Philosophy Journal

The topic of women is one of the important topics that human research has addressed in its general framework and academic (philosophical) research in particular, due to the importance and role of this topic in building and forming the family and society, and because human nature is embodied on earth ((So when He decrees a matter, He only says to it, \\"Be,\\" and it is)), these two elements were the active elements in life (man and woman). Our mission here is not to delve into the details and particulars of human discourse on women, but rather to research a stage (Greek philosophical thought) specifically in order to clarify what Greek philosophers said about this topic.

Early modern philosophy, whether it concerns scientific, philosophical, or human developments, is the legitimate daughter of the Renaissance at the level of this growth of developments. However, can we say that the aspects of this philosophy’s positions on the issue of the relationship between religion and philosophy specifically were the result of what we concluded with the declared or implicit (separation) between human science and divine science? The answer: Yes and no. No: because the religious consideration is clearest in the structure of the metaphysical systems that this philosophy gave birth to, and yes: because the scientific developments that ended with their meanings according to Galileo (and his message, which we will come to)), and the philosophical developments that ended with the spread of modern skeptical thought, led to philosophers. The early moderns were able to distinguish, at the methodological level, between what belongs to philosophy and what belongs to religion, and this separation between philosophy and religion is the subject of this brief study due to its current importance and the scarcity of approaches to it compared to the famous studies on the conventional relationship between religion and philosophy.

In Islam, the human being is considered one of the most honored creations. He is the living, thinking entity qualified for stewardship on Earth, capable of bearing responsibilities and fulfilling the trust placed upon him. The significance of this study lies in the understanding that the creation of humans from nothing, after having been non-existent, is a great blessing in which the individual has no role. The honor bestowed upon humans begins from the very moment of their creation, highlighting the value of their existence within the framework of creation.The study concluded that God has honored humans above all other creatures in various aspects, such as knowledge, intellect, the ability to reproduce, organizing relationships through lineage and kinship, as well as harnessing countless blessings for their service..

Abstract
Kierkegaard describes faith as a unique and individual experience that requires a qualitative leap in trust towards God, surpassing the limits of reason and logic. This leap demands personal courage and acceptance of doubt and suffering as part of the faith experience. Emotions play a crucial role in propelling the individual towards this risk. Kierkegaard sees faith not merely as knowledge, philosophy, or science, but as an existential state lived and tested, experienced without conforming to the standards of reason.
He considers faith not merely as belief, but as a personal and emotional experience with God. This experience involves feelings such as fear, hope, and blind trust, which play a significant role in guiding the individual towards a profound spiritual experience.

This study entitled (Hisham Sharabi\\'s Critique of the Patriarchal System in Arab Society aims ِto clarify the problem that Sharabi raises regarding the reasons for the backwardness of Arab society and how to overcome this backwardness and overcome it, through his criticism of the patriarchal system existing in Arab society, and an attempt to address this system and break out of it, within several proposals and treatments that Sharabi presents, believing that they are the effective treatment for the sake of upgrading the sick and backward Arab reality, to a modern and developed society, and this cannot happen without a radical change in men\\'s awareness about the issue of women and unless the goal of liberating women becomes at the top of the agenda of the Arab liberation movement in all its forms.

The traits of optimism and pessimism carry profound anthropological and philosophical dimensions, reflecting the interaction between humans and their social and cultural environments, as well as their perception of existence and its meaning. From a philosophical perspective, optimism represents a form of positive mental response that stimulates psychological and intellectual activity. It is seen as an internal force that activates creative thinking and enhances individuals’ ability to solve problems, enabling them to organize and classify information more efficiently. In an anthropological context, optimism can be viewed as a result

Abstract
The study addresses the philosophical existence of the Glaswegian working-class child in Joe Laughed (1998), a short story set during the 21st century, analyzing the ontological being\\'s self. It reintroduces James Kelman (1946- ) as a philosophical presentist rather than the peripheral cultural writer as literary space knows him. A step backward resets literati to study a new frontier__ the interior level of the self, which precedes and is responsible for the exterior power of identity construction. The reciprocal relation between the self and identity is imperative to configure mainly the child\\'s ambivalent individuality and the Scottish oppressed in general. The characters\\' existential deep layers are intellectually integrated and deciphered by philosophy-based theories headed by Friedrich Nietzsche. This systemizes a logistic to delve into the overlooked blind side of the inner working mindset process to the Scottish proletariat structure. However, Kelman\\'s writing style sounds nonsensical and indirect, prompting readers to close reading to detect the nuances installed within. Thus, ontological and epistemological knowledge are involved to investigate how the reality of that Glaswegian sect operates in a nihilistic vehicle.

ABSTRACT
Antoinette Nwandu’s Pass Over (2019) is an African American drama comments on contemporary issues of racism faced by the African Americans set in a minimalistic setting and characters. The play is similar to the places where most Black people live and it revolves around two young Black men, Moses and Kitch, who pass their time in the city street corner amidst the constant waits and doubts. The present paper explores the representation of identity and racial tensions in Nwandu’s Pass Over through our study of the relations of systems of oppression and marginalization. The paper covers how racial identity is constructed among large historical forces such as systemic racism that has limited life opportunities. For example, Moses speaks of “deez red white and blues” to tie identity to the social and political institutions responsible for his oppression over generations. Furthermore, the paper frames Black masculinity against the threatening dehumanizing stereotypes used to justify disproportionate force against communities of color. These stereotypes, though dehumanizing, become empowering through the acts of resistance. In the play the rejection of labels used to belittle Moses reappropriates the stereotypes on their terms. The paper, then, discusses that using minimalistic storytelling and Biblical analogies; Pass Over provides important social commentary on persisting in the face of oppression. The paper will further give nuanced information about identity as intersected by the larger racial tensions.

Abstract:
The aim of the current study is to uncover how Henrik Ibsen employs Realism to depict everyday struggles, highlighting the truthful representation of the late 19th century life. A Doll\\'s House stands as a quintessential example of Social Realism, providing an exploration of societal conventions, gender expectations, and the search for personal identity. The success of the play lies in Ibsen\\'s depiction of these themes through richly developed characters and realistic dialogue, which together create a genuine portrayal of family life and the challenges encountered by its characters, especially Nora Helmer.
The limited societal options, the societal roles and expectations imposed on women, all are tackled in A Doll’s House. Despite Nora\\'s struggles, Helmer, her husband remains unaware to her sacrifices and clings to his own perspective. Her path to self-discovery and freedom continues to resonate with audiences, solidifying A Doll\\'s House as a significant piece of dramatic literature. Throughout the play, Ibsen advocated for women\\'s rights and championed equality between the sexes, which is reflected in the character of Nora Helmer. This study reveals the realist elements, focusing on how the play critiques societal constraints and explores themes of individual freedom and self-realization

The liberal progressive trend is the second trend in contemporary American liberal political thought, and the peer to the liberal conservative trend in most of its intellectual theses and positions, whether at the internal or external level, despite the constants and foundations on which the basic trends in contemporary American liberal thought meet (i.e. conservative) And progressive).The American liberal and progressive trend has deep roots in the depths of American history. It managed to grow and mature through the stages of the development of American history and society, and this trend was able to keep pace with those developments through a set of ideas and practices adopted by many thinkers and politicians, which became the basis for this trend, until its final features were formed. And all his ideas matured, and he appeared in his current form (neoliberals).

The research aims to demonstrate the importance of the mother\'s role in building the individual because of her important role in the lives of children in terms of physical, psychological, emotional, ideological, and other aspects. The child\'s connection to the mother in his early years is a direct and very close connection that is almost inseparable from her. He is influenced by his mother to a degree that exceeds his influence by his father dozens of times. It also indicates that the mother\'s role is not limited to that, but rather extends to dealing cautiously with the factors and influences that have an impact on building the individual\'s belief. Therefore, the research was divided into three sections: The first section dealt with: defining the Islamic belief, ways to know it, its pillars, and its features. As for the second section, it showed the effect of the Islamic belief in the life of the individual and the nation. The third section dealt with: the basic factors in building the individual belief. In conclusion, the study reached a set of results.

Abstract:
Writing about forgetting is a challenging endeavor, especially when approached indirectly. Forgetting can only be discussed within the context of memory, requiring a clear definition of memory beforehand. However, this approach reveals a methodological failure and imposes a constraint that assumes forgetting must be defined by memory. This perspective is contrary to our view: forgetting is neither the existential opposite of memory nor merely its shadow. Instead, it possesses an independent existence that defines memory in the same way that memory defines forgetting. In this sense, history is a two-sided coin, where memory represents its accepted and circulated face, while the other side remains shrouded in forgetting.

This research attempted to present a reading that is appropriate to the nature of the cognitive structure of Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Nawbakhti, a reading that started from the core of his doctrinal convictions, relying on what was established in the theological discourse of the texts of the Imami theologians, especially the early explanations of the book (al-Yaqut), such as the explanation of Allamah al-Hilli called (Anwar al-Malakut fi Sharh al-Yaqut) or the explanation of Allamah al-Hilli’s nephew, Sayyid Amid al-Din al-Ubaydli called (Explanation of Anwar al-Malakut fi Sharh al-Yaqut) and its role in translating his autobiography and clarifying his theological views, those views that theologians quickly transmitted as one of the doctrinal roots of the Imami theological schools, knowing that his views represented the first beginnings of the entry of theology into philosophy, so it came as a combination of the views of theologians and philosophers.
The research revolves around stating two basic issues, the first of which is about the autobiography as one of the theologians whose opinions differed and the evidence was equal among researchers about determining his identity and his era and in attributing the book of Al-Yaqut to him, and the second issue is the most important and which the human mind has always not escaped from nor been able to reject it, yet he was able to provide rational and transmitted evidence to prove it and infer it, as we find that Al-Nawbakhti has absorbed it and paved the way for it at the beginning of the book (Al-Yaqut), and these are issues that Al-Nawbakhti dealt with when he spoke about the necessity of contemplation and that it is the first of the duties of the person responsible, then he went on to prove the occurrence of the world and that it is individual substances and that it needs a maker to prove it in two ways, the first is the way of the verbal occurrence and the other is the evidence of the philosophers based on the rational division of existence between the necessary and the possible.

slam has been concerned with guiding and caring for man in all aspects of his personality, and has directed him to live according to its educational system, which is in harmony with man’s wondrous composition, and the miraculous combination of the worlds of matter and meaning. He is the marvel, the most astonishing, and the most magnificent entity, with his two origins, one of which is worldly, represented by his body and the organs of his body, and the second is inner, heavenly, represented by his spirit and soul, and they are from two different worlds, the first from the world of this world and the second from the world of the unseen and the heavenly world. The educational system of Islam came to include man in his entirety, body and soul, so that man may live in peace in this world and ensure winning Paradise in the Hereafter.

This study entitled (The Issue of Being in the Digital Age: An Ontological Approach to Paths and Transformations) aims to clarify the formation of a new experience for practicing the experience of existence in the cyber world and virtual reality; especially in its three paths: the info media path, the virtual path, and the artificial intelligence path; as these paths formed the existential structure of the human being in how he is present in the world in a dual way, that is, actual openness in the real and virtual worlds, and one of the most important results reached by the research was that the question about the meaning of being determines the nature of the existence of the human being in terms of his centering and openness, which cannot happen without the occurrence of a major variable that causes a radical change in the nature of the being

Summary
The issue of the existence of God and His attributes has long been one of the most debated topics among philosophers and thinkers throughout history. Many philosophers from various intellectual schools have addressed this issue, but among them, Al-Kindi (d. 873 CE) stands out as one of the philosophers who made significant and influential contributions to Islamic philosophy. Al-Kindi sought to reconcile reason and religion, attempting to clarify the relationship between the two. Although influenced by ancient Greek philosophies, Al-Kindi simultaneously provided rational and logical arguments to support the existence of God and affirm the perfection of His attributes, striving to integrate rational belief and religious faith within the framework of Islamic thought in a coherent manner. This issue was central to philosophical discourse in the Islamic world during that period, especially in light of the emerging controversial questions concerning the relationship between faith and reason. In this context, Al-Kindi excelled in presenting consistent and logical arguments that refuted doubts, proved the existence of God, and defined His attributes in accordance with Islamic teachings. Thus, Al-Kindi became one of the thinkers who laid the philosophical foundation for belief in God within Arab-Islamic thought, making his contributions a cornerstone in the development of philosophical and religious thought in the Islamic world.

Abstract
The concept of war is linked to the concept of peace in most cases, and it may seem to us that it is difficult to separate these two concepts at the first glance, because one depends on the other in construction and establishment, so it is not possible to get out of one situation without entering the other, otherwise it is not possible to get out of war towards peace without agreeing on the terms of peace between the warring parties, i.e, the parties involved in conflict.
In our study entitled (The Philosophy of War and the Moral Problem: An Analytical Study) we have dealt with the critical issue of the extent to which the state of war is subject to moral principles and is there any justifications for war? Is there a just war and an unjust war?; besides other fundamental questions in this regard. The concept of war has changed through the ages, as the war in the time of Greeks was associated with the concept of heroism, poetic epics, glory and courage, also a sacred religious character has been imparted to war in the Middle Ages, but wars were declared in the name of God and for God, while in modern times several political justifications have been taken in this regard and the idea of natural law has taken the place of theological justification of war and in this time we find the case very different from the past since it is often there might be a war but the enemy is unknown, or a war without a horizon for peace, especially after the events of September 11, 2001, where sometimes wars do not take the traditional character of armed confrontations between countries, but in other ways became more dangerous than direct confrontation, that is why we have examined this topic in our study.