Journal of University of Babylon

In this paper we prove direct theorems for approximation of functions in I_(p(U)) spaces for p<1 using Taylor operator .
Keywords: Ip spaces, Taylor operator, degree of best approximation.

Data mining has a number of common methods. One of such methods is the association rules mining. While association rules mining often produces huge number of rules, it prevents the analyst from finding interesting rules and consequently, this method is a waste of time. Visualization is one of the methods to solve such problems. However, most of the association rule visualization techniques are suffering from viewing huge number of rules. This paper provides a modification on the techniques of the visualization to help the analyst to interpret the association rules by grouping the large number of rules using a modified Attribute Oriented Induction algorithm, then; these grouped rules are visualized using a grouped graph method. Experimental results show that the proposed technique produces excellent compression ratio.
Keywords: Data mining, Association rules, Visualization, AOI, Grouped graph.

Abstract
This paper deals with the speaker localization inside the room, the proposed system based on using distributed microphones arrays and benefit from its advantages over single microphone and enhances new method for speaker localization using direction of arrival DOA and enhanced Minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamforming method. Each microphone array containing four microphones with uniform spaced on line is placed in a suitable location inside the room, the obtained results from the proposed system reveals the efficiency and robustness of proposed techniques comparing with other localization method. It is also improves SNR computed to evaluate the enhanced beamforming the results show that the output signal is stronger against the noise and interferences.
Keyword: Speaker localization, Microphone array, beamforming.

Abstract
A set of customers’ reviews about restaurants has been analyzed syntactically and semantically for deducing syntactic, contextual and semantic features to leverage the textual similarity metrics. In this paper an approach for rule based extracting semantic features from customer’s reviews have been proposed. The features were extracted based on the knowledge base, co-occurrence and distributional similarity among the reviews’ aspects and descriptors. The approach was applied on the Yelp academic challenges dataset and the results have shown encouraging performance.
Keywords: Aspect Detection, Text Analysis, Features Extraction, Text Mining.

 Routing protocol isthe primary strategy to design any wireless network. In Mobile Ad Hoc Networksmanyrouting protocols are present for sending packetsfrom source to destination. Routing protocols in MobileAd HocNetworks (MANETs) arereactive routing protocols, proactive routing protocols and hybrid routing protocols. Performanceanalysis of differentrouting protocols isthe major stepbefore selecting the routing protocol. Dynamic SourceRouting (DSR) is an efficient reactiverouting protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET).
In this paper, the TCP and UDP based on performance analysis wascarried out in Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol with different scenarios by varying the number and speed of mobile nodes and size of the network area using network simulator (ns.35) under different traffic conditions. The average end to end delay (AED),throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR) are common measures parameters used for the comparison of performance metrics. Results of experimental show that the performance of TCP is better than UDP from throughput , but UDP is faster than TCP.
Keywords: MANET, ,FTP, DSR, NS2,

The definition of a Fractional differential type of equations is a branch of mathematics, science which developed from derivative operators and the calculus integral traditional definition. It’s so much like the fractional exponents were grown from the exponents having integer number. In this paper, will intend to study the ways which are in turn used for solution approximation in fractional differential equations through and how. This paper will also include the Riemann-Liouville differential operator for the basic theorem of the initial value problem for the fractional differential equations. On the same regard, the classical approach will be employed. The theory involving concepts such as local existence, inequalities, global existence of solutions external solutions, comparison results going to be referred.
Keywords:Fractional Differential Equations, Riemann- Liouville operator, initial value problem, Numerical Methods, Gamma function.

Congestion is the most important and greatest challenges that facing the transmission of data packets process. Where there are many sites which they are possible that the network congestion occurs as network devices (e.g. routers and switches, etc...). And also transmission medium between the network devices. There are a numerous of mechanisms to control congestion in routers. Random early detection algorithm (Random Early Detection) is one of the most famous mechanisms of control on the routers queues in order to reduce the proportion of the loss of packets. Random Early Detection algorithm is considered one of the active queue management. End-to-end congestion control mechanisms such as those in TCP are not enough to prevent congestion control and they must be supplemented by control mechanisms inside the network. In this paper we present a fuzzy logic approach for congestion control in communication networks. The proposed approach has a fuzzy logic system where there are three inputs of the system are the probability of dropping packets, available bandwidth and the packets traffic size. Whereas there is one output of the fuzzy logic system that is packet lost. The practical side programming is using object-oriented programming language C ++ within OMNET++ environment.

Congestion is the most important and greatest challenges that facing the transmission of data packets process. Where there are many sites which they are possible that the network congestion occurs as network devices (e.g. routers and switches, etc...). And also transmission medium between the network devices. There are a numerous of mechanisms to control congestion in routers. Random early detection algorithm (Random Early Detection) is one of the most famous mechanisms of control on the routers queues in order to reduce the proportion of the loss of packets. Random Early Detection algorithm is considered one of the active queue management. End-to-end congestion control mechanisms such as those in TCP are not enough to prevent congestion control and they must be supplemented by control mechanisms inside the network. In this paper we present a fuzzy logic approach for congestion control in communication networks. The proposed approach has a fuzzy logic system where there are three inputs of the system are the probability of dropping packets, available bandwidth and the packets traffic size. Whereas there is one output of the fuzzy logic system that is packet lost. The practical side programming is using object-oriented programming language C ++ within OMNET++ environment.

Congestion is the most important and greatest challenges that facing the transmission of data packets process. Where there are many sites which they are possible that the network congestion occurs as network devices (e.g. routers and switches, etc...). And also transmission medium between the network devices. There are a numerous of mechanisms to control congestion in routers. Random early detection algorithm (Random Early Detection) is one of the most famous mechanisms of control on the routers queues in order to reduce the proportion of the loss of packets. Random Early Detection algorithm is considered one of the active queue management. End-to-end congestion control mechanisms such as those in TCP are not enough to prevent congestion control and they must be supplemented by control mechanisms inside the network. In this paper we present a fuzzy logic approach for congestion control in communication networks. The proposed approach has a fuzzy logic system where there are three inputs of the system are the probability of dropping packets, available bandwidth and the packets traffic size. Whereas there is one output of the fuzzy logic system that is packet lost. The practical side programming is using object-oriented programming language C ++ within OMNET++ environment.

Congestion is the most important and greatest challenges that facing the transmission of data packets process. Where there are many sites which they are possible that the network congestion occurs as network devices (e.g. routers and switches, etc...). And also transmission medium between the network devices. There are a numerous of mechanisms to control congestion in routers. Random early detection algorithm (Random Early Detection) is one of the most famous mechanisms of control on the routers queues in order to reduce the proportion of the loss of packets. Random Early Detection algorithm is considered one of the active queue management. End-to-end congestion control mechanisms such as those in TCP are not enough to prevent congestion control and they must be supplemented by control mechanisms inside the network. In this paper we present a fuzzy logic approach for congestion control in communication networks. The proposed approach has a fuzzy logic system where there are three inputs of the system are the probability of dropping packets, available bandwidth and the packets traffic size. Whereas there is one output of the fuzzy logic system that is packet lost. The practical side programming is using object-oriented programming language C ++ within OMNET++ environment.

In this research, we are applying the hybrid functional B3LYP density functional theory to study the effects of the addition of poloycyano subgroups on the energies and thermal properties of fullerene C60 cage molecule. The orbital vertical method was used to calculate the ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity. The results showed that the location and the subgroups number of cyano in fullerene molecule effect on these energies. So, this addition reduces the energy gap, that an indicates to construct new molecular electronic structures. The thermal energy, specifies heat and entropy of the fullerene is increased with the addition the cyano subgroups in the molecule.
Key words: DFT, Entropy, Enthalpy, Energy Gap, Polarizability.

The lifetime distribution plays an important role in many real life fields such as biostatistics, reliability and survival analysis, so we try to contribute in finding a new lifetime distribution. We construct lifetime distribution, the cubic transmuted Weibull distribution, and discuss some of its statistical properties.
Keywords: Weibull distribution, cubic transmuted distribution, Reliability analysis, order statistic.

For any “acyclic digraph there is defined a connected component” of the graph containing relation , there are defined non-empty “support sets”:

there are defined the families:

“consisting of all support sets of acyclic digraphs” included in the component . In this work we proved that the equality is valid and we investigated some features of the concepts of “support sets of acyclic and transitive digraphs”.
The family is a specific partially ordered set with respect to the natural relation of inclusion of sets. Specificity is that, together with each element, the family contains all non-empty subsets of this element, and, in addition, contains all singlton subsets of the set . Moreover, if is a “transitive digraph”, then the family contains all two-element subsets of the set . The latter circumstance can play an important role in the process of separating transitive digraphs from acyclic digraphs. In connection with this fact, we consider the central problem of an independent description of
families (or their maximal elements).

The present study aimed to use the complete blood count test (CBC) as a marker for healthiness for obese in addition to control subjects . The study samples included 60 men as obese groups (These groups were divided into overweight (BMI 25- 29.9) , obesity class I (BMI 30- 34.9) and obesity class II (BMI 35- 39.9) and 60 men as control. Both the subjects and controls underwent questioning where the same criteria are used. The present study demonstrated a not significant differences in most blood parameters in obese groups compared with control groups in different age groups. The results of present study recommended to use the blood parameters which did not show significant differences as indicator for healthiness in obese subjects after questionnaire filter.
Keywords: obesity , complete blood count , healthiness , years intervals

The present study aimed to use the complete blood count test (CBC) as a marker for healthiness for obese in addition to control subjects . The study samples included 60 men as obese groups (These groups were divided into overweight (BMI 25- 29.9) , obesity class I (BMI 30- 34.9) and obesity class II (BMI 35- 39.9) and 60 men as control. Both the subjects and controls underwent questioning where the same criteria are used. The present study demonstrated a not significant differences in most blood parameters in obese groups compared with control groups in different age groups. The results of present study recommended to use the blood parameters which did not show significant differences as indicator for healthiness in obese subjects after questionnaire filter.
Keywords: obesity , complete blood count , healthiness , years intervals

The study was aimd to define the percentage of detection of high- oncogenic risk types of HPV and their genotyping in archival tissue specimens that ranged from apparently health tissue to invasive breast cancer by using one of the recent versions of In Situ hybridization(ISH) .2.To find out rational significance of such genotypes as well as over expressed products of mutants P53 and RB genes on the severity of underlying breast cancers .
The DNA of HPV was detected in 46.5 % of tissues from breast cancers while HPV DNA in the tissues from benign breast tumors was detected in 12.5%. No HPV positive – ISH reaction was detected in healthy breast tissues of the control group. HPV DNA of genotypes (16, 18, 31 and 33) were detected in malignant group in frequency of 25.6%, 27.1%, 30.2% and 12.4%, respectively. Over expression of p53 was detected by IHC in 51.2% breast cancer cases and in 50% benign breast tumor group , while none of control group showed P53- over expression . Retinoblastoma protein was detected by IHC test in 49.7% of malignant breast tumors, 54.2% of benign breast tumors but no signal was reported in the tissues of control group .

This work was carried to study anatomical and histological properties of the digestive tract of brown falcon Falco berigora in Iraq. The gross study revealed that the alimentary canal consist of buccal cavity, esophagus, crop, stomach (proventiculus and gizzard), small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), large intestine (short cecum, rectum) and cloaca. It revealed that the esophagus was long tube with relatively distensible crop. The stomach is divided into pars glandularis and pars muscularis without isthmus between them. The gizzard is developed and having a cuticle, its wall contains of well-developed smooth muscles, the small intestine consists of duodenum, jejunum and ileum, the last part was the longest one. The large intestine contains a paired of very short not well developed caeca and a short rectum. Histologically, all specimens of different parts taken and processed for histological study. Histological results revealed that the alimentary canal of brown falcon consists of four tunica as other avians: tunica serosa, tunica musculosa, tunica submucosa and tunica mucosa. The mucosa of oesophagus in falcon consists of longitudinal folds, covered with stratified squamous epithelium, the tunica musculosa composed of three layers: inner oblique, middle thick circular layer and outer thin longitudinal layer. Pars glandularis contain simple tubular to simple branched tubular glands. The pars muscularis mucosal have deep, broad crypts in which simple to branched tubular gastric glands open. The gastric cuticle covers the mucosa of the ventriculus, the tunica musculosa in stomach composed of three layers: inner, outer longitudinal layer and middle thick circular layer. Intestinal mucosa is invaginated into villi with marked variation in size, density and shape in the different intestinal regions. Also, the goblet cells gradually increase in frequency from the duodenum to the rectum. The part length and layers thickness in different regions of digestive tract showed significant variation (p≤0.05).
Key words: falcon, carnivores, alimentary canal, histology

Background: Escherichia coli is the major of causative agent in most of Urinary tract infections (UTIs), Phylogenetic analyses of E.coli isolated from urinary tract infections fall into four phylogenetic groups (A,B1, B2 and D), All Strains of these four groups differ in the characteristics of phenotype as antibiotic resistance , growth rate-temperature relationships and ability to use certain sugars.
Ami of study: To investigate the phylogenetic typing E.coli isolated from 660 urine samples from patients with UTIs in many hospitals of Baghdad city,as well as study the relationship between phylogenetic of E.coli with many important factors as gender; age and hospital wards.
Materials and Methods: From a total of six hundred - sixty urine samples were collected from UTIs patients in many hospitals (Baghdad/Iraq), through the period from March 2015 to September 2015 and inoculated on (MaCconckey and blood) agar, then incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. ,all isolates were identified by VITEK 2-GN system and Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined by diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer disk) as well as the Phylogenetic grouping of the E. coli isolates was determined by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)technique.
Results: In this study, E.coli was isolated from 660 urine sample from UTIs patients; (400) isolated of E.coli strains , high percentage of E. coli (41%) was isolated from AL-Yermouk hospital and (18.25%) form AL-Iskan hospital, whilst low percentage as (11.25%) , (13.75%), (14.75%) respectively from (Ghazi AL-Hariri , Iben Beledi and AL-Nooman) hospitals respectively.
Most of strains were isolated from female patients of AL-Yermouk hospital (31%) followed by (15% ) from AL-Iskan hospital , as well as AL-Yermouk hospital have high percentage in males (11% ) but close ratios in both hospitals (AL-Iskan and Ghazi AL-Hariri) hospitals respectively as (3.25 and 3)% ,whilst in ( Iben Beledi hospital and AL-Nooman ) hospitals were low ratio as (1 % ) and (0.5), so greater percentage (43%) of isolates in this study belonged to phylogroup B2 and (28.25, 24) % for both phylogroup D and A respectively, whilst low percentage (3.5%) for B1, so in this study show 1.25% was untypable as well as the isolation rate of E.coli were higher among age (11-20 ) years (31.75 %), but low percentage (19.25 &19 ) % in both age groups ( ≤10 and 21-32 ) years, so high Prevalence of most phylogenic type ( A, B2 and D ) as (7.25, 12.5 and 10.75) % respectively in age group (21-30) years, whilst (6%) of phylogenic B1in age group (41-50)years .

The potent antimicrobial efficacy of nanoparticles compounds represents new solution to microbial challenges in many infectious diseases. In the present study TiO2 nanoparticles which prepared by sol-gel method with 33nm size posses marked antibacterial effect on gram positive Staphylococcus aureus strain and gram negative Escherichia coli strain. The minimum inhibition concentration of TiO2 nanoprticles was found to be 30 μg/ml for S. aureus and40μg/ml for E. coli, which was determined by broth dilution method with and without TiO2 nanoparticles. The results were confirmed by agar diffusion assay.