Journal of Misan Researches

The Arab League has suffered from many issues and crises, most notably the Arab-Israeli conflict, in addition to other Arab-Arab issues in light of the differences in the orientations of its countries and their dependence on major countries. Despite the fact that the Arab League has been surrounded by complications and doubts, and is still a regional institution that has been exposed to many external pressures regarding its ability and effectiveness, both Arab and international, and despite what has been mentioned, it can be considered the first initiative of the Arabs in contemporary history to be the first signal to start achieving the national ambition and adopting the path of Arab unity through the opinions and discussions that are put forward in its corridors by the representatives of its countries, in which the Tunisian Republic contributed, and which healed the rift in the differences that occurred between the Arab countries, especially after the headquarters of the Arab League moved to it after the conclusion of the Camp David Accords on September 17, 1978, and through what was exploited from its weight, it was removed from the new headquarters of the Arab League and Chadli Klibi assumed the position of Secretary-General of the League in 1979

The study aimed to determine the effect of using the K.W.L strategy in teaching the Arabic language on the achievement of fourth-grade middle school students in literature and texts. The researcher relied on the experimental method based on two control and experimental groups. The sample included 60 students at a rate of (30 male and female students in each group). The researcher applied the strategy in teaching the experimental group. The control group was taught in the traditional way, and a test was prepared for literature and texts. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the literature and texts test. The study recommended using the K.W.L strategy in teaching the Arabic language in general and literature in particular

الحمد لله ربّ العالمين ، والصلاة والسلام على سيد المرسلين محمد ، وعلى آله الطيبين الطاهرين ورضي الله عن أصحابه المنتجبين .
في أثناء قراءتي لكتاب شرح نهج البلاغة لابن أبي الحديد لفت انتباهي وهو يفسر النص قوله : أخذ بعض الشعراء هذا المعنى ونظمه شعرا ، وأحيانا يذكر اسم الشاعر ، و أحيانا يكتفي بالقول أخذ شاعر ، وبعد جرد هذه المادة وجدتها صالحة لأن تكون بحثا

The Siege of Leningrad is one of the darkest chapters of World War II history. The siege imposed by Nazi German forces on Leningrad as part of Operation Barbarossa, the major German offensive against the Soviet Union, was not only an important strategic objective for its industrial and cultural location, but also for its symbolism as a stronghold of the Soviet spirit. The goal of the siege was not just military control, but also to bring the city to its knees by starving its population and cutting off all means of life. As a result, the city’s residents faced horrific conditions, suffering from severe food and fuel shortages, the harshness of the Russian winter, and constant bombing. Despite the suffering and hunger, the city’s residents showed amazing resilience, continuing to produce and work even in the most difficult conditions. The Road of Life, an ice corridor across Lake Ladoga, played a crucial role in transporting essential supplies and evacuating some of the population. However, the conditions were extremely harsh and eventually led to the deaths of about a million people, mostly from hunger and cold

This research deal with the issue of pronunciation and meaning in the two books Akhbar Abu Nawas by Abu Hafan and Ibn Manzur, by monitoring the evidence related to this issue in the entirety of the two blogs and the details associated with it and its reflection on the interpretation of literary texts in all other critical issues in the Arab heritage. We find that the issue of pronunciation and meaning has It is linked to several concepts that the authors tried to monitor in the two books, covering the most prominent axes associated with the issue of pronunciation and meaning and what is related to them in the era of Abu Haffan to the era of Ibn Manzur, which coincided with the stages of integration of literary criticism among the Arabs.
I adopted the analytical history method in studying this research, which was entitled (Literary criticism and issues in my blog Akhbar Abu Nawas by Abu Hafan and Ibn Manzur, the issue of pronunciation and meaning as an example). This research came in a summary and introduction that dealt with the topic and its importance. Then the research included two sections, a section related to the study Words and the evidence related to them in the two aforementioned blogs, and a section concerned with studying meanings and other related dimensions in the two mentioned blogs, which were based on two perspectives. The first perspective is related to the structural and compositional aspect of literary texts and the related aesthetic and artistic dimensions. The second perspective was based on investigating these The issue has its general dimensions, such as the cultural, social, and moral dimensions. This is followed by a conclusion with the most important results reached by the research, then footnotes to the research, which are supported by sources and references

The Soviet-Chinese rivalry over East Turkestan from 1911-1949 was considered one of the complex problems facing the Republic of China. After the fall of the Manchu Empire and the establishment of the republican regime in China, it sought to keep East Turkestan under its control, but the nascent republic faced many problems, including the Japanese occupation of Manchuria and some regions of China, in addition to... The control of the Communist Party over many northern Chinese regions weakened its control over the region. On the other hand, the Soviet Union was seeking to annex it to West Turkestan. In addition, it viewed it with anticipation and caution for fear of the extension of the separatist tendency of the socialist republics, since they belong to one race and are connected to a border strip. The long relationship with the Soviet Union and its socialist republics made it the subject of constant competition with China for control

تتحدث هذه الدراسة عن مفهوم العلمانية بشكل عام، ونخص بالتحديد العلمانية السياسية وما يمكن أن تقود إليه من انحرافات اجتماعية، ونبين دور القرآن الكريم في معالجة هذه الانحرافات، بما يقود إلى مجتمع سليم وعلاقات سوية بين أفراده

يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة عاملي المناخ والمياه السطحية التي تؤثر على إنتاجية التربة والتي تعد أمرًا بالغ الأهمية للممارسات الزراعية المستدامة في ترب منطقة الدراسة, توصلت الدراسة الى ان لعوامل المناخ وخصوصا (ساعات السطوع الشمسي الفعلية, درجات الحرارة , الرياح , الامطار , الرطوبة النسبية , التبخر) لها دور كبير وفعال في التأثير على خصائص تربة كتوف نهر دجلة في قضائي قلعة صالح ,تأثير كبير على خصائصها الفيزيائية والكيميائية وهذا بدوره يؤثر تأثيرا مباشرا على القابلية الانتاجية لهذه الترب, كما تبين ان للموارد المائية وخصوصا السطحية منها والمتمثلة بنهر دجلة الذي يتبع مجراه في هذه المنطقة وما ينجم عن استخدام مياهه لأغراض الري وخصوصا الري بالواسطة له تأثير كبير أيضا هو الاخر على خصائص التربة من خلال علاقته بالمقننات المائية للمحاصيل الزراعية واستخدام الكميات الكبيرة للمياه من شأنها ان تؤثر على تملح الترب وبالتالي تقلل من القابلية الانتاجية لهذه الترب ناهيك عن تأثير نوعيه هذه المياه وبما تحمله من تراكيز مختلفة من الاملاح

كانت العلاقات بين ايران والسعودية في حقبة الستينيات يشوبها قدر كبير من التوتر والحذر نتيجة للسياسات الايرانية في الخليج العربي, وكان على المملكة العربية السعودية باعتبارها الدولة الخليجية العربية الاولى وبحكم امتدادها على السواحل العربية للخليج مواجهة الادعاءات الايرانية واستمرار عمليات التغلغل الايراني البشري والاقتصادي في المنطقة, يضاف الى ذلك عامل هام ساعد على زيادة حدة التوتر ونعني به العامل المذهبي من حيث الخلاف بين المذهب الشيعي الذي تعتنقه ايران والمذهب السني (الوهابي بالتحديد) الذي تتصدى المملكة السعودية لحمايته, وقد زاد من خطورة هذا العامل وجود العناصر الشيعية في المناطق الشرقية مما كان يؤدي الى مزيد من حالات التوتر بين البلدين

In this research, two variables were used: the scientific culture scale and the astute thinking scale on the research sample. The research sample was (750) mathematics teachers, and the research population was (4438) mathematics teachers for the academic year 2021-2022, and the two scales were used.
It reached the following recommendations
- Applying the scientific culture scale to applications in secondary schools and colleges.
- Interest in scientific culture in the time of the outbreak of the Corona epidemic
- To increase the efficiency of mathematics teachers.
- Encouraging thinking and functioning in daily life
- Finding experimental solutions based on the results of measures (scientific culture and clever thinking)
- New perceptions about the nature of the thinking process
- Skillful thinking is something that requires a lot of work to demonstrate, and does not appear naturally in stages of growth and maturity, or implicit experiences from reading and writing academic subjects.
Direct teaching of thinking skills gives the student and teacher a sense of control during the course of the educational process, thus achieving the desired educational goals.
The results of the current research were:
- Low scientific culture among mathematics teachers
- Decrease in clever thinking among mathematics teachers
- There is a correlation between scientific culture and clever thinking

The current study aims to know “the level of fulfillment of the standards of children’s literature in prose texts in the Arabic reading book in the sixth grade of primary school.” The researcher used the descriptive analytical method to suit it in achieving the two objectives of the research, and she prepared the analysis card in its initial form, including (62) sub-criteria in five standards. Main, and after ensuring its validity and reliability, it reached its final form, which includes five main standards that include 45 standards distributed among them. After completing the analysis process and showing its results, it was found that the linguistic field in the content of the Arabic reading book for the sixth grade of primary school obtained a large degree according to the analysis of the prose texts in it and with a weighted mean ( 2.37) and with a percentage weight (0.79) that included 14 standards, 8 of which received a large score, while 6 standards received a moderate degree of verification when comparing these standards with the spoken percentages for this field. The educational field included 8 standards and received a large score according to the analysis of the content of prose texts. For the reading book for the sixth grade of primary school, according to the weighted average of the general average for those standards, which was (2.08) and with a percentage weight of (0.79), 4 standards received a large score, and the rest of the standards received an average score, and in the technical field, it included 12 standards, which received an average score with a weighted average of (2.17). With a percentage weight of (0.70), 5 of the standards received a large score, 6 of which received an average score, and only one standard received a small score. As for the value domain, it received a large score according to the general weighted average of the 11 standards it includes (2.40) and with a percentage weight. (0.70), 8 of these standards received a high degree of achievement, two standards received a moderate score, and the last criterion received a low score, In light of these results, the researcher developed a set of recommendations and proposals

The research aims to study the Syrian policy towards the Palestine Liberation Organization in the period 1965-1971, and the most important issues that occurred during that period in which the armed side of the Palestine Liberation Organization emerged, which was headed in that period by Yasser Arafat, and the conflicts to which the guerrilla action in Jordan was exposed and the results that resulted from them. Syria supported the organization in those conflicts and supported it, and it took a wide role from the Syrian government, as Syrian policy determined the issue of restoring Palestinian rights in accordance with the requirements of political developments in the region, which created an atmosphere of tension between the Syrian government and the Jordanian government, and Syria severed its diplomatic relations with Jordan in solidarity with the organization. Palestinian Liberation

The study aims to analyze the morphometric characteristics of the Yaraw and Abu Jarb eastern valleys in the northeastern Maysan Governorate, and to determine the importance of utilizing them for water harvesting in the future, as water drainage in some areas occurs either as surface runoff within the basins or as groundwater. The sub-basins for each basin were identified; in the Yaraw basin, there are (4) sub-basins, while the Abu Jarb basin has (10) sub-basins, but they cannot be utilized due to their small areas. It was found that the main channel of both basins falls within the fifth order according to the Strahler classification. After applying the morphometric equations, it was revealed that the shape characteristics of the two basins are close to a rectangular shape, with a value of (0.89) for both basins, which confirmed that the surface runoff of the two basins is regular and with relatively low discharge quantities. The results of the hypsometric analysis indicated that both basins are in a maturity stage of their erosion cycle, with a hypsometric integration of (0.7) for both

ذهب بعضٌ إلى القول بأن الفطرة والعقل والمصالح والعدل هي مصدر الإلزام في الأحكام والقوانين الشرعية ومن خلال دراسة آراء الأصوليين في مجال غير المستقلاّت العقلية ندرك أنهم يذهبون إلى الاعتقاد بأن العقل وحده لا يستطيع الحكم بالإلزام الشرعي للقضايا الفقهية. وتوضيح ذلك: إن الفقيه في استنباط الإلزام في حكمٍ فقهيّ يعمل على تشكيل قياسٍ، يستخرج صغراه من حكم الشارع، وكبراه عبارةٌ عن حكم العقل النظري بإيجاب أمر الشارع للكمال، ثمّ يحكم العقل العملي ـ من خلال الالتفات إلى حكم العقل النظري

The importance of the research lies in knowing the effect of climatic elements on human comfort and their impact on his various activities during the year and determining the comfortable and uncomfortable months using the effective temperature index (ET) for all seasons. From a climatic perspective, when applying the effective temperature index and comparing the results with the comfort index at the stations of the study area, it became clear that daytime comfort in the study area did not record a comfortable month during the fall season, as the months were recorded within the category (very hot, warm and moderately cold) for both stations. During the winter months, the range of discomfort prevails with an atmosphere (cold to very cold) at both stations of the study area. As for the spring, it recorded a comfortable month in April, and it is moderately cold during March at Al-Amara station and cold at Ali Al-Gharbi station. All months of the summer season are uncomfortable and hot. In the same regard, when applying the effective temperature index for nighttime comfort, it becomes clear that the weather at night is not comfortable and ideal except in the fall months and for a limited period, during the month of September, and also in one month of the spring months, which is (May) at Al-Amara station, and it becomes annoying because of High temperatures during the summer or low temperatures and a tendency to warm during the winter

يتجلى حضور لغة التفاصيل اليوميّة بفعالية في النص الشعري الحديث، إيماناً من الشَّاعر أنَّه يعبر عن صوته الذي هو انعكاس لصوت الآخرين، الذين يشكلون عالمه المحيط، ومن ثم فهو المعبر عن آلامهم وطموحاتهم؛ فكان لزاماً عليه استيعاب تجاربهم المعيشية بكل تجلياتها وتحولاتها و" كان من أهمِّ الوسائل الَّتي استعان بها في تحقيق ذلك تحويل اللُّغة من طبيعتها النَّثريَّة إلى طبيعتها الشِّعريَّة

Intellectual and social security are two Islamic concepts that Islam affirmed and strived relentlessly to preserve them because they are of great importance in building a healthy society that is free from moral and behavioral afflictions. And the clan.
Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) had, on this basis and within this blessed series of the noble Sunnah, a distinct and undeniable role in his keenness to plant the discreet Islamic divine values, systems and nobility within the society in which he lives and for the societies in future generations.
In this regard, he gave (pbuh) a great deal of wise guidance and virtuous opinions by which the Islamic community took the transcendence and exalted status and elevated its aspiration, and the relations between Muslims themselves and other followers of other religions proceeded in a correct manner, and the hearts became harmonious and loving within the circle of correct human relations.
This research came to shed light on these two concepts due to their importance and to show the values in them that contribute to the renaissance and immunization of it against the intellectual, cultural and social changes that occur

This study aims to clarify the concept of commercial advertising and indicate its importance and definition of the impact of the trend of consumer behavior of the Iraqi citizen.
Through the analysis of this effect، researchers and specialists can understand the impact of advertising on consumers' choices and personal preferences in the process of purchasing and consuming products and services، including making purchase decisions through advertising displayed on satellite channels in general and Al-Iraqiya satellite channel in particular، and the main question of the research problem has become، what is the impact of the commercial advertisement displayed in Al-Iraqiya satellite channel on the consumer behavior of the Iraqi citizen.
The study also included a review of the most important previous studies، as well as the development of a theoretical framework that paves the way for the applied study to include a number of theoretical axes related to the research focus.
The study belongs to the field of descriptive studies، and its community has been represented in the content of advertisements in Iraqi satellite channels (Al-Iraqiya satellite channel as a model). As for the research model، it was based on a specific model of Iraqi citizens consuming products and goods in Iraq، who were randomly selected to ensure good representation of the target population.
The number of members of the model reached 340 citizens from the city center of Baqubah ، and a sample was withdrawn for the analytical study of the commercials displayed on the Iraqi satellite channel for the period from 15-1-2024 to 15-4-2024 with the aim of identifying the nature of the advertisements presented on the Al-Iraqiya satellite channel، where an analytical study was conducted on a sample of eight advertisements in the light of which a set of questions were designed in the form of a questionnaire prepared by the researcher، in order to know the impact of the commercial advertisement on the consumer behavior of the Iraqi citizen.
The study came out with a set of results and conclusions، including.
- The results of the study indicate a positive and strong relationship between the commercials displayed on Iraqi satellite channels and the consumer behavior of consumers.
- The results of the study showed that commercial advertisements displayed on Iraqi satellite channels have a significant impact on the consumer behavior of consumers

The renaissance art is considered one of the most prominent historical periods that witnessed a radical transformation in artistic and intellectual expression. Among the artistic elements that received widespread attention during this period is the female body, as it was represented in multiple forms and with different connotations that reflect the social, cultural and religious changes that Italy witnessed and how Renaissance artists used it. The woman's body in sculpture as a means of representing the ideas and concepts that prevailed in that era.
Therefore, this research includes a study of the connotations of the woman’s body in Renaissance sculpture, which includes four chapters. The first chapter includes the research problem, the importance of the research, and the objectives of the research represented by identifying the question of the problem: What are the connotations of the woman’s body in Renaissance sculpture, then the temporal limits of the research from (1400 to 1600). ) Determine the spatial boundaries and then define the terms according to the research need.
As for the second chapter, which was divided into two sections, the first section of the first topic dealt with emphasizing and identifying the concept of significance, and in the second section of the same section, the concept of the body and the semantic aspect of every historical stage that preceded the Renaissance was dealt with, and in the second section it dealt with the connotations of the woman’s body in ancient arts. The research was divided into three sections: the first is the connotations of the woman’s body in cave art, the second is the connotations of the woman’s body in Mesopotamian civilization, the third is the connotations of the woman’s body in Pharaonic civilization, and the fourth is the connotations of the woman’s body in Greek sculpture.
Then the second chapter came out with indicators of the theoretical framework, while the third chapter was devoted to the research procedures and choosing the research community and the research sample, which was from three selected models, with an explanation of the reasons for choosing them. In the fourth chapter, the research results and conclusions were, then recommendations and proposals, after which Arab and foreign sources were confirmed. And World Wide Web sites

Conflict is one of the most important pillars of the process of deriving legal rulings, which we explained in our research entitled (Conflict of Evidence and Its Solution in Islamic Doctrines).
The meaning of the conflict is the occurrence of inconsistency and inconsistency between the evidence, conclusive and presumptive on the one hand, and between the presumptive on the other hand. We explained the impossibility of a contradiction between conclusive evidence, then we showed ways of presenting one of the two pieces of evidence over the other in the event of their conflict, and we emphasized in this study the causes and origins of the contradiction in The legal texts, which are supposed to be issued definitively, and we have also shown ways to treat conflicting texts in a scientific manner

قد انزل الله تعالى القران الكريم رحمة للبشرية جمعاء وبعث رسول الله ليكون رحمة للعالمين وليرفع المظالم التي كانت تقع على ضعفاء الناس في الجاهلية وكانت المرأة الحلقة الاضعف التي تعرضت للظلم والاضطهاد فالمرأة في المجتمع الجاهلي كانت مسلوبة الحقوق ومنها حقها في الميراث قد حرمت منه بحجة انها لا تحمل سلاحا ولا تركب فرسا ولا ترد صائلا وحرمت من حقها في الصداق في زواجها لان امرها بيد وليها يهبها الى من يشاء او يزوجها ويأخذ صداقها او تكون بديلا عن المهر بزواج في الجاهلية يسمى بزواج الشغار
فعندما جاء الاسلام حفظ حق المرأة وصان كرامتها فحقها في الميراث محفوظ في آيات قرآنية فصلت كل الجزئيات الخاص بالميراث وتوضح كيفية تقسيم الميراث وحق المرأة فيه بحكم الهي وليس لأي بشر الحق في سلبها هذا الحق او تقسيم الميراث حسب هواه وكذلك اوجب الله للمرأة حق الصداق وعده نحله ليميزه عن كون المرأة لها ثمن او تباع وتشترى فرفع بالصداق مكانة المرأة وجعل لرابطة الزواج قدرا وتقديسا فالأسلام انصف المرأة من مظالم الجاهلية

The study aimed to identify the degree of availability of learning criteria on the foundation level in the guide book of Fine arts education teachers in the primary grades for the academic year 2023-2024. To achieve this aim of this study, the researcher used the analytical descriptive approach (content analysis). She presented the criteria of learning in promotion and foundation levels on a number of experts and referees in methods of teaching Fine arts education, curriculum and general methods of teaching to recognize to what extent the suitability of the measurement tool to achieve apparent reliability of the tool. Then, the researcher prepared an analysis tool which is a card of analyzing content according to the criteria of learning. It included 24 criteria in the promotion and foundation levels. The researcherS used the idea as a unit of analysis and frequency as a unit of census. Also, she prepared a form to input the statistical results. To achieve the validity of the tool, she prepared two ways; one through the time and the other though another analyzer where the percentage of the time validity is (100%) and the other way validity is (75%). She used the statistical means such as cooper equation, chi square, The weighted mean and weight percentile. After analyzing the teacher’s guide book of fine arts education, the results indicated to the availability of the criteria of learning in the foundation level with a medium degree in the first primary grade where the weighted mean was 1.475 and weight percentile was 0.625. In the second primary grade, the criteria of learning in the foundation level with a medium degree where the weighted mean was 2.125 and weight percentile was 0.708. In the third primary grade, the criteria of learning in the foundation level with a medium degree where the weighted mean was 2 and weight percentile was 0.666. The researcher concluded:
1. The foundation level of the primary classes: the criteria of artistic productivity are available, but responding to the fine arts is not available. However, it does not form a problem since it is not suitable to the age category of this level.
2. The teacher’s guide book of the fine arts education for the primary grades does not include the digital arts which is considered the central idea for the artistic productivity. However, it focused on drawing, colors, formation, and construction in both levels of foundation and promotion.
The researcher recommends:
1. Reviewing the content of the teacher’s guide which ensures the balance and universality of the contents of artistic productivity.
2. The necessity of the teacher’s guide to include the content which serves the criteria of arts and its contents.

ان الخصائص الكمية لتصاريف نهر المشرح أهمية لمعرفة اتجاهاتها المستقبلية والسنوات الرطبة والجافة ، واحتمالية عودتها ودلالة خطر الفيضان ، واتضحت من خلال الدراسة اتجاه التصريف السنوي والفصلي والشهري نحو التزايد فضلا عن تذبذبها عن المعدل العام كلما تقدم الزمن ، كذلك تباين ما يشكله نسب التصريف من المجموع الكلي ارتفعت الـ(11.2 م3/ثا ) في الفصل الشتاء والأشهر الباردة، وانخفضت في الفصل الخريف والأشهر الحارة وبلغت ( 8.7 م3/ثا)، اما دلالة خطر الفيضان منخفضة الحدوث بسبب انخفاض احتمالية عودة للتصريف العالية ( 29.11 ، 31.77 ، 35.38 ، 39، 41.11 م3/ثا) للسنوات ( 15، 25 ، 50 ، 100 ، 150 سنة ) ، بينما نسب التغير مرتفعة بين اعلى وادنى تصريف بلغت (111.1 % ) بمدى جريان (3 م3/ثا )

Political geography is concerned as a science concerned with the mutual interaction between the geography of the population in all its natural and human dimensions, and the reflection of those dimensions or characteristics on the power of the state. As for the subject of demographics in Egypt with all its structures (demographic and ethnographic), it aims to understand the characteristics of the population structure in the Arab Republic of Egypt in terms of age or quality, economic, national and religious, and the study concluded through the analysis of these structures that most of them added strength to Egypt, as the size of the population is large, as it reached (101789385) in 2022 and the percentage of young groups is high, as it reached (69152640) in 2022, which was reflected in the provision of youth energies that led to work and carry weapons

This research aims to study the mechanisms of counting voices in the poetry of Abd al-Wahab al-Bayati, the prominent Iraqi poet who is considered one of the pillars of modern Arabic poetry. The research examines how Al-Bayati uses polyphony as an artistic tool to enrich his poetic texts and expand their horizons, by integrating different voices, whether it is self-expression or evocation of historical and legendary figures. The research reviews textual examples and analyzes the linguistic and stylistic patterns that Al-Bayati adopts to embody these voices and their interaction within the poetic text. The research also places Al-Bayati's texts in their historical and social context to understand the factors that influenced his poetic experience. The research aims to provide a comprehensive vision of how Al-Bayati employs multiple voices to express the complexities of human reality and present issues of identity, exile, and suffering in an intertwined and complex manner

This research aims to study the cohesion of international efforts to reach a settlement on the Cambodia problem, and to study the issue of the shift in the Soviet position in its support for Vietnam regarding its invasion of Cambodia, thus declaring the Soviet desire to restore bilateral relations with China and its support for the issue of the withdrawal of the Vietnamese army from Cambodia to reduce the burden on its country from its side. On the other hand, achieving a change in its global strategy in many regions of the world, especially the Indochina region, which thus enables the members of the peace settlement, especially the ASEAN countries, to achieve their goal of peace for Cambodia and the entire region

كانت المملكة العربية السعودية في مطلع عام 1977م، تسعى لتعزيز قدراتها الدفاعية نظراً للتوترات التي كانت تعصف بالمنطقة. وكانت تهتم بشكل خاص بطائرات (F-15)،حيث كانت تعتبرها نموذجاً قوياً وموثوقاً لحماية أجواء المملكة بفضل قدرتها القتالية والتقنيات الحديثة التي تم تزويدها بها في عام 1977م، قدمت المملكة العربية السعودية طلبًا إلى الولايات المتحدة لتزويدها بنموذج طائرات (F-15)، حيث طلبت (40) طائرة و(10) طائرات للتدريب، ومع ذلك، واجهت الطلبات السعودية تحديات كبيرة بسبب المعارضة القوية داخل الكونغرس الأمريكي، المدفوعة من قبل العناصر الموالية لإسرائيل لذلك، حاول المسؤولين الأمريكيين إقناع السعودية بتغيير طلبها من طائرات (F-15) إلى طائرات (F-16)، مشيرين إلى صعوبة الحصول على موافقة الكونغرس على الطلب الأصلي.
إلا أن إصرار السعودية على الحصول على تلك الطائرات، باعتبارها حيوية لأمن المملكة القومي، دفع الرياض إلى التحذير من أنها قد تلجأ إلى مصادر أخرى للحصول على طائرات مماثلة في حال رفض الطلب. في الوقت ذاته، مارست السعودية ضغوطاً سياسية واقتصادية على الولايات المتحدة لإتمام الصفقة، ملوحة بأنها قد تقلل من تزويد واشنطن بالكميات المطلوبة من النفط في حال عدم حصولها على الطائرات المطلوبة. بدورها، مارست الإدارة الأمريكية ضغوطاً على الكونغرس للموافقة على الصفقة، محذرة من أن الولايات المتحدة قد تخسر أكبر مستورد للأسلحة وبائع للنفط. ونتيجة لذلك، صوت مجلس الشيوخ في مايو 1978م على إتمام صفقة الطائرات، ومع ذلك، جاءت الموافقة مشروطة بإجراء عدة تغييرات على الطائرات من قبل الشركة المصنعة للحد من قدراتها الهجومية، خوفاً من استخدامها ضد إسرائيل

The research aimed to identify directed behavior and its relationship to the level of achievement in the subject of teaching methods among students of Maysan University
As for the research hypothesis, there are statistically significant differences between students practicing sports and non-practicing sports in directed behavior and its relationship to the level of achievement in the subject of teaching methods among students of Maysan University.
As for the research areas, they are the human field, a student of Maysan University, a sample from the colleges of (Education and Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Maysan University) and the time field from 2023-2024 and the spatial field of Maysan University.
The researcher used the descriptive approach to suit the nature of the research. The researcher chose the study sample randomly from students of the faculties of Maysan University (College of Education, College of Physical Education) with (100) students from Maysan University students. The researcher identified the research variables (the directed behavior scale) and conducted the exploratory experiment on a number of students consisting of (10) students belonging to the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Maysan University. Then, the main experiment was conducted on the research sample and then statistical treatments were conducted. The reality of (the level of achievement in the teaching methods subject) was also presented, discussed and analyzed. The researcher used the values of the arithmetic means and the values of the standard deviations for the students and identified the differences in the directed behavior scale and then presented, analyzed and discussed the results and reached a number of conclusions and recommendations

تتحدث هذه الدراسة عن مفهوم العلمانية بشكل عام، ونخص بالتحديد العلمانية السياسية وما يمكن أن تقود إليه من انحرافات اجتماعية، ونبين دور القرآن الكريم في معالجة هذه الانحرافات، بما يقود إلى مجتمع سليم وعلاقات سوية بين أفراده

The current research aims to analyze the content of Islamic books for the middle school on tolerant Islamic features and build an educational pro-gram to develop them in Iraq, which should be addressed by the content of Islamic books and to know the extent to which they contain these tolerant features. To achieve the research goal, the researcher used the descriptive analytical method, as the research community and its sample were composed From Islamic education books for the middle school, seventh edition of 2023. The search tool was a card analyzing the content of Islamic education books according to the tolerant Islamic features, under which six sub-skills fall, including the features of tolerance (collecting tolerant sentences and phrases, encouraging tolerant phrases, applying tolerant phrases, Analysis of tolerant statements, organization of tolerant statements, evaluation Evaluation of tolerant expressions. Statistical methods were used, including percentages, frequencies, and the Holsti equation to calculate the reliability coefficient. The study concluded that there are tolerant features in Islamic education books for the middle school stage, with varying percentages of tolerant features, respectively (27%, 23%, 23%, 14%). 7%, 6% in the content of Islamic education books, and the study recom-mended the necessity of including features of religious tolerance in the content of the curriculum of Islamic education books for the middle school stage