Misan Journal of Academic Studies

The article focused on studying the historical - geomorphology changes of the stream of the Euphrates River and its branches in the territory between Al-Shinnafiya and Samawa - central Iraq. Where used old maps from 1799 to 1944 AD, aerial photographs from the 1960s, topographic maps, and modern satellite images.
From the data analysis, it became clear that there are two river streams that no one had ever heard of before, linking the two main branches of the Euphrates in the region (Al-Atshan and Al-Subul), which were founded when the Euphrates stream shifted from its fourth phase to its fifth phase (from the stream of Shatt Al-Hillah to the stream of Shatt Al-Hindia). However, these two linking streams, penetrating the bedrock of Umm al-Akf Island, did not take long for their water to be cut off from both of their intakes at the two branches of the Euphrates, and then they dried up and subsided to become a relic after the mid-forties of the last century.
The researcher believes that the end of the two connecting streams is due to several reasons, the most prominent of which is the occurrence of the recent tectonic activation process in the region, which resulted in the rejuvenation of the Euphrates River stream, represented by the phenomenon of Naggarat. The second reason is due to the accumulation of sediments from flood mud in their channels, when Umm al-Akaf turned into a large marsh after each flood, and caused the flow of water to stop in them, as they were lying under the waters of the Marsh (Hor) of Allah, after each flood.
The study also indicated that the stream of Shatt Al-Atshan turned into a small stream during the fourth phase of the Euphrates (Shatt al-Hillah) and that it was not part of the main Euphrates stream in its fourth phase, and got waters from a group of streams south of Heet to the north of Diwaniyah. The study also confirmed the existence of another phase of the Euphrates streams (sixth phase - middle and end of the Pleistocene) that has not been given enough research and study, as this phase extends to the Euphrates stream from south Hit - west of Karbala - west of Najaf, and the stream of Shatt Al-Atshan south to west of Basra, then to its downstream is in the Iraqi Khor Abdullah Al-Tamimi, in the Gulf of Basra (The Arabian Gulf).

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of plant extracts from oils of black pepper fruits Piper nigrum and Eucalyptus camaldulensis and the synergistic activity of chitosan polymers with plant extracts against larvae and adults of the southern cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, under laboratory conditions. The results show that the essential oil extract of black pepper fruits causes the highest rates of mortality for adult insects at a concentration of 3 ml per liter, achieving a mortality rate of 75.00% compared to the treatment with eucalyptus extract, which achieved a mortality rate of 63.61% after 7 days of treatment. The same concentration achieved the highest mortality rates for the larval stage, with percentages of 82.22 and 68.33%, respectively. The results of the bio evaluation of the synergistic activity of plant extracts with chitosan polymer against the adult showed superiority of black pepper extract + chitosan polymer at a concentration of 2 ml + 1 ml, respectively, in causing the highest mortality rates, achieving an average of 80.00%, compared to eucalyptus extract + chitosan polymer, which achieved 71.66%.

Education is a fundamental right in safe schools, as it represents the cornerstone of individual, societal, and successful development. Constitutional and legal legislation has affirmed the right to education and provided the necessary constitutional and legal protections in various constitutional and legal texts. However, recognizing the right to education in a safe school environment for students does not mean they are secure from government intervention or negligence, necessitating effective guarantees to ensure the practical implementation of this right by providing protection against any attack or negligence and addressing the factors affecting this right through the provision of basic requirements for students. Additionally, it is important to protect this right from any assault or harm to students or those responsible for the educational process by providing constitutional and legal protection .

This study was carried out in the laboratories and the agricultural station of the College of Agriculture at the University of Karbala for the purpose of evaluating the efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum and Azotobacter chroococcum in the biodegradation of glyphosate and measuring its residual in the soil by using the HPLC. Three herbicide concentrations at the dosage rate recommended were used, and the soil samples were taken immediately after the treatment and after 3, 7, 10, and 15 days of the treatment. The results showed that the three concentrations used 10, 15 and 20 ml / liter of water achieved 1552, 2235, 3096 and 1132, 1955, 2626 mg L-¹ for each fungus and bacteria, respectively, after 3 days of treatment, compared to the comparison treatment, which recorded 3104 and 4840 , 5582 mg L-1, and the control treatment, which recorded 3104, 4840, 5582 mg L-¹. On the 7th day, the concentrations decreased, recording 975, 1227, 1970 and 541, 942, 1242 mg L-¹ respectively, compared to the control treatment, which recorded 1493, 3675 and 4536 mg L-¹.The results of the study showed the ability of the fungus T. harzianum and the bacteria A. chroococcum In the biodegradation of glyphosate, there were no residual herbicides at the concentrations used in the study after 10 days of treatment

Crop rotation is the rotation of planting for different crops on one plot of land. Crop rotation are important factor for increasing production and improving soil fertility. They are also one of the advantages of modern agriculture, although in the past they have been applied in practice without knowing their principles. Soil is cultivated with more than one crop in the same year, for example, cultivation with a certain crop type and after harvesting, cultivation with another crop type. This process is useful in the ineffectiveness of the nutrients availability in the soil, as cultivation of the land with the same crop throughout the year leads to the consumption of the nutrients needed by this crop and thus their effectiveness from the soil, but when using crop rotation that enables the land to recover the nutrients found in the soil, preferably from the legumes.
In Iraq crop rotation has been applied in restricted areas which make this system un useful for soil conservation and soil management in most of agricultural lands in the country.

This study was conducted in the Department of Plant Protection/College of Agriculture/University of Basrah. This study aimed to evaluating the ability of chitosan coating using different concentrations to inhibit the spores germination of P. fimorum as well as its ability to inhibit Ochratoxin A production. The results showed that using both of micro and nano-chitosan coating causes decreasing on the spores germination of P. fimorum, however the effect of chitosan varied with the difference of the used concentrations, as the concentration of 2000ppm completely inhibited the spores germination of P. fimorum, compared with control and acetic acid treatments, which achieved about 41.66 × 106 and 24.33 × 106 of the number of colony-forming units (Cfu), respectively. The results of the statistical analysis of the interaction between the chitosan types and the concentrations showed a significant effect on the spores germination rates, as micro-chitosan completely inhibited the spores germination of P. fimorum by using 100ppm concentration, compared with 3 × 106 in the nano-chitosan treatment. Moreover, the results showed that using both types of chitosan coating achieved 100% of inhibition rates for Ochratoxin A productions.

The oceans play a major role in energy storage in the global system of land, oceans and atmosphere. In this context, knowledge of the past evolution and future trends of sea surface temperature is critical for future climate scenarios. Previous studies have highlighted the role of sea surface temperature as an important component in the development/or intensification of heavy precipitation events in the western Mediterranean basin but also highlighted its role in heat waves in Europe. In the Mediterranean thermal anomaly, as the autumn season and during November for the years (2013, 2015, 2016, 2019) recorded about (7, 6, 7, 7) repetitions / respectively, which was associated with an increase in the values of the Mediterranean thermal anomaly, while the winter season and January The highest frequency was recorded for the years (2012, 2013, 2014, 2019) about (8, 7, 6, 6) iterations, and this increase was associated with the relative decrease in the Mediterranean thermal anomaly.

The research aims to study the characteristics of the river network of the Wadi Al Dabaa basin, northeast of Maysan Governorate, using data Remote sensing and geographic information systems, and through the integration between remote sensing data and GIS software, which are two tools of great importance in drawing the geomorphological map of land forms and showing the characteristics of the river network in the basin through remote sensing data and the contrast of reflectivity between land features in Space visuals and GIS software, which includes many quantitative and statistical programs and methods that are related to GIS tools. In addition to the field study of the lands of the basin, as these modern means and methods in the study of river basins are considered to produce accurate scientific data that can be used in achieving economic development in the region, given that the landforms that cover the lands of the basin contribute to the abundance of many reliable economic resources in The development of the region, as well as the characteristics of the river network in the basin and the amount of water drainage it provides for agricultural operations in the region. Tectonic structural processes were subjected to external processes that changed their original features, especially the processes of weathering, erosion and gravity, as well as what the natural characteristics that characterize the region (such as rain and the topographical factor that includes the degree of slope and the shape of the slope and the ground system and the shape of the land) which have effectively contributed to The activity of external processes, especially Morphe-climatic processes (water erosion) in particular, or as a result of the operation Evaporative methods that are related to climate characteristics, drought conditions, soil components, and the level and quality of groundwater in the region. In the lands of the basin, the study also showed that the area of the basin amounted to (21.5) km2, a length of (8.7) km and a width of (2.5) km, and the circumference of the basin amounted to (49.6) km, while the study showed that the characteristics of The river network of the basin, especially the river levels, were (6) ranks, the total of their courses was (2448) streams, varying in the number of their courses and their lengths, as their numbers reached the six ranks, respectively (1406, 512, 244, 153, 123, 1) streams, and their lengths were The total basin courses for all grades amounted to (152.8) km, and their lengths vary in the river grades of the basin, respectively (99.53, 26.26, 12.69, 7.72, 6.14 and( 0.46) km, and the highest level was In the basin (174) meters and the lowest level (56) m, .

Yellow corn is one of the most important crops because it has a high nutritional value for humans and animals. In order to achieve this important nutritional value, it is necessary to follow the best ways in their cultivation to achieve high production and unique quality in terms of soil service, composting, irrigation, disease control, insects and attention to the harvest phase. All these things are essential in the development and prosperity of this strategic crop. The current study aims to highlight the best management methods for soil, crop service and pest control in order to raise farmers' awareness of modern ways of growing maize crops as well as the simplified method of presenting the stages of agriculture and service in order to communicate information to peasants as well as those interested in agriculture.

The problem of traffic accidents is one of the most important and complex contemporary human problems that many societies in this world suffer from, and to varying degrees from one society to another, as it is one of the causes of injuries or deaths resulting from collisions between vehicles or between vehicles and pedestrians, which result from exceeding the rules of And traffic systems from drivers or pedestrians, and therefore traffic accidents cause a lot of damage, whether economic, social or human.
The research aims to study the quantitative analysis of traffic accidents in the city of Basra using geographic information systems, which amounted to (139) traffic accidents, representing 25.6% of the total traffic accidents in the urban centers of Basra Governorate, amounting to (541) accidents for the year 2022.

The Iraqi economy heavily depended oil revenues after 2003, it prone to some of the market risks as well as the temporal changes such as the factor of supply and demand. And that factor made the Iraqi economy subject to the fluctuations in the oil market. When the oil prices rise , the consumables expenditures are increasing which leads to wealth waste accordingly while the fall of the oil prices leads to the austerity and the calls for regulating and rationalization of the economic resources. This means that Iraq has fluctuating economic environment after 2004 . as well as the presence of a structural imbalance in the environment of the Iraqi economy.

The members of the legislative authority are entrusted with public service, and therefore the amended Public Retirement Law No. 5 of 2014 applies to them when referring them to retirement. Referring members of the legislative authority to retirement signifies the conclusion of their work within the legislative authority and their transition into retirement. This process is facilitated through the issuance of a presidential decree. It is essential to highlight the significance of studying the procedures and regulations pertaining to the retirement of members of parliament, as it sheds light on the legal provisions governing their referral.
When members of parliament are referred to retirement, they may be entitled to financial rights or have concerns regarding the specific decision impacting their retirement. In terms of financial rights, individuals may request adjustments to their retirement salary or even the calculation of an end-of-service gratuity if they believe they are eligible. Initially, a request should be submitted to the Unified Retirement Authority (URA), which is responsible for calculating the retirement salary. If the request is rejected, an appeal can be made to the Retired Cases Audit Committee (RCAC). If this appeal is also unsuccessful, the deputy can further challenge the decision before the Federal Cassation Court (FCC). It's important to note that the decision of the FCC is considered final and binding, and cannot be appealed.

The current study aimed to measure the level of social self-efficacy among the students of the University of Basra, and to measure the difference in the level according to the variables of gender, academic specialization, and marital status, and the relationship of these variables with the areas of social self-efficacy. The researcher used the measure of social self-efficacy, which was translated by the researcher (Youssef Al-Saud 2016), which consists of (16) items with five alternatives and paragraphs with a positive and negative direction, and after conducting psychometric steps on it. The results showed that there is an average level of social self-efficacy among university students, and there are no differences Statistically significant at a level of significance (0.05) with the variables of gender, academic specialization, and marital status. At the end of the research, the results were discussed and interpreted in light of the objectives of the current research, compared to the results of previous studies, and a number of conclusions, recommendations, and proposals to benefit from the current research and its future development by other researchers.

The councils were and still are held in homes or official offices, in which the conferees discuss their private and public matters. These councils took upon themselves the dissemination of the sciences of scholars, poetic poems, and political and humorous news, and they were attended by various segments of society.
These councils helped preserve the Arab-Islamic heritage of moral ideals and values, but because of the sectarian strife that prevailed in society in the fifth century AH, they could not change the thinking of the general public or raise their cultural level. themselves with this current.

Al-Sayyab took steady steps to distance himself from the extravagant lyricism in the poem, and thus different voices entered the poetic work. The elements of artistic techniques in Arabic poetry have been completed, after the lyrical nature prevailed in Arabic poetry for several centuries past, and among those methods was employing the other/mythological, heritage, and religious, and framing it with new frameworks and a new vision. Al-Sayyab’s exposure to foreign literature opened the horizon for change, and it also provided him with the necessary examples for this change. This became clear from the manifestation of foreign influences in his poetic production, as they were more prominent and clear in the early poetic works, but with time they became lost and difficult for the researcher, and this is natural, as the broader and deeper the poetic experience became, the more capable it became of melting the following in the crucible of experience. His belief in the unity of human experience in different eras was evident in Al-Sayyab’s poetry, which made him employ the voices and visions of others, which belong to different eras and trends, trying to give several visions to different characters within the limits of one poem, which gave this poem greater openness to the world of objective expression, to be It is qualified to reveal conflicts that transcend the boundaries of time and place. In addition to that, Al-Sayyab tried to attract elements of heroism in others and pull them into the life he lives, and one of these artistic techniques

An identity crisis is the product of an individual’s failure to define a certain identity which indicates the inability to choose the future, it also involves a sense of alienation and uselessness, lack of purpose, personality disorder, and then the search for a negative identity. It leads to a crisis in the "Al-Sabaria identity" as a result of the duality that this identity contains, despite the position taken by the "Sabarim" regarding the "Jewish diaspora", and rejected it with everything in it, and with any memory of it. However, the "Sabraim" had accepted the emigration of the Jews from the "diaspora" to their state, but they despised the Jews who did not take advantage of the opportunity to immigrate to Palestine. The "Sabra" generation saw that when it resorted to rejecting the "exile" Jews”, in so doing, he rejected the only past on which their identity could be based. It is not possible to realize identity without a past. It is said that one of the main images of the "sabra" recurring in Israeli literature is that it is an orphan generation that has no father, an eternal child unable to mature because it does not interact with the past. Although the "Sabra" generation rejects Jews and Judaism, its Zionist project aims to establish a Jewish state to protect the Jews and to achieve the Jewish identity, and the Jewish essence. On that, the legitimacy of his presence in Palestine, and the moral basis for expelling its inhabitants, are based on a Jewish foundation with Jewish religious visions such as the Pact or the Promised Land. The large groups of Jewish immigration resulted from the Jewish survivors of the Nazi events. The same applies to the Jews who emigrated from Arab and Islamic countries, until the numerical strength of the "Sabraim" decreased and their influence and influence on the culture that took shape in Israel during that period. The values and customs of the various communities undermined the emerging Israeli status, and were so assimilated that the first roots of these values and customs could no longer be known. Here, the foundations laid by the founders of the "Sabarim" for building modern Israeli culture faced a severe ordeal, as these foundation stones were swept away in a flood of the components of the culture that are stronger than them and have a solid confrontation, due to their entrenchment in the lives of the immigrants of the different countries from which these immigrants came, before the "Sabarim" could of the final modifying of their culture. On the other hand, the term "Hebrew", which was common to it during the Zionist settlement period before the state, was removed to distinguish between the Jew who lives in the "diaspora" and the new Jew who is "the son of the country". It is a term circulated by the people of the country to describe their separate reality and consciousness.

The aim of the current research is to identify the impact of electronic mental maps strategy on developing habits of mind among students of the first grades teacher's department in the subject of educational psychology. (40) male and female students in the experimental group and (40) male and female students in the control group. The experiment was conducted during the second semester of the academic year (2022-2023), as the beginning of the actual teaching was on Sunday 26/2/2023 and its end on Sunday 11 / 5/ 2023 In order to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher adopted a scale (Al-Sayed et al., 2015) to measure habits and to ensure the validity and stability of the tool. It was presented to a few experts specialized in teaching methods, measurement, evaluation and psychology. The habits of mind scale was applied to the experimental and control groups on Sunday corresponding to (5/14/2023(

The research entitled “ the Crime Expressions Of Disbelief in Holly Quran: A semantic Study” aims at studying the semantic dimensions included in the verbal crime structures of disbelief that are expressed in some Quranic contexts, exploring their functional forms and expressive patterns .
This chapter includes a study of some crime expressions date back in origion to disbelief when are modified their declaration thereof for some semantic and stylistic reasons.

In this research paper, our aim was to explore the manifestations of the passion of strife and their application to " the complete fictional works of the writer Dhikra Lu'aybi". We sought to identify the lexical and semantic manifestations that emerged within the narrative texts by delving into the psychological and physical levels of the addressed characters. By examining their psychological, emotional, and sensory states through distinct semantic and lexical manifestations, we aimed to uncover the manifestations of both the ideological and semantic dimensions of the characters. Semiotics of inclinations played a crucial role in unraveling the prominent logical interpretations shaping the text.

In this paper, a literature survey was introduced to study of enhancing the hazy images , because most of the images captured in outdoor images have low contrast, color distortion, and limited visual because the weather conditions such as haze and that leads to decrease the quality of images capture. This study is of great importance in many applications such as surveillance, detection, remote sensing, aerial image, recognition, radar, etc. The published researches on haze removal are divided into several divisions, some of which depend on enhancement the image, some of which depend on the physical model of deformation, and some of them depend on the number of images used and are divided into single-image and multiple images dehazing model , therefore, the haze and its model were studied and the research and methods that dealt with the removal of haze were explained and detailed its advantage and disadvantage which is required for further study.

Objective: One of the most common parasitic diseases is cutaneous leishmaniasis, which is seen especially in the Middle East and North Africa and in the Old World. Female sand flies carry the disease. Visitors, immigrants, and military members are infected with these flies every year.
Aims of study: the aim of this thesis study is to determine the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Dhi-Qar Province, as well as to distinguish between the three species of this genus using the PCR-RFLP.
Materials and methods: In this study, 100 patients who applied to dermatology department of the Dhi-Qar Hospital located in Dhi-Qar, Iraq and had clinically confirmed cutaneous leishmaniasis were included.
Results: The PCR results showed that 84 samples were positive in total. The positivity of the samples was distributed in terms of their demographic characteristics. According to the gender distribution, 54 samples of men were positive, and 30 samples were female. According to the age distribution, the highest number of positive samples was observed in the age group of 61-70 years (36 samples, 42%), followed by the older age group of >80 (24 samples, 28%). Both age groups of 51-60 and 71-80 years showed similar sample sizes (12 samples,14%). The distribution of blood groups showed that the higher percentage of samples (71%) belonged to the blood group O+ , followed by both AB+ and A- (14%). The source of the infections showed a higher sample number (42%) by arms, followed by hands, (28%), then face and foot had a similar sample (12 samples, 14%).

Background: In dentistry, dental stone are utilized to create casts for various dental laboratory procedures. Since it comes into contact with the saliva and blood observed on dental impressions, it is regarded as an origin of contamination. Disinfection of the cast has become crucial to preventing infections. Aim: To determine how type III dental stone's compatibility with the impression materials will be affected by adding a disinfectant (hypochlorous acid (HOCl)) as a water replacement. Methods: A total of 90 specimens of type III dental stone were prepared and separated into three groups, ten specimens for each test group, including group A (control), group B (incorporation of 60 ppm HOCl), and group C (incorporation of 100 ppm HOCl). There were 30 specimens for each type of impression material, including alginate, addition silicone, and zinc oxide eugenol. The specimens of compatibility with the impression material of type III dental stone were evaluated using an optical microscope (Dino-Lite, Taiwan). Results: The results presented that all specimens passed the compatibility with the impression materials test after adding HOCl, which received a score of I. Conclusion: Since type III gypsum products tested for compatibility with impression materials are unaffected by the addition of a hypochlorous acid disinfection solution, this is encouraging.

Objective: Toxoplasmosis represents one of the most widespread zoonosis parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii parasite, which is an intracellular protozoan. This disease infects all warm-blooded animals, including humans.
Aims of study: The current study aimed to assess the blood urea, creatinine, AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase and toxoplasmosis among pregnant women with chronic liver disease.
Materials and methods: The study was carried out during the period from October 2022 to the beginning of February 2023 with total number (200) pregnant women who attended to various governmental hospitals in Maysan Province-Iraq with their ages ranged from (19-35) years.
Results: The results showed 11(9.9 %) of women had positive IgM antibodies to toxoplasmosis, while 98 (49.5%) had positive IgG antibodies to toxoplasmosis. Co-infection was found in both T. gondii/HCV and T. gondii/ hepatitis B virus, (66.7% and 51.9 %) respectively. Women with chronic liver disease showed a significant increase of liver enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in pregnant with toxoplasmosis compared women with no toxoplasma infection. Also a significant increase of Creatinine was found in infected women compared with women with no toxoplasma gondii infection.

Relining is the process of resurfacing the intaglio of a removable dental prosthesis with an entirely fresh base material, generating a precise adaptation to the denture base area. The wetting ability of a denture material gives an indication of the extent to which the lubricating effect of saliva will be enhanced, that promoting retention of denture and patient comfort . The purpose of this research was to evaluate how adding montmorillonite nanoparticles(MMTNPs) would affect the soft lining material's wettability. Materials and Methods: (MMTNPs) with 0.25 and 0.5 wt. of % were incorporated into the heat-cured acrylic-based soft lining. A total of thirty specimens were prepared for wettability test ,ten for each concentration (0%,0.25%,0.5% wt.MMTNPs) .Also specimens for atomic force microscope (AFM). The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test and the Bonferroni multiple comparison test. Result: The wettability was not significantly decreased as a result. Conclusion: The present study showed that MMTNPs decrease the wettability of soft lining materials.

Nonparametric methods play a crucial role in applied statistics, particularly when dealing with data that does not conform to traditional parametric assumptions. This article aims to evaluate the performance of various nonparametric methods commonly used in applied statistics. The evaluation is conducted based on their ability to handle different types of data, their computational efficiency, and their robustness against outliers. The results of this evaluation provide researchers and practitioners with valuable insights into the strengths and limitations of nonparametric methods, enabling them to make informed decisions when choosing the appropriate method for their specific research questions.

Heat-cured acrylic resin has been used to construct complete or partial edentulous denture bases for many years. However, it does not meet the ideal requirements of a dental prosthesis. Several researchers have studied the reinforcement of heat-cured acrylic resin with various fillers in order to enhance the properties of the acrylic. In this review of literature, the light will be concentrated on the role of natural fibers reinforcement with a focus on natural wool fibers.

Deep neural networks may be utilized to handle a wide range of inverse issues that arise in computational imaging, according to recent machine learning research. We examine the key recurring themes in this developing field and offer a taxonomy that can be applied to group various issues and reconstruction approaches. Our taxonomy is arranged along two main axes in which first includes that if a forward model is known and how much it is utilized in training and testing; and other that whether the learning is supervised or unsupervised, that is, whether the training depends on having access to matched ground truth picture and measurement pairs. The manuscript discusses trade-offs with these various rebuilding strategies, cautions, and typical failure scenarios with potential future research directions in imaging with inverse problems. In addition, the implementation patterns and aspects are integrated with the use of deep convolutional networks in deep learning for inverse problems in imaging.

Background: Patient saliva, plaque, or even blood can contaminate dental impressions. the disinfecting impression materials with disinfectants can help prevent contamination. However, these chemicals could alter the dimensional stability, reproduction of details and compatibility with gypsum products.
Aim: This research aimed to showed how the dimensional change, reproduction of details and compatibility with gypsum products of the Addition Silicon impression material (PVS) affected after it was immersed in to two different disinfectants (5.25% sodium hypochlorite NaOCl for ten minutes and 200 ppm hypochlorous acid HOCL for 15 minutes).
Methods: sixty PVS samples (Express STD, 3MESPE, USA). were splited into three test groups, each group of ten samples for each group test. The samples were prepared using a ring mould with the thirty mm diameter and a three mm wall thickness samples were immersion in two disinfection solutions: NaOCL at 5.25% and HOCL at 200 ppm. The group serving as the control received no disinfection. The dimensional change and compatibility with gypsum products of the samples was measured by using a digital microscope, while the reproduction of details was measured by inspected visually without magnification.
Results: The dimensional change, reproduction of details and compatibility with gypsum products of the PVS non-significantly differ from those of a control group (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Within a limitation of this study, PVS can be disinfected more effectively by being immersed in 200 ppm HOCL for 15 minutes while maintaining its dimensional stability, reproduce details, and compatibility with gypsum materials.

This study was conducted to identify the proportion of the contribution of mineral and organic soil components in the values of Cation exchange capacity in some soils with high organic content and compare them with soils with low organic content. To achieve this goal, seven sites were selected for each surface and subsurface sample. Selected sites included Al-Dalmach marsh in Wasit governorate and the marshes soils in Misan governorate included(Al-Azim, Al-sanaf ,Um Naaj and Al-Sudda), as well as one soil site in Diwaniyah governorate, samples of surface and subsurface from all above mentioned sites were collected, dried, grinded and sevied through2mm opening sieve, and placed in plastic cans to store in lab.(Physical, Chemical and Mineralogical ) properties were analyzed in the laboratories of the Faculty of Agriculture, Wasit University, except for the X-ray diffraction tests of the clay fraction, was conducted in the laboratories of the Ministry of Science and Technology/ Baghdad and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) were done at the Faculty of Sciences / University of Kufa.