Journal of University of Babylon

‎ Current research based on the use of extracted chitosan mixed with Polyvinyl alcohol to ‎manufacture blend that can been used in water purification from heavy metals such as copper, this ‎due to chitosan properties and its ability to chelation these metals because of the presence of the ‎functional groups in their structure. The blend has been treated with borax to increase the viscosity, ‎and then high density polyethylene granulated coated with polymer solution to increase the surface ‎area for chelation. The ultraviolet test showed the efficiency of blend to chelation of copper ions ‎through lower the copper ions absorbance peak after each stage where the solution of copper ions pass ‎on the polymer blend containing chitosan.‎

Joining aluminum alloy by fusion welding usually creates many problems because the heat melting ‎point leads to aluminum oxides which prevent the joining process. This is because metals oxide acts as on ‎heat insulter in addition to the problems of microstructure such as solidification cracks, void, porosity, slag ‎inclusion and poor mechanical properties. Thus, friction stir welding is considered the best method to weld ‎aluminum alloys because of joined low temperature, no of solidification and no filler metal or flux used. ‎These results in good properties in joint and recrystallizing in the stir zone. In this work the mechanical ‎properties (tensile strength, microhardness and impact strength) of 6061 aluminum alloys with different pin ‎tool (cylindrical threaded pin SCT, tapered cylindrical threaded pin TCT and triangular threaded pin TT) ‎and different rotation speeds (450, 560 and 900)RPM at constant welding speed (35mm/min) has been ‎studied .The results show that the microstructure is very fine and homogenous with all tools, super tensile ‎strength using TCT tool at rotation speed (560RPM) equals to (370MPa),in additions hardness has in-‎creased but still lower than of base metals .The impact strength has also increased with all the tools com-‎pared to that of base metals. ‎

‎ This work is conducted to study producing solid block porcelanite filter from Iraqi porcelanite ‎rocks and kaolin clay (as binder material) by slip casting technique, and investigating its ability of ‎removing contaminant (Pentachlorophenol) from water via the adsorption mechanism. Four particle ‎sizes (74, 88, 105 and 125) µm of porcelanite powder were used. Each batch of particle size was ‎mixed with (30 wt. %) kaolin as a binding material to improve the mechanical properties. After that, ‎the mixtures were formed by slip casting to disk and cylindrical filter samples, and then fired at 500 ‎and 700 °C to specify the effects of particle size of porcelanite, temperature and formation technique ‎on porcelanite filter properties. Some physical, mechanical and chemical tests have been done on filter ‎samples. Multi-experiments were carried out to evaluate the ability of porcelanite to form the filter. ‎Porosity, permeability and maximum pore diameter were increased with increasing porcelanite particle ‎size and decreased by increasing temperature, whereas the density shows the reverse behavior. In ‎addition, bending, compressive and tensile strength of samples were increased by increasing ‎temperature, and decreased with increasing porcelanite particle size. Efficiency of disk filter sample to ‎remove pentachlorophenol was 95.41% at a temperature of 700°C using 74 µm particle size of ‎porcelanite. While the efficiency of cylindrical filter sample was 97.57% at the same conditions.‎

The mechanical properties of 2 types of wood, hardwood (teakwood) and softwood (jamwood) ‎investigated. The compressive strength parallel and perpendicular to the grain were determined. The ‎flexural strength perpendicular to the grain, density, and moisture content were also determined.‎
It was found that the direction of loading affects all mechanical properties of wood. The ‎maximum density and mechanical performance were obtained with hardwood (teakwood), also the ‎moisture content of hardwood is much lower than the moisture content of softwood (jamwood), but ‎hardwood is more expensive than softwood and this may be due to that the rate of growth of ‎hardwood is much lower than the rate of growth of softwood.‎

Geopolymer concrete is considered as a new material that brought attention from many researchers ‎due to its low impact on environment pollution compared to normal Portland cement concrete. This ‎research studied the effect of different curing systems on the strength of Metakaolin (as silica-alumina ‎material) based Geopolymer. Eleven curing systems were used including curing by sun light and ‎laboratory ambient environment at winter (with temperature of 8-19oC) and at summer (with ‎temperature of 32-48oC), curing with halogen lamp, curing by heat at 60oC for 6 hours and at 100oC ‎for 4 hours, water curing, curing by wet burlap, in addition to a mixture of different previous curing ‎systems.‎
‎ The results indicated that the optimum curing temperature for Geopolymer concrete is (32-‎‎48oC)that can be accomplished under sun light or room temperature, while moist curing proved to be ‎not suitable for this type of concrete. The results also indicate that this type of concrete has high rate ‎of hardening, where it is possible to gain more than 83% of the 28 days strength at 7 days age when ‎using optimum temperature curing.‎

‎ The aim of this search is prepared and study of PS/( CL.F0.5+DMF0.5) Microfibers by ‎electrospinning technique under different working condition including solution parameters such as ‎‎(solvent, viscosity, concentration, conductivity, surface tension) and set up parameters including ‎‎(voltage, flow rate) . ‎
‎ Results show the diameter of micro fibers decreased with increasing of voltage value, conductivity of ‎media solution. While the Microfibers diameter increased with increasing of (viscosity, flaw rate, tip ‎diameter, and concentration of solution) . ‎
AC- HV leads to higher diameter than DC-HV but with more alignment of Microfibers. ‎

‎ The growing rate in the applications that use the image compression such as the internet, ‎multimedia, satellite imaging, medical imaging etc., make this subject under heuristics of researchers. ‎So, this field of image compression has been continuous to grow rapidly at the last years. From the ‎compression point of view, the wavelet transform plays an important role and a dominant technology ‎in the fields of signal and image processing. It helps us precisely decompose the signal into low and ‎high frequency components making the thresholding process for redundant data done in an efficient ‎way. Also, the threshold value selection method performs a major part in data compression system. ‎Therefore, in this paper, two approaches have been proposed. The first one depends on ‎implementation the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) ‎algorithm to get a good selection for the threshold. The second is a new successive-approximation ‎threshold (SA-thresh) selection method used to produce the global threshold value for the wavelet ‎detail coefficients of the image. These proposed methods give more improvement in compression ratio ‎‎(CR) for the image as well as enhancement in the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). The ‎implementation of this work has been done by using MATLAB 2011a.‎

Estimation of the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil supporting foundation is one of the ‎important requirements to develop safe design of foundations. There are many methods used to estimate ‎bearing capacity of soil such as theoretical, empirical and field tests. There are different methods proposed ‎to estimate the theoretical ultimate bearing capacity. In this work, a statistical analysis is carried out to ‎compare the obtained results using theoretical equations with the results of experimental and field tests. ‎Data of ninety seven experimental and field tests on cohesionless soils were used to conduct this analysis. ‎The acceptance of the results has been studied for theoretical equations. This revealed that all theoretical ‎equations can be used to estimate ultimate bearing capacity. Whereas, the results of statistical tests ‎showed that the results of Meyerhof’s bearing capacity equation gives more accurate results than that ‎obtained by other theoretical equations (Terzaghi, Hansen and Vesic’ equations). ‎

An experimental study on reinforced concrete beams strengthened with external steel plates ‎instead of shear stirrups has been held in this paper. Eight samples of the same dimensions and ‎properties were used. Two of them were tested up to failure and specified as references beams; one ‎with shear reinforcement and the other without shear reinforcement. Another samples without shear ‎reinforcement were tested until the first shear crack occurs, then the samples strengthened on both ‎sides with external steel plates as equivalent area of removed stirrups. The strengthened beams were ‎divided into three groups according to the thickness of plates (1, 1.5, 2) mm, each group involved two ‎beams; one bonded using epoxy and the other bonded using epoxy with anchored bolts. Finally, the ‎strengthened beams tested when using anchored bolts with epoxy glue to bond plates. Where the ‎increasing in maximum load is higher than that in reference beam with no internal stirrups reach to ‎‎(75.46 –106.13)% and has a good agreement with the control beam with shear reinforcement reach to ‎‎(76.06 – 89.36)% of ultimate load. ‎

Natural rubber-graphite composites (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 pphr graphite) were prepared on a laboratory two-roll mill. ‎Swelling measurements were used to evaluate the impacts of graphite on the properties of natural rubber.‎
Swelling results showed that the volume fraction of natural rubber in the swollen gel, the interaction ‎parameter, and the cross-link density decreased by increasing graphite loadings, while the average molecular weight ‎of natural rubber between cross-links increased.‎
Vulcanization results showed that only scorch time parameter increased with increasing graphite loadings, ‎while other parameters (Max. torque, Min. torque, cure rate and cure rate index) decreased. Both thermal and AC ‎conductivities increased.‎

‎ Alumina material was reinforced with thermoplastic polymer (Poly-methyl Methacrylate PMMA) ‎by infiltration method in this study. Where pure alumina (α-Al2O3) powder was mixed with ‎naphthalene as volatile material by weight fractions of naphthalene (0,15,30,45) wt% for a period of 3 ‎hours by electric mixer to prepared the porous ceramic material. Specimens were prepared by pressing ‎after added (PVA) binder. They were dried at (110‎ ‎) and sintered at (1000‎ ‎) and stay for 1 hour ‎at that temperature. Then, the physical properties such as porosity, density and the mechanical ‎properties such as compressive, impact strength were measured before infiltration.‎
‎ Infiltration material (Poly-methyl Methacrylate PMMA) was prepared by mixing (83%) of ‎chloroform as solvent material to granules PMMA and heating at (50‎ ‎) with movement to convert ‎that mixture into a liquid material with less viscosity. After that the samples was immersed in liquid ‎‎(infiltration material) and left to allow the volatile material (chloroform) to escape by evaporation ‎leaving PMMA alone as reinforcement materials. Then, mechanical and physical properties of the ‎samples were tested after infiltration process. The results showed an improvement their physical and ‎mechanical properties of the composite material‏.‏

One of the most important issues in the area of digital signal processing is a signal noise cancellation ‎that has been studied and given a considerable attention. In recent few years, adaptive filters have ‎been used to cancel out different kinds of noise from analog signals based on many adaptive ‎algorithms. The aim of this paper is to study and implement a real-time line enhancement problem ‎‎(denoising) based on using Recursive Least Squares (RLS) and the modified version of RLS ‎algorithms, which is proposed as a new adaptive algorithm (mRLS). Both are carried out in the ‎microcontroller (Arduino). The main advantage of those algorithms is that they update the coefficient ‎values of adaptive filters every single iteration until convergence is occurring. The performance ‎analysis of the algorithms is assessed by showing the output of adaptive filters (denoised signals) and ‎calculating the power signal to noise ratio (SNR). To verify their robustness, different values of random ‎noise power are taken. It is observed and proved from the results, based on the above performance ‎parameters, that the (mRLS) algorithm performs better than the (RLS) algorithm in terms of noise ‎cancellation.‎

‎ Experimental study of γ /Al2O3 with mean diameter of less than 50 nm was dispersed in the ‎distilled water that flows through a pipe consist of five sections as work station ,four sections made of ‎carbon steel metal and one sections made of Pyrex glass pipe, with five nanoparticles volume ‎concentrations of 0%,0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,and 0.4% with seven different volume flow rates 100, 200 , ‎‎300, 400, 500, 600 ,and 700ℓ/min were investigated to calculated pressure distribution for the cases ‎without rubber ,with 3mm rubber and with 6mm rubber used to support the pipe. Reynolds number ‎was between 20000 and 130000. Frequency value through pipe was measured for all stations of pipe ‎for all cases. The results show that the pressure drop and wall shear stress of the nanofluid increase by ‎increasing the nanoparticles volume concentrations or Reynolds number, the values of frequency ‎through the pipe increase continuously when wall shear stress increases and the ratio of increment ‎increases as nanofluid concentrations increase. Increasing of vibration frequency lead to increasing the ‎friction factor between the pipe and the wall and thus increasing in pressure drop. Several equations ‎between the wall shear stress and frequency for all volume concentration and for three cases without ‎rubber, with rubber has 3mm thickness ,and with rubber has 6mm thickness. Finally, the results led to ‎that γ /Al2O3 could function as a good and alternative conventional working fluid in heat transfer ‎applications. A good agreement is seen between the experimental and those available in the literature.‎

‎ This paper deals with the preparation of Alumina by sol-gel technique through the hydrolysis of ‎aluminum ion mixed with the glucose as a surfactant and converting it to gel by ammonium ‎hydroxide in aqueous media. The resulting sol composed of ‎ ‎ particle is draying to become a ‎transparent gel. The freshly prepared gel is heated at 700°C for 2hrs to obtain alumina ‎‎(‎ ‎)particles. The obtained particles are found to be γ-alumina particles with high porosity, Their ‎characteristics are determined by LPSA, XRD, SEM, TEM and BET techniques. The results show that ‎the particles are pure alumina, nano-sized=20nm, spherical shape, high surface area=210‎ ‎/gm.‎

The success of waste management requires accurate data on generation and composition of ‎waste which is pivotal for the decisions towards the appropriate waste management system. A five ‎years (2008-2012) study was conducted to evaluate the solid wastes management system in all the six ‎divisions of Basrah district (more than 30 sub-districts). Recent investigations in 2012 resulted ‎information that population of Basrah district has reached 1,018,000 person The quantity of ‎municipal solid waste generated was recorded to be 634 tons per day with MSW generation rates of ‎‎0.62 kg per capita per day. Municipal solid waste density was conducted as 192.6 kg/m³ with moisture ‎content of 31.1%. The main components of the MSW were Food wastes represents largest proportion ‎‎(54.8%), followed by plastic (25.2%) and paper (7%). The study results reveal that the MSW stream ‎has the largest proportion of biodegradable and recyclable waste. Therefore, the study recommends to ‎use methods of waste treatment such composting, recycling and incineration in order to reduce the ‎amount of waste that are taken to the landfill.‎

The aim of this research is the use of Reclaimed Rubber as Reinforcement Material by simple ‎method. The composite Material was prepared by adding different percent from the powder of ‎Reclaimed Rubber (0 – 25) % to study the effect of this material on some properties of polyester. The ‎tests are used in this research (hardness, impact force , bending strength, tensile strength, modulus and ‎strain). The results have showed that decreased hardness (from 34.9 to 28.9) shoreD, and increased ‎impact force (from 0.2 to 0.79) Joule, and also increase bending strength(from 60.1 to 120.7)Mpa ‎‎,increase tensile strength (from 27.052 to 32.5)Mpa, raised modulus (from33.73 to 77.38)Mpa and ‎decrease strain (from 0.804 to 0.42)%‎‏.‏

The present paper submits a set geotechnical maps for the area of An-Najaf city, by using ‎countor lines to represent the different geotechnical properties of the soil. The present research work is ‎very important step taword preparing a geotechnical database for this region, to complete the ‎geotechnical database over all the country, (Iraq). Using such a database is very important in ‎geotechincal investigation, reconnaissance phase, of construction projects. Whithin this phase of site ‎investigation, numbers, depths and locations of the boreholes needed, will be deterimined. A well ‎known commercial software (SURFER 11), was used to produce the all the countor maps of ‎geotechnical properties presented herein. A forty nine (49) countor maps were produced to cover the ‎variations, whithin the geotechnical properties of the soil, to produce realistic description to these soil ‎properties. Both Google maps and Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system (UTM) have been ‎used in the countor maps for easy use.‎

Commercial activated carbon and produced corncob activated carbon were used for the adsorption ‎of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution using batch and continuous processes. Batch processes were ‎conducted to study the effects of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, agitation speed and initial dye ‎concentration. The optimum values for methylene blue dye adsorption were: solution pHs of 6‎‏ ‏and 7, ‎contact times of 8 and 5 hr., adsorbent dosages of 1.5, and 0.5 gm, agitation speeds of 200 and 250 rpm ‎and initial dye concentration of 50 mg/l calculated by commercial activated carbon and corncob ‎activated carbon respectively. Two isotherm models, Freundlich and Langmuir fitted with the experimental ‎data found from batch processes, the Langmuir model fitted well than the Freundlich, with maximum ‎adsorption capacities of 16.21 and 30.95 mg/g and R2 of 0.952 and 0.992 predicted by commercial ‎activated carbon and corncob activated carbon respectively. Radial and vertical flow regime reactors were ‎conducted in column tests for the two adsorbent materials at different three flow rates (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 ‎L/min) and initial dye concentrations 15 mg/l, the same volume of (775 ml) from adsorbent materials used ‎for both radial and vertical reactors to make a comparison between the capacity of the adsorbent ‎materials each with another and between the performance of radial and vertical flow regime reactors ‎configurations on breakthrough curves behavior. Radial flow regime reactor showed good results in ‎comparison with vertical flow regime reactor. ‎

It is vital in any industry to regain the spent capitals plus running costs and a margin ‎of profits for the industry to flourish. The electricity industry is an everyday life ‎touching industry which follows the same finance-economic strategy. Cost allocation ‎is a major issue in all sectors of the electric industry, viz, generation, transmission and ‎distribution. Generation and distribution service costing’s well documented in the ‎literature, while the transmission share is still of need for research. In this work, the ‎cost of supplying a bulk electric load connected to the EHV system is calculated. A ‎sample basic lump-average method is used to provide a rough costing guide. Also, two ‎transmission pricing methods are employed, namely, the postage-stamp and the load-‎flow based MW-distance methods to calculate transmission share in the total cost of ‎each individual bulk load. The three costing methods results are then analyzed and ‎compared for the 400kV Iraqi power grid considered for a case study.‎

Cobalt chromium alloys are one of the best alloys used for biomedical applications due to their good ‎wear resistance, high mechanical properties, acceptable bio-compatibility and high corrosion ‎resistance. ‎
‎ This study aims to investigate the effect of germanium additions(0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt%) on properties ‎of CoCrMo (F75) alloy prepared using powder metallurgy technique. The corrosion, wear and ‎compressive behavior were investigated using different examination and test including mechanical test ‎‎(hardness, compression and wear) and electrochemical test (open circuit and potentiodynamic ‎polarization). The results revealed that the addition of Ge has a notable effect on the porosity of ‎sintered CoCrMo causing decreasing in porosity. The hardness increases when increases Ge addition. ‎Also the addition of Ge increases the compression strength, and it's increased as additives increase. On ‎the other hand the wear rate of CoCrMo (with and without additives) increases as the time and load ‎increase, however wear resistance increases with the addition of Ge element and it's increased as Ge ‎additives increase. The corrosion resistance of CoCrMo alloy improved after the addition of Ge in ‎artificial saliva and Hank's solution. Also the corrosion resistance increase as Ge additives increase. ‎The corrosion current for most used alloys in artificial saliva is lower than that for Hank's solution.‎

The aim of this study is to present a comprehensive comparison and assessment of the damping ‎function improvement of power system oscillation for the multiple damping controllers using the ‎simultaneously coordinated design based on Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and Flexible AC ‎Transmission System (FACTS) devices. FACTS devices can help in the enhancing the stability of the ‎power system by adding supplementary damping controller to the control channel of the FACTS input ‎to implement the task of Power Oscillation Damping (FACT POD) controller. Simultaneous ‎coordination can be performed in different ways. First, the dual‏ ‏coordinated designs between PSS and ‎FACTS POD controller or between different FACTS POD controllers are arranged in a multiple ‎FACTS devices without PSS. Second, the simultaneous coordination has been extended to triple‏ ‏coordinated design among PSS and different FACTS POD controllers. The parameters of the ‎damping controllers have been tuned in the individual controllers and coordinated designs by using a ‎Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization (CPSO) algorithm that optimized the given eigenvalue-based ‎objective function. The simulation results for a multi-machine power system show that the dual ‎coordinated design provide satisfactory damping performance over the individual control responses. ‎Furthermore, the triple coordinated design has been shown to be more effective in damping oscillations ‎than the dual damping controllers.‎

Although there are many epicyclic-type automatic transmissions in production, some of the related ‎configurations are still far from attaining maximum sequential velocity ratios. This work in part will ‎attempt to attain the maximum possible velocity ratios for any given epicyclic gear train.‎
A methodology for the design of two-ring Ravigneaux-type epicyclic gear transmissions for automobiles is ‎presented. First, based on the kinematic nomographs of the corresponding basic gear ratios, clutching-‎sequences are enumerated. Second, a planar-graph representation is used to arrange the desired clutches ‎for each possible clutching sequence into the epicyclic gear mechanism. Then, with the above methods, the ‎designs of the epicylic gear mechanisms are given for demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed ‎methodology. Next, following the general trend of increased shift stages and a wider range of velocity ‎ratios, new six-, seven- and eight-velocity automatic transmissions are enumerated from the two-ring nine-‎link Ravigneaux gear mechanisms. The result of this work shows that the nine-link two-DOF Ravigneaux-‎type epicylic gear mechanisms could reach eight-forward speeds at most. It is a major breakthrough to ‎design eight-speed automatic transmissions from the nine-link Ravigneaux gear mechanism since it has ‎only nine links. This structural design has realized a reduced length automatic transmission, while having ‎minimal number of gears.‎
The methodology can be applied to any transmission mechanism depending on its kinematic and ‎geometric constraints.‎

In this paper the approximate method of Raleigh method can be used to study the effect of ‎additional boundary conditions (clamped – free & clamped – clamped ) on the free transverse ‎vibrations of uniform pipes which have length, L (1m) , inner radius, "Ri" (1cm) & thickness, "t" (1mm) ‎made from composite materials, where the resin of unsaturated polyester represented the matrix ‎material reinforced by aligned (E-fibers glass) in the first case and used aligned fiber (Kevlar-49) in the ‎second case. The length of fibers is in the two types, the first type is long fibers (continuous) and the ‎second is short fibers (discontinuous) for different length all at volume fraction of fibers, "f" (0.15 & ‎‎0.25). At any construction of the pipe in composite material the natural frequency decreased when the ‎velocity of flow increased from zero to critical velocity also can be observed the pipe at clamped – ‎clamped boundary conditions predicts natural frequency & critical velocity greater than that pipe at ‎clamped – free. The natural frequency and critical velocity increase with increasing volume fraction ‎and length of discontinuous fiber. The value of natural frequency for pipes which have continuous ‎fibers is constant at certain velocity of flow while are variable in pipes which have discontinuous fibers ‎according to ratio between length of short fiber to critical length of discontinuous fiber whereas the ‎natural frequency increase with increasing this ratio. Finally the pipes with Kevlar fiber have high ‎critical velocity and natural frequency compare with pipes for fiber glass.‎

‎ In the current, Studying the effect of mica upon the characteristics of curing system of natural ‎rubber (NR) rubber has been carried out by using oscillating disk rehometer according to the ASTM D-‎‎2084 specification. Results indicate that the addition of cheap material (Mica) to natural rubber in ‎proportions of (4, 8, 12, 16, and 20) % of mica enhanced the hardness, the tensile strength and ‎reometric properties of the rubber. The mix of NR/mica (100: 20) shows promising mechanical ‎properties than other composition. The result showed that the curing time, scorch time and minimum ‎torque decreased with filler content increase therefore the processing time decreased. Also the tensile ‎strength, maximum torque, specific density and hardness advanced with the filler content increase. ‎The hardness developed significantly from (40) to (46) shore (A) when mica content was increased ‎therefore the modulus increased and the elongation decreased. The maximum tensile strength and the ‎minimum wear rate at (10) % of mica.‎

‏ ‏In the current study attention was focused on effects of using wastes of plastic and glass of juices and ‎soft drink bottles in concrete, and the optimum percent's of the wastes were detected giving the best ‎properties of concrete. Total number of concrete mixes was (12), which have different wastes additions ‎details. These mixes included: three mixes have plastic fibers (1, 2, 3)% by cement weight, three mixes ‎have glass with ratios of (10, 15, 20)% as a replacement of sand volume, three mixes have pieces of plastic ‎bottle caps with ratios of (15, 20, 25)% as a replacement of gravel volume‏. ‏The mix that has the optimum ‎properties in these three groups, was selected to merge these types of wastes in one mix. Therefore, two ‎additional mixes were prepared; one mix contains addition of 2% plastic fibers and 15% glass; and the ‎other mix contains 20% plastic bottle caps and 15% glass, in addition to the reference mix without any ‎waste additions. The achieved tests comprise; compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, flexural ‎strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, density, absorption and fire resistance. Tests results give good ‎indications about using these waste in concrete; when two types of wastes are added to the mixes (plastic ‎fiber with glass C11 or pieces of bottle caps and glass C12) the compressive strength is improved ‎noticeably, the residual compressive strength is about (75% and 83%) with total ratio of wastes about 35% ‎at age of 7 and 28 days, respectively, in mix C12, and (76 .7% and 70.5%) with total ratio of wastes about ‎‎17% at age of 7 and28 days, respectively, in mix C11. ‎

A 130 batch experiments were conducted for prediction the uptake of Pb(II) from simulated ‎aqueous solutions onto chicken eggshell using artificial neural network model. Many operational ‎conditions are considered in this process such as contact time (10-240 min), initial pH of the solution (3-7), ‎initial lead concentration (50-300 mg/l), eggshell dosage (0.1-4 g/100 ml), and agitation speed (0-300 rpm). ‎The best values of these parameters that achieved the maximum uptake (=90 %) of Pb(II) were 60 min, 5, ‎‎50 mg/l, 2 g/100 ml, and 200 rpm respectively at room temperature (=25 ºC). The artificial neural network ‎model was able to predict sorption efficiency with a tangent sigmoid transfer function at hidden layer and ‎a linear transfer function at output layer based on10 neurons. The linear regression between the outputs of ‎the model and the corresponding targets were acceptable with a correlation coefficient of 0.99738 for ‎adopted variables. ‎

All over the world the presence of heavy metals in water supply sources has been raising great concern ‎in terms of public health since many epidemiologic studies confirm the potential carcinogenic effect of ‎these pollutants at concentrations above acceptable standards. The purpose of the research is to ‎manufacture porous medium suitable adsorption and remove Carmoisine (E-122).This work includes ‎two tracks; the first track explains the batch model results, while the other track contains continuous ‎flow system.‎
The results of batch mode experiments have been presented to examine the efficiency of ‎removing carmoisine E112 by activated ceramic. In this system, the effects of pH, activated ceramic ‎amount, initial concentration of the activated ceramic, and agitation speed and equilibrium time on ‎adsorption efficiency are studied.‎
‎ The continuous flow system experiments, have been carried out during period from April/2014 to ‎May /2014 , to examine the efficiency removal of carmoicine E112 by six types of media one of them ‎is non-uniform which is the activated ceramic and the others are uniform (silty clay, sandy clay, ‎composite porous media, porculinite, gravel and ceramic). ‎