Journal of University of Babylon

Modern communication network advancement needs continuous research to develop ‎various technologies relating to 5G and beyond. Since 5G is supposed to support many users ‎with fast data transfer, the Multiple Access Scheme is one of the crucial features that has ‎received the most attention from researchers. One major area of interest is the non-orthogonal ‎multiple access (NOMA) scheme. One solution that shows promise in the NOMA scheme is ‎sparse code multiple access (SCMA), which improves wireless communication's multiuser ‎capacity. This review explains the principle of the SCMA encoder and the mother constellation ‎‎(MC) design. Further, studied different codebook (CB) designs based on QAM and discussed ‎them using various important factors regarding BER, PAPR, and Euclidean distance (d_E). The ‎discussion shows that hypercube QAM is optimal for SCMA compared to others. Finally, the ‎article also presents the opportunities and difficulties associated with SCMA codebook design in ‎multiple criteria.‎

While the recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) reduces the need for natural aggregate, the ‎use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in place of natural aggregate (NA) in concrete is ‎becoming more and more popular in the building sector. Furthermore, The utilization of Recycled ‎Concrete Aggregate (RCA) provides a viable approach to addressing the environmental issue ‎stemming from concrete waste in Mosul city. This paper investigates the effect of acidic curing ‎environment concerning the compressive strength, mass loss, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) ‎at different ages cured in water containing a 5% concentration Sulphuric acid (H2SO4). The ‎density, UPV, and compressive strength were negatively impacted by an acidic curing ‎environment for all Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC) mixtures. On the other hand, the ‎concrete contains calcium-based chemical compounds, namely hydroxide of calcium (Ca(OH)2) ‎and hydrates of calcium silicate (C-S-H), dissolves when sulfuric acid incorporates with them. ‎This reduces the amount of binding materials within the concrete matrix, which, in turn, weakens ‎the structure, and sulfuric acid in contact with calcium-containing materials in the concrete can ‎form gypsum (calcium sulfate dehydrate, (CaSO4.2H2O). Gypsum formation can occupy a larger ‎volume than the original calcium compounds, leading to expansion, cracking, and hence a ‎growth in mass loss and a decrease in UPV and compressive strength.‎

Local scour around the pier is one of the main reasons for bridge failures in the world. ‎Many studies have been conducted to assess the hydraulic performance of different types of ‎countermeasures designed against scouring. Generally, the countermeasures can be classified into ‎two groups: flow-altering and bed-armoring techniques. Collar is the most commonly used ‎countermeasure to change the flow around the pier, hence reducing local scour depth. This paper ‎briefly reviews the most up-to-date studies regarding using the collar method as a protective ‎technique for the pier. The reviewed studies indicated that the amount of scour reduction around ‎the collar-protected pier is based on the size, shape, and position of the collar. The rectangular ‎collar outperforms better than circular, trapezoidal, and triangular shapes under the same ‎conditions. Additionally, combination the collar with other types of countermeasures can ‎enhance the scour reduction process. ‎

Architecture has evolved from being physical spaces to cyber spaces, and physical ‎architecture has been oscillating between cyber spaces. However, with the development of ‎cyberspaces, it has become sometimes ahead of and sometimes lagging behind physical spaces, so ‎the representation of physical spaces as cyberspaces has become used for several purposes, and its ‎applications have been used in several fields, such as the military, medical sector, distance ‎tourism, and others. It did not address the social aspects of these spaces, so this study came to ‎study the social aspects. Therefore: the research problem is (exploring the social aspect of ‎cyberspaces) and the research objectives emerged (developing cyberspace mechanisms to create ‎social space).‎
The research approach was represented by several procedures to achieve the goal and ‎solve the research problem by building a theoretical framework and applying it on a virtual space ‎to reach the results‏.‏
The research found several mechanisms to achieve the social aspects of cyberspace: ‎participation, representation, flexibility, immersion, realism, transfer, adaptation, and personal ‎differences between individuals. It also affects the feeling of abandonment of real environments ‎more. Ages between 19-40 feel that they are separated from the real environment, while ages 40 ‎And above, they cannot abandon the real environment despite their sense of presence in the ‎virtual environment, and the number of senses contributes to the user’s more immersion in the ‎experience, and the sense of sight achieves a higher presence than the rest of the senses, and the ‎senses result in the production of a sense of presence, such as those of sight, hearing, touch and ‎smell‏.‏

The paper explores the vibration of the turning shafts, and whirling hypothetically by ‎managing just the pole bowing without torsion. It is demonstrated that the pole spinning results ‎from vibration considered for this specific framework will have an essential whirling speed, ‎which increments as the inactivity powers of the rotor. Whirling is related to quick pivoting ‎shafts. When a pole pivots, it is subjected to outspread or radiating powers, which redirect the ‎pole from its rest position. These radiating powers are unavoidable since the material ‎inhomogeneities and get-together troubles guarantee that the focal point of gravity of the pole or ‎its joined masses cannot harmonize with the pivot of revolution. The outward powers included ‎and established that the main destabilizing or reestablishing power was because of the flexible ‎properties or solidness of the pole. Subsequently, finding the essential speed, I made an endless ‎redirection of the shaft due to whirling.‎
A stacking reaction investigation can reenact the reaction of the rotor by utilizing the ‎Ansys program, which can distinguish fundamental modular recurrence. The modular ‎investigation can give a serial of Eigen recurrence to a turning shaft, yet only some of them are ‎the correct modular recurrence esteem we require. The consonant examination can separate the ‎eigenvector of the modular investigation result, coordinate them together, and demonstrate the ‎sufficiency recurrence reaction, twisting and stress dispersion qualities of some uncommon places ‎of the turning shaft.‎

With the growing housing crisis and the exclusion of marginalized segments of society, ‎and the disparity of social housing from one country to another in terms of types, models, ‎providers, and the targeted categories it serves, and with the emergence of local legislation to ‎include it in the housing projects of the new cities planned to be established in Iraq, and with the ‎newness of the country's with it and the absence of a specific conceptual basis for local social ‎housing, it was deemed necessary to develop a conceptual framework closer to a local profile for ‎social housing, to define its criteria and make it possible to distinguish it from other housing ‎categories, and to understand its roots and stages of development, from following the modern ‎approach to designing cities that support mixed use and density without overcrowding, based on ‎the principle of design for everyone.The research methodology relied on data collection, ‎inventory, and analysis for comparison, addressing the most significant problems faced by social ‎housing and proposing solutions through calls for renewal and adaptive use of social housing in a ‎contemporary style.Th research concluded with a specific knowledge framework, formulating a ‎clear and integrated definition of local comprehensive social housing and identifying its main ‎types and the most important targeted categories served by the general targeting approach.‎

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a concrete that can be installed and compacted with or ‎without vibration, without segregation or bleeding, under its weight. Nanotechnology gives ‎materials unique performance, and over the past 20 years, significant efforts have been created to ‎incorporate nanoparticles (NPs) into SCC to enhance functionality and generate SCC with ‎superior characteristics. This improves the proper filling and, consequently, the good structural ‎performance of the restricted areas and the reinforced structural components. With the ‎advantages of SCC in construction engineering, it has become increasingly important in recent ‎years. Nanoparticles are promising substances, and several investigators have employed ‎nanoparticles in SCC to enhance the fresh and hardened microstructure properties. Because of ‎their large surface area, nanomaterials speed up the development of C-S-H gel while improving ‎the pore structure of concrete. The present review paper reviews the impacts of various ‎nanoparticles on the most significant fresh and mechanical characteristics‏ ‏of various SCC ‎composites. As stated by the study's findings, NPs can have a bright future in creating high-‎performance SCC composites that the construction sector can use effectively because of a ‎notable improvement in workability and mechanical strength. ‎

This review deals with aspects to consider concerning intelligent polymer coatings. The ‎expression "intelligent polymer coatings" alludes to the concept of coatings being able to sense ‎their environment and properly react to that stimulus. Great efforts have been made to create a ‎novel versatile coating capable of detecting corrosion, pressure, and temperature. The discussion ‎focused on the extent and restrictions of self-healing principles in polymer coatings. ‎Additionally, we discuss the outline of present methodologies and technologies that cover the ‎zones of low molecular weight antibacterial agents and antibacterial polymer coatings. The ‎concentration and spectrum distribution of the optical source can be regulated by employing ‎optical components and filtering optical projection systems that incorporate filters, mirrors, ‎lenses, and optical fibers.‎

‎ The historic city centers in Iraq boast numerous traditional buildings of great ‎architectural importance, characterized by unique design features and elements from previous ‎historical periods. However, they suffer from neglect and loss due to a lack of proper ‎preservation strategies. Effectively preserving traditional buildings requires strategies firmly ‎rooted in the customs and cultures of the areas to which they belong. Considering the sensitivity ‎of these buildings, any incorrect decision in identifying appropriate conservation strategies can ‎have a rapid and negative impact. Thus, in this study, the primary indicators for creating effective ‎strategies for maintaining traditional buildings in Iraq's historic city centers were determined. As ‎a subject of a case study, a collection of historic buildings in Hillah's historic city center was ‎chosen. For the purpose of assessing the percentages of fulfilling the indications in the research ‎samples using a five-point Likert scale, a questionnaire form was created and sent to fifty ‎architecture specialists. After that, analysis was done using the statistical software (SPSS). ‎Accordingly, the findings revealed a discrepancy in the percentages of research samples that met ‎the indicators; the (benefit) indicator was given the highest evaluation, while the (preservation ‎works) indicator was given the lowest. This calls for specialists and decision-makers to step in ‎and develop suitable solutions. ‎

The increasing worldwide prevalence of colorectal cancer (CRC) emphasizes how ‎urgently precancerous polyps must be found by regular colonoscopy. But for reasons ‎including size, form, and visibility restrictions, even experienced endoscopists ‎sometimes miss polyps. Using deep learning and convolutional neural networks ‎‎(CNNs), artificial intelligence (AI) has become a transforming solution helping in real-‎time polyp detection with amazing sensitivity and accuracy. Focusing on the ability of ‎AI-based systems to improve Adenoma identification Rates (ADR) and lower polyp ‎miss rates, especially for difficult small or flat polyps, this article offers a thorough ‎examination of recent AI breakthroughs in polyp identification. Important research ‎show that by raising diagnosis accuracy and lowering endoscopist fatigue, artificial ‎intelligence could enhance clinical practice. We also look at the pragmatic issues ‎linked to introducing artificial intelligence systems into colonoscopy procedures ‎including ethical, legal, and data-related ones. Looking ahead, developments in ‎tailored detection technologies and ongoing improvement of AI algorithms present ‎exciting paths to enhance outcomes in CRC prevention. This paper emphasizes how ‎important artificial intelligence is in raising polyp detection standards and determining ‎the direction of endoscopic medicine.‎

Nanofluids have been employed in a variety of practical applications within the field of ‎heat transfer. There are numerous applications for cooling lubricants, including vehicle radiators, ‎solar and nuclear energy systems, biomedical devices, heating, ventilating, conditioning of air, ‎storage refrigeration, engine cooling, and transformers. The effects of unconventional fluids ‎when combined with traditional fluids for heat transfer have been the subject of extensive ‎scientific research. The results of these studies have demonstrated that the combination enhances ‎heat transfer performance to a level that surpasses that of conventional working fluids. These ‎investigations collectively demonstrate that nanofluids are capable of exceptional heat transfer. It ‎is necessary to adopt a comprehensive approach that integrates both practical application and ‎conceptualization in order to optimize the efficacy of flat plate solar collectors. The results of this ‎study show that the potential for efficiency improvements to range from twenty percent to ‎eighty-five percent can be achieved by increasing the concentration of nanofluids and the bulk ‎flow rate. This paper aims to summarize the scientific progress made in the field of application of ‎nanofluids to enhance the thermal performance of flat plate solar collectors.‎

Competitiveness is the main characteristic that leads oriented firms in their location choices. The new ‎economy based on innovation and implicit knowledge has close ties to space that stimulates innovation and ‎the transfer of knowledge assets for keeping competitiveness. To sustain the process of innovation; it demands ‎continuity of transferring of knowledge (intangible) and (tangible). The current research discusses the ‎catalysts that the urban ocean context can provide to stimulate innovation in industries. Many studies showed ‎that there is level of successful relation between clusters and urban and regional contexts as they interacted ‎differently. Many industrial clusters in Iraqi cities suffer from issues in interacting with their surroundings. ‎This research aims to discuss the role of site quality in enhancing the appeal of innovation clusters. What are ‎the planning characteristics of these clusters? This issue will be discussed according to the review of the ‎literature, and the analysis of studies of innovation clusters and urban context indicators. The research aims to ‎introduce a model to assist the process of evaluation of urban context according to its drivers to integrate with ‎certain types of innovation clusters. The hypothesis is that spatial model [UCIS] can provide guides for ‎spatial policy for developing innovation dynamics. ‎
The research methodology contains the following steps; put the research terms and definitions, define ‎types of innovation clusters, and build a framework (territorial innovation model framework) that gives ‎indicators of planning aspects that fulfill innovation needs. ‎
Inductive results from the case study will assist in identifying and categorizing precise effective ‎indicators as the conceptual framework. elucidates the basic characteristics of site quality for establishing or ‎promoting innovation clusters for Al-Exandria city in Iraq. The main conclusion of the study is that the ‎model of [UCIS] can be a method that assists in determining the various policies of interference in cities ‎according to aspects and levels of integration. ‎

Epoxy is one of the most widely used polymers used in a variety of applications due to ‎its ‎amorphous structure with a prime hardness and mechanical strength. However, it suffers ‎ from ‎high hardness and brittleness so its flexibility and toughness need to be improved. In this project, ‎an‏ ‏epoxy/polyol blend were prepared with different ‎amounts of polyol (1%, 3%, and 6% wt.). ‎The blends were prepared by mixing epoxy, polyol, and hardener. FTIR, tensile strength, impact ‎strength, hardness, and ‎fracture toughness were used to characterize‏ ‏the blends. Results show ‎that‏ ‏‎ there is ‎no change in the FTIR curves. The results of the mechanical properties show that the ‎tensile ‎strength, elastic modulus, and hardness decreased with polyol addition. Both ‎fracture ‎toughness and impact strength improved with the addition of polyol.‎

One of the key components of contemporary transportation systems is interchanges. As a ‎result, this study provides a summary of the different kinds of simulation models that are ‎frequently employed to assess the effectiveness metrics of the highways and interchanges as well ‎as other implemented programs‏.‏‎ It is possible to study and compare different traffic simulator ‎software programs that applied these tactics in order to look into the various traffic simulation ‎strategies to discuss several concepts and algorithms that can be used to simulate traffic systems ‎in order to obtain more realistic results at the microscopic simulation level, this paper can provide ‎a broad overview of the software packages under investigation, including their characteristics ‎and differences like SYNCHRO 8, SIDRA INTERSECTION 5.1, (HCS) 2024, TRANSYT-7F, ‎and multi-techninc in Spss profgramm like modular neural network (MNN), SVM, ANOVA, ‎SARIMA, ARIMA. Choosing the model to employ in the simulation is one of the most difficult ‎problems with traffic simulation tools. The best of these programs, according to the research ‎findings, are those that can effectively and precisely depict the model and are more in line with ‎reality, such as HCS 2024. ‎