experimental data and
a good agreement among them has been found.

There have been several attempts to optimise fluid flow manifolds; these, however, have
shown are limited and further investigation into the efficiency of these systems is needed.
This work focuses on improving the distribution manifolds efficacy in outflow division, i.e.
attaining the same flow rate per each exit port of the manifold. Water has been selected to be
the working fluid. A numerical investigation utilising CFD (by ANSYS Fluent R16.2)
analysis into two-dimensional, incompressible, and turbulent flow has been carried out to
resolve the flow manifold problem using two turbulence modelling, Standard k-ε and RNG
k-ε, approaches. Four values of flow rate have been considered, which are specified by the
Reynolds numbers 101×103
, 202×103
, 303×103
, and 404×103
. These values correspond to the
fluid inlet velocities 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/s, respectively. The manifold configuration is
defined by the given area ratio (total cross-sectional area for laterals /header cross-sectional
area). Three values of area ratio are considered; these are 0.703125, 0.84375, and 0.984375.
The results indicate that the flow uniformity has a reverse proportional relationship with the
fluid flow rate and area ratio for all manifold arrangements. However, there is no significant
effect of the flow rate increase on flow mal-distribution. Also, the use of RNG k-ε model has
shown higher values of the non-uniformity coefficient than those obtained by the Standard
k-ε model. The outcomes of this analysis have been compared with experimental data and
a good agreement among them has been found.

There have been several attempts to optimise fluid flow manifolds; these, however, have
shown are limited and further investigation into the efficiency of these systems is needed.
This work focuses on improving the distribution manifolds efficacy in outflow division, i.e.
attaining the same flow rate per each exit port of the manifold. Water has been selected to be
the working fluid. A numerical investigation utilising CFD (by ANSYS Fluent R16.2)
analysis into two-dimensional, incompressible, and turbulent flow has been carried out to
resolve the flow manifold problem using two turbulence modelling, Standard k-ε and RNG
k-ε, approaches. Four values of flow rate have been considered, which are specified by the
Reynolds numbers 101×103
, 202×103
, 303×103
, and 404×103
. These values correspond to the
fluid inlet velocities 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/s, respectively. The manifold configuration is
defined by the given area ratio (total cross-sectional area for laterals /header cross-sectional
area). Three values of area ratio are considered; these are 0.703125, 0.84375, and 0.984375.
The results indicate that the flow uniformity has a reverse proportional relationship with the
fluid flow rate and area ratio for all manifold arrangements. However, there is no significant
effect of the flow rate increase on flow mal-distribution. Also, the use of RNG k-ε model has
shown higher values of the non-uniformity coefficient than those obtained by the Standard
k-ε model. The outcomes of this analysis have been compared with experimental data and
a good agreement among them has been found.

There have been several attempts to optimise fluid flow manifolds; these, however, have
shown are limited and further investigation into the efficiency of these systems is needed.
This work focuses on improving the distribution manifolds efficacy in outflow division, i.e.
attaining the same flow rate per each exit port of the manifold. Water has been selected to be
the working fluid. A numerical investigation utilising CFD (by ANSYS Fluent R16.2)
analysis into two-dimensional, incompressible, and turbulent flow has been carried out to
resolve the flow manifold problem using two turbulence modelling, Standard k-ε and RNG
k-ε, approaches. Four values of flow rate have been considered, which are specified by the
Reynolds numbers 101×103
, 202×103
, 303×103
, and 404×103
. These values correspond to the
fluid inlet velocities 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/s, respectively. The manifold configuration is
defined by the given area ratio (total cross-sectional area for laterals /header cross-sectional
area). Three values of area ratio are considered; these are 0.703125, 0.84375, and 0.984375.
The results indicate that the flow uniformity has a reverse proportional relationship with the
fluid flow rate and area ratio for all manifold arrangements. However, there is no significant
effect of the flow rate increase on flow mal-distribution. Also, the use of RNG k-ε model has
shown higher values of the non-uniformity coefficient than those obtained by the Standard
k-ε model. The outcomes of this analysis have been compared with experimental data and
a good agreement among them has been found.

There have been several attempts to optimise fluid flow manifolds; these, however, have
shown are limited and further investigation into the efficiency of these systems is needed.
This work focuses on improving the distribution manifolds efficacy in outflow division, i.e.
attaining the same flow rate per each exit port of the manifold. Water has been selected to be
the working fluid. A numerical investigation utilising CFD (by ANSYS Fluent R16.2)
analysis into two-dimensional, incompressible, and turbulent flow has been carried out to
resolve the flow manifold problem using two turbulence modelling, Standard k-ε and RNG
k-ε, approaches. Four values of flow rate have been considered, which are specified by the
Reynolds numbers 101×103
, 202×103
, 303×103
, and 404×103
. These values correspond to the
fluid inlet velocities 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/s, respectively. The manifold configuration is
defined by the given area ratio (total cross-sectional area for laterals /header cross-sectional
area). Three values of area ratio are considered; these are 0.703125, 0.84375, and 0.984375.
The results indicate that the flow uniformity has a reverse proportional relationship with the
fluid flow rate and area ratio for all manifold arrangements. However, there is no significant
effect of the flow rate increase on flow mal-distribution. Also, the use of RNG k-ε model has
shown higher values of the non-uniformity coefficient than those obtained by the Standard
k-ε model. The outcomes of this analysis have been compared with experimental data and
a good agreement among them has been found.