Journal of University of Babylon

Reflect various humanitarian outcomes for ages precedent intellectual depth, which guaranteed that the offspring, so that any process of development, maintenance or renewal by the designer without reference Intellectual references to this heritage and its components will lead to a break in the collective memory of the recipients in the context of society and get away from the assembly last images in their minds In this concept the general framework focused research.
The development of civilization and the addition or modification in the historical pillars, particularly including mosques where ambiguity and discontinuity evident in how to deal with the offspring appeared Building and then led to a distortion and noise at the receiver when looking at elements of production and recognized visually through the retrieved previous image stored in his mind, and in that required problem centered discussed in "there is distortion quotient in architectural heritage over the eras, through the difference in the elements and components of this heritage in the operations: maintenance, refurbishment or upgrading, leading to a change in the visual scene and the process of cognition formal with the receiver, through the difference between the form of the original building and the contemporary, "and then was outlining the purpose of research in the maintenance of the different elements of architectural heritage and models used in the original building and of b (termination and openings and gates materials and pillars) to give maximum impression and grasp mentally to form the elements of tradition and the spirit of the place, the hypothesis that the process of preserving elements of architectural heritage when conducting maintenance, development or renewal born mentally aware with direct links to the deep spirit of the place and the dramatic events associated with this heritage and this perception is different depending on the area of mental and cognitive background of the recipient. For the purpose of achieving the objective of this research has been the adoption of the methodology adopted to clarify the concept of heritage and tradition, preserved in historic buildings, visual perception of the image viewing, to clarify the relationship between form and expression and finally analysis of the practical application of the results and determine the findings of the research, which focused on the rapidly changing haphazard that hit the historical pillars had a significant impact in changing the extent and type of meanings perceived its components and Vdhaouath and the environment and then the loss of the old moral value, that dealing with the historical pillars need to be based on a balanced state of the design process and this in turn depends on a comprehensive knowledge of the designer when you make the process of the development of any historical constructive mode, in maintaining policies, especially in the religious pillars adopt draws direct expression of the elements in order to Athssh largest number of recipients.

The concept of reverence associated with everything that has to do with the expression of glorification and sanctification of all that is worth,also the revered as is often associated with religions that one of the Islamic religion, Which calls for maximizing and reverence for God, where is it trying to reverse the spiritual aspects of the human relationship with his Creator through rituals that reflect the glorification of the Creator, which in turn leads to attempt to reverse the architectural product of the houses of God from here the aim of research appear: To clarify the effect of the concept of reverence on the formal composition of mosque architecture and it reflects a deep spiritual between the Muslim and the values of his creator and is expressed in the concepts of sanctification and glorification of God. And the research problem : Study the concept of reverence and reflection on the architecture of mosques. The Research Hypothesis: Based on the concept of the revered affect the architecture and religious and different levels starting from the intellectual construction down to the levels of the wording of the final form by the reaction of the intellectual correlation of the values of reverence and formalities in mosque architecture of the application is on mosques that mouthpiece of the concept, as well as shrines and shrines where it was found that the concept of a revered spiritual expression is expressed physically through architecture unlike recipes prestige and the dignity and greatness of all that holds the recipe holiness and reverence as especially the believer to God through the Building mosques.

This study presents a research about the ability of using substances that are relatively cheap and can be made from local materials to replace the activated carbon that is used in color removal of some industrial wastewater, the most recognized one is the textile industrial wastewater, which their effluents contains pigments that cannot be disposed to the water stream unless special specifications are met and that will happen after special treatment with activated carbon filters are done to remove these pigments.
Many local substances had been chosen in this study to transfer in to granular activated carbon by using the incineration in absence of oxygen method in a temperature that is not less than (800)° C., and it was seen that the Date Palm frond stems has the ability to be converted in to carbon and can be activated effectively in this method, and it has been used in construction of an activated carbon filter which has a constant diameter with different activated carbon pack heights, and then a solutions of a basic textile industry pigments that is used in cloth dying which are, reactive red dye, methylene blue dye and methylene orange dye which all are considered the hardest pigments to remove, and these solutions were

made with different concentrations, and were passed in to the local material activated carbon filter one time and to an original activated carbon filter the other time with increasing the filter pack height each time .
The sampling process from the effluent were made three times for each pigment concentration and the concentration of the pigment were detected using spectrophotometric equipment average value were taken and then the average value was calculated and the removal efficiency then obtained, this process were made seventy two times, twelve times using the local material activated carbon and another ones using the original activated carbon for three concentrations for each dye for four carbon heights.
A non-linear singular regression analysis statistical method were adopted to find the relationships between the independent variables (activated carbon bed height) and the dependent variable ( dyes removal efficiency ) with the concept of comparing the results of removal efficiency of the local activated carbon with the original one by finding the best fit curve for each concentration to each dye.
From this research it was concluded that the usage of activated carbon that is made from Date Palm frond stems gives the same removal efficiency results for the dyes that are considered industrial water contaminants as if an original trade mark active carbon is used when the pack height is (0.3) m and above, and the research also showed that the cost of producing (1) m3 of the local activated carbon is less than exporting the activated carbon by (72.68)%, as well as, this method, if adopted, will ensure that the orchard trimmings will be transformed in to a useful material and will reduce its harmful uncontrolled incineration or its environmentally unfriendly disposal effect.

The use of a plastic as a partial replacementof coarse aggregate for the production of lightweight plastic concrete with varyingpercentages (25% ), (50%)and(75%)using plasticizer (SBR)with (2%)these mixture called lightweight plastic concretewhich compare with the reference mixture(A).
At this search take (12)cubic samples ( 10 * 10 * 10 cm) which test in three age ( 7,14,28 )days , and (4) cylinders (10 * 30 cm) which test at 28 days it produced (12)ties with dimension(40*40*5) can test at ( 7,14,28 )days with modulus of rapture gives the results below which of :-
(A) Cup ice samples of mixture (B) compressive strength (45 Mpa) compared the sample withreference mixture(A) (48.1 Mpa), next Mixture(C) nextMixture (D) with(28) days age. Though the mixtures gives increase strength at later age which caring with water.
(B) Cylindrical samples givesfor mix(B) tensile strength (3.6 Mpa) which compared with reference mixture(A) that give tensile strength (3.64)Mpa, next Mixture(C) next Mixture(D) at age (28)days then caring with water.
(C) The ties samples gives (40*40*5)cm for mixture(B)with modulus rupture(4.05)mpa next mixture(C) then mixture(D) Compare with reference Mixture(A) = 4.15mpa which gives modulus rapture .That is refer the mixture(B) content optimum replacement of plastic, which give the better properties of concrete product.

The present study addressed the (Environmental Impact Assessment)was to evaluate the environmental impact of wastewater treatment plant in Al-Muamirah in the province of Babylon ,and evalute treatment processes ,data collection about some of the physical and chemical factors affecting the water during 2015 which included ( 14 ) factor and were compared with standard determinants of those pollutants collection has been observed a larg variation in some of concentrations which is located with the specified and other exceeds the specified in some months has been clarified through the relationships that have been Drawn using the Excel program has been assessment of the environmental impact of those pollutants using matrix Leipold ,it discern that sum of effect for pollutant was exceed (200) ,this result discern that the wastewater quality resulting from station that very poor and pollutant , one of the main reasons that were observed during the study period is malfuncting of some units for the station in some months and lack of their efficiency.

Such as the inspiration derived from nature a valuable resource for many of the scientists and engineers for centuries so spirit of nature urged first technical inventions in prehistoric times, to simulate the characteristics of living organisms tried to bridge the gap between engineering and technology is such a shift more systematic approaches, the drafting of the term "bio tradition Biomimetic "to reflect the inspiration of natural systems within several levels, which like the general scope of the research, specific scope of research focus was biomimetic as a new innovation introduced by matching the approach to architectural design of the human design or living design after coupling biology of digital technology with new and advanced technologies, represented the research problem indefinite of the concept of architecture " Biomimetic" and the role of curricula in the approach to the building by nature and convert an organism in order to achieve the status of coexistence between nature and the housing buildings specifically it represents the most important pattern in terms of direct contact with human, Research goal embody clarify the concept of "Biomimetic" the indicate of role in the approach to the building with nature, represented hypothesis the possibility of converting the building of an organism depending on the transfer of natural processes to it, the case study examined housing projects have been selected due to its announcement to invest biomimetic architecture methods in reach for residential buildings lively group, the research's conclusions were distributed within two axes first axis own theoretical framework conclusions second axis conclusions of the case study process.

The aim of this work is studying some physical properties (density , porosity & water absorption) and some mechanical properties (micro hardness Vickers , compression strength & wear resistance) of aluminum 6063 matrix composite material that reinforced by (2.5,5,7.5&10) wt.% of ZrO2 particles. Powder metallurgy technique is used in samples preparing. Samples were compacted by using cold uniaxial pressing then followed sintering process at 600 oC under inert gas.
Results were showed improving in (wear resistance , compression strength & micro hardness Vickers) and increasing in (density , porosity & water absorption). Increase micro hardness (44.5 – 101.13), compression strength (36.1998 – 46.7) N/mm2 and decrease wear rate (9.5*exp(-8) – 4.8*exp(-8)) g/cm at time 30 min. with (0 – 10)% ZrO2. While increase apparent density (1.388 – 3.15) g/cm3 , apparent porosity (0.96 – 4.61)% and water absorption (0.699 – 2.09)% at (0 – 10)% ZrO2.

The research tried to put strategy to reuse wastewater treatment linked to with population growthfor the Karkh of the city of Baghdad to the year the goal required in (2030)to highlight the problem discharging wastewater into the Tigris River, directly without treatment by station Karkh and through future planning for re-use and access to the target year adopted, and to propose alternatives , evaluate and choose the best alternative for based on the achievement of multiple objectives , environmental , planning and economic at the same time . The study has come up with the possibility of planning to reuse of water the plant after treating it with secondary treatmenton restricted farming as unusual water resource and sustainable and increased one, the water volume that will reach the plant in the target year (2030) is between (1410378-1645441) m3/day, which will be enough to irrigate crops with an area of (40809.5 -47610.75) acres.

This research deals with the problem of the lack of a clear vision of the state of degradation and digging the urban fabric of the historic centers of cities (Qishleh in the area) and the loss of her identity. The solution to the problem lies in the hypothesis that activation of urban renewal is to the center of the historic city through sustainable innovation. And urban renewal is "a comprehensive and integrated vision and action aimed at solving urban problems and seek to achieve a lasting improvement in the economic, physical, social and environmental situation of the area that have been changed," using tactics that lead to the revitalization of historic cities, namely maintaining and rehabilitation and development, all of which aim to enhance the physical condition and improve environment, development and redevelopment of land and stimulate the economy and to address social issues. Sustainability being defined development efforts administration create a harmonious relationship between environmental and human systems to ensure the continued long-term and has a social dimensions of economic and environmental sustainability and is working on improving the quality of life and building a unique sense of place. The sustainable urban renewal is a comprehensive process deals with social, economic and environmental recovery to create urban vitality over the long term and renewal policies for the sustainable urban include integrated economic, social and environmental planning strategies to link the measures and programs of urban renewal on an integrated basis to address the physical, economic, social and environmental regeneration of urban areas. So the search achieve the goals which include preservation of the historic urban fabric and activate and maintain the continuity of keeping the heritage for future generations and preserve the historical identity and get rid of digging historic cities. The methodology is extract indicators of the theoretical framework and its application to the study area to come out with a number of conclusions and recommendations with respect to uses of the land and the process of sustainable innovation and the role of law in the renewal of historic city centers.

Traffic violations have become a significant obsession and concern for all members of society, and one of the most important problems that lead to the depletion of material resources and human energies through incidents that result in targeted communities in the most important elements of life which is the human element in addition to incurred from social and psychological problems and losses Huge material ,This requires to work on finding solutions, suggestions and put them into practice to reduce these accidents or at the very least address the causes and mitigate the negative effects. The what applies to the problem of irregularities in Iraq applies to the city of Najaf, which is considered one of the most attractive Iraqi cities to the Iraqis and foreigners who visit it to do the rituals in the holy places.
The study aims to develop possible solutions to achieve traffic safety and the preservation of life and property and the adoption of plans and programs of traffic and preventive measures to reduce human losses and maintain the human and economic fundamentals of the country.

This paper studies the concept of visual diversity of modern residential facades . It defines as" a concept ,work to enhance the diversity and differences between elements and their relationships of residential facades, and It is a reflection of different interests and tastes that it represents". Therefore the research problem is that there is a gap about " the relationship between subjective and objective analysis of visual diversity." Research hypotheses is that " If the value of visual element entropy is high, than this element will have an effect on visual diversity of modern residential facade , and that there is a relationship between the visual diversity subjective and objective analysis." The aim of this paper is "to analyze the visual diversity objectively using entropy, comparing its results with the subjective analysis of modern residential facades. "
The research found that the visual elements have contributed in the diversity of residential facades in a different ways. Colors and ornamentation has the higher effect in visual diversity, followed by windows forms , and another elements. Also the paper found that there is a relationship between objective and subjective analysis of visual diversity in residential facedes

This research aims to simulate preloaded bolted joint made of steel by finite element method (FEM) by studying the structural response of bolted joint. The bolted joint is made up of two pieces shaped L , each piece is made up of vertical section fixed with horizontal section by Edge Weld method ,weld size is (5mm) and they link by bolt (M30*3.5) ,it has been confirmed from weld size by using features (Weld Check Plot) and ( Pin/bolt Check) in Solid work Simulation to find out the accuracy of design result.
Designed a widget on the maximum tensile strength unilateral exposed it the link to ward the top on the first piece of (20 KN) has been installed the second piece from the bottom. In this research were studied torque pre-pregnancy bolt or (pre tensions torque) with different values (588,882,1225) N.m on the structural response of the connection link, the study showed that the increase in pre-pregnancy bolt lead to a decrease in displacement between the end edges of the link-prone external download and installation and this confirms the increase in pre-pregnancy bolt increases the pressure on the two pieces and thus an increase in power to install and link connectivity and prevent its separation from each other. As it has been the study of stress and strain on the surface of the link connectivity and showed that the increase of pre-pregnancy screw increases stress especially in the vicinity of slot screw areas and emotions, either friction forces (Contact / Friction) between the bolt and the surface of the interface in contact with him becoming more and increase the pre-load of the bolt, as well as broad this research impact of increased pre-pregnancy to bolt the welding area, which accounted for as (Beam) where increasing stress the welding area, but not for large have been clarified all the forces acting on the welding area mentioned in the tables.
Finally, research the reliability of simulation program , the analytical Solidwork Simulation, which contains many features recommended the designer can simulate complex models with high speed and accuracy.

The construction industry was considered one of the most dangerous industries, so it was the most demanding industries to apply the proper rules of business management.
This research was talking about the risks in construction projects in Iraq and touch on the most important of these risks, their impact, how to avoid them and developed appropriate plans to reduce their impact on the project.
A comprehensive questionnaire was conducted for all types of risk were expected to occur to determine the most important of these risks, the degree of impact and ways to avoid them before or during project execution.
The main objective of this research was to understand the risk factors that may encounter construction projects in Iraq, also aims to measure and find out the most frequent types of risk in order to avoid future occurrence or minimize their impact.

Through the historical track the architecture associated with humans trying to meet the differ-ent needs by included different values, investing all the discoveries of man. Ornament is decking the most important humanitarian discoveries that have moved to the product of the architect , But it is usually covered in propositions decoration concentrated form on exclusively aesthetic values which have necessitated highlighted in our current research.
The research problem is "the absence of the concept of ornament and its role in architectural production”. The goal of the research is to clarify the role of ornamentation in architectural produc-tion. To achieve the research goal search mode hypothesis as "ornament represents a tool for correc-tive and curative architectural output to addressing its current problems". To determine the research approach we build a theoretical framework particularly for ornament based on the architectural re-view which characterize the two ornemantal models formaly & behavior , then applied the frame-work to a sample selection down to put the results and conclusion which showed the role of ornament in the formulation of more open complex patterns at the level of morphological & intrinsic character-istics and the state the combination of the two models and properties in output by use one of them availability of tools and technological capabilities achieved valuable architectural output which pointed out the role corrective & therapy in output . Research has been identified keywords in the light of its hypothesis and goal as: ornament, correction and therapy, architectural output, models.

Transformation is the milestones that marked the history of human civilization through the stages that represented a distinctive turn, referring to theagricultural, industrial revolutions, and information technology. All of these changes represent a new stage of knowledge of humanity into a new level intellectually and physically. The transformation is continuous processes in various rhythms include basic joints of human society, where these joints show different responses to the requirements of transformation. There is no clear perception of the concept of transformation, and specially the transformation into postmodernity. The research assumes that transformation is aprofound change in the dimensions of human life, intellectually and organizationally, and the transformation into postmodernity era has its effects on the concept of the city. Research aims to study the concept of transformation and determine its dimensions in the city, especially in the era of post modernity.