Journal of University of Babylon

abstract:
The search studying ways to mixture three images of the satellite Landsat 7 for the same area and get the best result describes. The first method is Optimum index factor (OIF). This method was the best mix bands (3617, 3561 and 357), where they figured green areas and water are explained. The second method is determinant of change (variation) of the bands and the best mixture is (3462). Method of Principal Components Analysis is the third method, the top results (123) a better picture of the areas planted, water and earth barren.

This paper provides analysis for different approaches used for security evaluation of some cipher systems.
Many tests (computational complexity, statistical and Information theoretical )
are performed on the ciphered outputs of a number of classical cipher systems ranging from mono-alphabetic, to
poly-alphabetic. The results were encouraging, and can be considered as an approach to enhance the security
evaluation tasks (especially for the used skewness , kurtosis, unicity distance and the Key Entropy parameters),
that is really considered as a hard problem facing the cryptosystem design.

Efficient Cluster schemes play an important role in the self-organizing Ad Hoc wireless networks, so the
performance of this structure needs to evaluate specially for distance sensitive. In this paper, we present a distance
we present a hybrid PSO approach that uses K-means algorithm to replace the refining stage in the PSO algorithm,
weighted clustering algorithm (WCA), in ad hoc networks. One of the measures taken for the HKP process will
underestimate the number of clusters compared with other algorithms.and also observed that the number of cluster
head changes is less and the life time of the cluster head is more. Analysis and simulation of the algorithm have been
implemented and validity of the algorithm has been proved.

Email is one of the most useful communication tools over the Internet; Email can be an
effective knowledge management tool which conveniently enables fast and accurate communication.
On the other side, the increasing volume of email threatens to cause a state of “email overload” at
which the volume of messages exceeds individuals’ capacity to process them. This paper presents a
personal email agent, named PAEA (Personal Assistant Email Agent), which assists the user to send all
his/her email messages to their recipients and automatically download the user email message from the
email server. The agent is designed to be able to classify the incoming email messages into folders, and
to prioritize them so that the user can focus on more important emails first. The agent prioritizes
messages according to user profile and his historical reaction. PAEA can instantaneously update his
learning from the user behavior to be more effective and adaptive in doing the email sorting task.

The object of the present paper is to compare maximum likelihood estimator and some Bayes' estimators for the scale parameter of Laplace distribution. Two prior information functions are considered; the extension of Jeffreys prior and a new suggested prior which we call the modified inverse gamma prior. Two loss functions were considered: the squared and the modified squared error loss functions. We explore the performance of these estimators numerically under different conditions. The comparison was based on a Monte Carlo simulation study. The efficiency for the estimators was compared according to the mean square error (MSE) and the mean percentage error (MPE).
The results of comparison by MSE and MPE showed that the Bayes' estimator of the scale parameter with the modified inverse gamma prior was the best particularly when ???? is large. The maximum likelihood estimator was the second best estimator. While comparison with respect to loss functions showed that Bayes' estimators under modified squared error loss function gives better results than the squared error loss function.

The main aim of this paper is to extend and study the notions of (ordinary ) prime submodules
into prime fuzzy submodules over near-ring .This lead us to introduce and study other properties of
fuzzy submodules of near-ring and fuzzy homomorphism about it .
Also , we study the notions of (ordinary ) strongly prime submodules into strongly prime fuzzy
submodules over near-ring .This lead us to introduce and study other properties of fuzzy submodules of
near-ring and fuzzy homomorphism about it .
Moreover , we study the relationships of prime fuzzy submodules of near-ring and strongly
prime fuzzy submodules of near-ring .

The main aim of this paper is to extend and study the notions of (ordinary ) prime submodules
into prime fuzzy submodules over near-ring .This lead us to introduce and study other properties of
fuzzy submodules of near-ring and fuzzy homomorphism about it .
Also , we study the notions of (ordinary ) strongly prime submodules into strongly prime fuzzy
submodules over near-ring .This lead us to introduce and study other properties of fuzzy submodules of
near-ring and fuzzy homomorphism about it .
Moreover , we study the relationships of prime fuzzy submodules of near-ring and strongly
prime fuzzy submodules of near-ring .

Many questions might confront any researcher, who is interested to have his
results presented in front of his eyes in an appealing way. Questions such as:
- How far can he exploit the visualization software to show, experts and non-expert
people, his findings or results in a convincing way?
- Is this visualization software is the proper one for his tasks ?
- Can this visualization process play an important and active role in the
interpretation process OR is it only a final stage for showing others some pretty
colored figures, pictures and animations.
Furthermore, it is known that visualization can be considered as one of the final
stages in the process of handling any kind of geophysical and remote sensing data.
However, many researchers in this field consider that visualization is a luxury phase
during the major data handling. Many of them deny that it is part of the interpretation
process. We try here to prove the opposite.
To do so, five projects were discussed in this work are:
- Creation of DTM for whole Iraq and surrounding,
- Uplifting deformation due to hydraulic head difference in a faulted area.
- Monitoring of deformations in a water barrier dike in the Netherlands,
- Evaluation of Two Laser Altimetry surveys (AHN1 and AHN2) in the
Netherlands.
- Presentation of atmospheric water vapor of Mexico City for InSAR signal
corrections,
It is concluded in this work that visualization process, using Fledermaus software,
proved to be quite impressive and important stage especially when there is a huge
amount of data to handle. Its ability to - calculate the statistical parameters to
describe the surface, creating profiles, draping different layers or surfaces on each
other, gridding non gridded data, the ability to make comparison and/or correlation
between the different obtained surfaces/layers, handling 2D/3D polygon lines,
differentiating and handling many data formats, converting / editing geo-references
and many other features. All of these features with addition to the direct interactive
display of the data add an extra momentum which leads to the conclusion that the
visualization stage should be considered as part of the interpretation process.

Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged over the last decade as a significant opportunistic
pathogen. Although it is generally associated with benign colonization of hospitalized patients. The
purpose of this study was undertaken to isolate and identify of A. baumannii from clinical infections
using different laboratory methods.
A total of 520 clinical samples (wound pus, urine, respiratory secretion, blood) were collected from
February to June, 2011. A. baumannii isolates were preliminary identified according to the
morphological characteristics and traditional biochemical test. Then confirmed by using API 20E and
API 20 NE multi-test system. Isolates were further identified on molecular level using 16S rRNA
specific gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All PCR positive isolates were examined to grow on
CHROMagar Acinetobacter/MDR medium and their antibiotics susceptibility.
A total of 335 Gram negative bacilli isolates were obtained according to the morphological
characteristics and traditional biochemical test. Only 23(6.8%) were identified as suspected A.
baumannii. Ten (43.4%) isolates revealed very good identification level by API 20E system. While,
API 20 multi-test system for non enteric bacteria identified only 12(52.1%) isolates belonged to A.
baumannii. The same isolates harbored positive bands in PCR experiments with specific primers
for16S rRNA gene. A. baumannii isolates were distributed as 6(50% ) recovered from urine, 4(33.3%)
from lower respiratory secretion and only two (25%) were obtained from wound pus, no A. baumannii
isolates were isolated from blood samples in this study. Hence, 6 (50%) of isolates were gave overnight
pure growth on CHROMagar Acinetobacter/MDR medium with resistant to representatives of three or
more classes of antibiotics. The present findings suggest that the PCR using16S rRNA gene
CHROMagar were gold standard method for detection of multi-drug resistant A. baumannii isolates
among patients in Najaf hospitals.

Novel sources of urease from leguminosae were selected for activity test, one the them (Prosopis
farcta) showed high specific activity (36.52 U mg-1). The active uerase extract then subjected to series of
purification steps involved salting out, DEAE, CM ion exchange and size exclusion chromatography.
Specific activity were 52.44, 193.27, 230.55, 433.33 U mg-1 respectively. Main features of urease were
detected included estimation of molecular weight (95.500 kDa), optimum pH for activity (8) and stability
(7-8), optimum temperature for activity (45oC) and stability (25-30 oC).