Journal of The College of Education

Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon the leader of the messengers, and upon his pure and righteous family…
The topic of scientific miracles is one of great importance, as the Holy Quran is replete with numerous verses that refer to the universe and its creatures, the stages of their formation, and the many cosmic phenomena that accompany them, along with the divine laws that govern them. All of this leads to drawing lessons, understanding wisdom, and necessitates faith in Allah and certainty in the perfection of His attributes and actions.

We must clarify that what humanity has discovered as truths in the past and present is merely a drop in the ocean, the extent of which only Allah, the Almighty, fully comprehends. As the scope of human knowledge expands and as the reflections of those who contemplate and the meditation of those who ponder upon Allah’s Book continue, generation after generation, and era after era, scholars and specialists have persistently discovered the established truths of the universe in Allah’s Book, confirming the fulfillment of the divine promise, in which He says:
“We will show them Our signs in the horizons and within themselves until it becomes clear to them that it is the truth. Is it not sufficient for your Lord that He is, over all things, a Witness?” (Surah Fussilat: 53).

Jewish law has known envy since the writing of its first books. It is full of evidence indicating this, although there are those who argue that the stories of envy and the words that indicate this are merely expressions of greed, avarice, miserliness, etc., and Israeli thought, which was influenced by many political, religious and social turns, is what prompted Jewish legislators to create many metaphors. Which describes an individual’s personality through his physical characteristics. Upon cognitive reading of the passages mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and their relationship to envy and the evil eye, we find that it is in fact a mixture of metaphors and references to theoretical and practical practices, some of which led to envy. Perhaps what the following pages will show will show that the view of thinkers The Jews point to the issue of envy derived from their tendency to link the organs of the human body to its environment as an essential factor.

شَكّل التناص القرآني المباشر رافدا مهما من روافد الشعر النجفي المعاصر خاصة بعد ان وظّف شعراء النجف الآيات القرآنية المباركة في اشعارهم بطريقة مباشرة أي انهم كانوا يعمدون الى اقتباس الآية ومن ثم توظيفها في القصيدة بما يلائم الغرض الشعري الذي يتحدثون فيه وقد اغنت هذه الظاهرة الشعر ورفدته بالمعاني المميزة التي تستمد روحها من النص القرآني الشريف فضلا عن جمالية الصور الفنية الواردة في اشعارهم ، ومن الجدير بالذكر ان التوظيف المباشر للنص القرآني كان يرتبط بالحديث عن اهل البيت عليهم السلام ودورهم الريادي في الدفاع عن الدين الاسلامي ونصرة المظلوم والمطالبة بالحقوق ورفض العبودية والخنوع مستمدين تلك المعاني من الثورة الحسينية ومن ثم تجسيدها في قصائدهم .

Which includes three things, first: The person of Abu Mukhnaf. Secondly, the contents of his novels. Third: its sources, and we are satisfied with the first matter; Which includes the study of his personal, ideological, doctrinal and political motives, which constitute an important part of his approach to writing.
The motive for choosing this topic: is to reveal the depth of Abu Mukhnaf\'s personality and its role in history.
The problem in this research is the breadth, accuracy and sensitivity of the topic.
The importance of the topic is also reflected in the greatest incident in the history of Islam, which is the Karbala case.
- The most important goal of the research is to extrapolate the personality of Abu Makhanf, who was adopted by Muslims in all their sects as the most important historical source that conveyed to us the incidents of al-Tuff, and al-Tabari relied on him more than others in his history.
- The most prominent hypotheses of the research were in the statement of the personal, doctrinal and political motives of Abu Makhanf in his book Al-Muqatil Al-Husseini.
- The reality and society of the research is the Karbala incident, in which the meanings of heroism were embodied in Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and his companions, in contrast to the Umayyad line represented by Yazid and his aides.
- We relied on a large number of sources, in addition to research and questions from history professors and our professors from previous studies on this subject.
The most important results are the expansion of studies that are concerned with identifying the sources and chains of transmission of Abu Mukhnaf, as well as the contents of the narrations of Karbala.
- I recommend studying history in depth, especially with regard to the battle of Karbala; Because it still contains many secrets that need investigation.

Public spending is one of the important and main concepts of any economic system, whether it is Islamic or non-Islamic. Despite the novelty of this concept in modern economic systems, this concept as an economic practice has existed in the Islamic economic system for a long time, such that the Islamic religion paid great attention to public money and established sound distributive foundations for it by spending it on the appropriate societal segments, Therefore, the Islamic religion sought to distribute wealth, public finances, and public spending on those wealth in order to achieve social justice and eliminate poverty. The study aims to achieve several objectives, including knowing the policy of public spending in Islam based on the Qur’anic texts and narrations to achieve justice, equality, balance, and social solidarity.
The study is a descriptive that describes a research phenomenon that is characterized by ambiguity and needs someone to focus on it and explain its dimensions. The researcher relied on the jurisprudential approach that seeks to know the position of the jurist and the mujtahid on the sources and evidence of rulings by urging people to do a certain act or urging them to leave it, and he relies on legislative sources from Quranic verses or prophetic hadiths or narrations of the pure imams. The study reached several results, including the Islamic religion’s emphasis on the importance of public spending for the purpose of financing projects that serve the general public. The research results showed the importance of public spending for the purpose of providing services equally to all groups in a way that ensures achieving justice in distribution, in addition to providing job opportunities for the general public and eliminating poverty.

God Almighty legislated many rulings and acts of worship and commanded creation to act upon them, and commanded them to worship and obey Him. Rather, we see Him Almighty explaining that the creation of this universe, including the jinn and humans in it, was for the sake of obeying Him. This obedience is one of the obligatory acts of worship for people, even if it differs in terms of method from nation to nation. The Holy Qur’an came urging them to obey Him, the Almighty, or to obey a specific type of creation, provided that this obedience is not tainted by any form of worship, for worship is one thing and obedience is another thing,Worship is more specific than obedience because it is limited to the creator glory be to Him. As for obedience, it is absoiute and some is restricted to certain conditione, and He was embodied. This has two requirements:-

The Holy Quran is a multi-visionary book that carries a religious vision represented by worship, a social vision in solving the problems of societies, an economic vision that includes spending, Khums and zakat, and a political vision that includes in the management of Community Affairs, which is the focus of our research, in which politics is described in its praised and vilified sections, which is defined as the management of the country and and the use of the most heinous methods of torture and imprisonment, including expulsion, exile and isolation, so we have shown that the means of muzzling We concluded that all the models mentioned by the Holy Quran that represented the voice of truth are the prophets and messengers, and the tyrants and oppressors are the rulers who derived their rule by mankind and not by the heavenly system, and we knew that the reform process is upright only by sacrifice by the preachers for the sake of rationality .

From here we can summarize that the prohibitions and restrictions put forward by both the Shiites and Salafists came to evaluate the status of takfir and control whether or not it is said. The Shiites mentioned the aspects of takfir and its causes, set controls for it, and mentioned its forms, and so did the Salafists, and it was ignorance, madness, lack of knowledge, and coercion. Error is one of the most important impediments mentioned by both groups for atonement, as stated in their books.
One of the most important controls on takfir among the Shiites was the reliance on the text and the type. They distinguished between both minor and major takfir. Salafism dealt with the subject of takfir and defined the foundations and principles through which takfir is confirmed as a legal ruling. The hadiths that refer to these principles were based on that. And the foundation

Nasir al-Qefari, a contemporary Salafist writer, in his most famous work, "The Principles of the Ithna Ashari Shi'a Doctrine - Exposition and Criticism" posed a set of problems regarding the hadith and narrators of the Imami Shi'ites, some of which are important and constructive, while others are partial and superficial: the Claim to add a lot to Tahdheeb al-Akhbar and al-Kafi, disagreement of some Shiites about the partial of al-Rawdha to al-Kafi, the Shiites’ lack of old narratorial sources and the impossibility of evaluating the hadiths because of this deficiency, the loss of the Imami hadith chains of value, the beginning of the hadith evaluation system since the eighth century, and the beginning of the emergence of the first Imami compilations in the hadith knowledge in the eleventh century,... are the most important problems of al-Qefari on the Shii Hadith and Reajal (narrators).
A careful study of the history of Shii Hadith and Reajal shows that Al-Qefari's critics are not true, and some of his problems are due to cutting the statements of Imami scholars and understanding them outside the original framework and structure. Despite the breadth of traceability in the Imami sources, al-Qefari either did not understand the details of the Imami Hadith and Rejal, or he neglected.

This study dealt with the "constructive sentence" in the poetry of the poet Jamil Haider, one of the most prominent contemporary Iraqi poets in Arabic literature. It aims to analyze the different construction methods that Haider used in his poetic texts, and to understand how these methods affect the artistic meanings and connotations in his works. The study of structural stylistics is of great importance because it helps in understanding the methods adopted by poets in expressing their thoughts and feelings, highlighting the unique structural sentences that characterize Jamil Haider’s poetry, which contributes to appreciating the artistic aspect of his works. The study also provides valuable additions to the Arab library through poetic analysis. Thoughtful reinforcement of critical concepts. In this study, we aim at the structural forms used in Jamil Haider’s poems and how they contribute to building poetic meanings and connotations. To understand how the structural style interacts with other literary elements in his poetry, the study relied on the “analytical approach to analyze a group of poems by Jamil Haider, focusing on the structural methods such as verbal and nominal sentences, and the imperative and non-demanding methods in his poetry to study how the structural style interacts with other rhetorical poetic methods such as metaphor.” And the analogy. The results showed that Jamil Haider has a special construction style that expresses the depth of human and intellectual experience. The study also confirmed that structural methods play a vital role in enriching the deep meanings in Haider’s poetry, and reflect his lived feelings and thoughts. The results also revealed how he used structural structures in innovative ways that enhance the beauty of poems and highlight the diversity of poetic style.

The research attempts to investigate the aesthetics of employing the data of the narrative image, and how to give it vitality and renewal according to the technique employed for the features of the image, according to a special vision of the writer, which reflects the writer's method of investing in language, as the novel is characterized by linguistic condensation and the overlap of literary and creative arts. The research also sheds light on the method of presenting the novelist's ideas and depicting them within the fabric of the novel as presented by the novelist An'am Kachachi. Also, in our treatment of the projections of the image and its types as it appears in models of (An'am Kachachi's) novels, it combines with the types of narrative image as we presented it in a number of novels produced by the writer (An'am Kachachi). Especially since the image in the narrative field had been met with acceptance by scholars in terms of treatment as in the poetic image, and from here we addressed the types of narrative images from the realistic and imaginary point of view in a way that shows the features and characteristics of each of them as it appears in the novel text of Kachachi.

The study titled examines the philosophy of the factors affecting the fall of the Umayyad state in all its aspects according to a group of historians and modern researchers, whether those factors and theories were political, national, or Economic or those related to the social factor or the theory of plagues and their impact on the fall of the Umayyads. There is no doubt that all of these theories are effective, in certain proportions. In addition to that, there is a more effective and influential factor in the course of the fall of the Umayyads, which is the unseen factor (prophecies) and its role in moving events and determining their course. And follow its development.
The study focused extensively on the impact of the unseen factor in restricting the Umayyad political and military activity, especially in their decisive battle (Greater Zab) in the year 132 AH, in order to grant the Abbasid preachers a force that would regulate the success of their plans, especially in the philosophy of choosing the time, place, supporters, slogan, and method for the revolution, as all of these concepts were implemented. Employing it according to the context of the unseen news of the future received by them at that time.
The study reached the extent of the effective influence of the factor of prophecies on the collective mind at that time, whether it was in the influential Umayyad political circles that had detailed knowledge through epic and occult books that the Abbasids were the cause of their political demise in the East, and the same thing was reflected in the Abbasid preachers who had an occult vision. There was a wide reading of prophecies that they would defeat the Umayyads and the state they expected would be theirs, and all of that was fulfilled on the ground

Agricultural and women's education is one of the vocational education sectors that plays an important role in all countries because it is linked to the direct development of any country and its fundamental relationship with the labor market. Agricultural and women's education has an ancient impact because it is the first in the economic and social connection of Iraq. Education has suffered in the past decades from stagnation and weakness. In order to revive agricultural and women's education again, we must take a serious stand in order to develop education and take confident steps to advance this type of education because of its importance in the development of societies. Agricultural and women's education generally represents human capital because it develops the capabilities of individuals and arms them with knowledge, skills and values that enable them to meet the requirements of life and helps them advance professionally and enable them to contribute to the social and economic progress of the country, thus helping to reduce the state of poverty and ignorance. Therefore, this study on agricultural and women's education came at all its stages in Kut.

The research studied England's relations with Normandy and Wales during the reign of King William the Red. In the starting, Duke Robert the eldest brother of king William the red, coreted the throne of England. In addition to the role of the nobles who preferred his eldest brother Robert for of his simple personality there fore king William the red wanted the Duchy of Normandy was annexed to England. The Duchy of Normandy became in the cantor of king Williams the red was not typical but rather in his military methods he maintained his independence.

One of the manifestations of parliamentary life in Iraq is the King or his representative delivering the Throne Speech at the opening of each electoral session of the Iraqi National Assembly (representatives and senators) or any meeting within a single electoral session, He also has the authority to issue a royal decree to dissolve the Assembly or adjourn a specific meeting within a single electoral session, The Throne Speech has always expressed the state’s internal and external policy, whether it has been implemented or will be implemented in the future Sometimes, the Throne Speech represents the ministerial program that the government will follow in the event that the government does not propose a ministerial program, or the Throne Speech comes separately from the ministerial program proposed by the specific ministry, but it carries the same orientations, In both cases, the Throne Speech or Ministerial Program must be put forward for discussion within the corridors of the Iraqi National Assembly because it represents the people according to the constitution. Whether the Throne Speech or Ministerial Program receives the support of the representatives or their opposition, the main goal is to mature its provisions and gain the support of the Iraqi National Assembly for it in order to implement it, The subject of the study is important because it Part of the contemporary history of Iraq, especially since it witnessed important events of World War II.

Turkey's parliamentary life has taken complex steps in its inception since 1876, which came in response to both internal and external pressures. The Turkish Parliament also gained a firm social foundation when the orientations of the society whose identity was taken within a nation-State represented the turning point of the 1920 Council. Knowing that the regime in Turkey has been governed by the one-party regime since 1923, Until 1946, when the leader of the party was the Head of State (CHP) and because there was no rival party in the country, it was considered normal and it had no internal opposition to some extent. After multiparty elections were allowed in 1946, Newly formed political parties (Democratic Party, Party of the Nation, independents, etc.) have called for the Head of State to be impartial and non-partisan, Thus he is not the head of a party, and this happened when Ismat Inono decided between 1946-1950 to move on to a system of multiparty pluralism, This resulted in the actions taken in the amendments to the 1961 Constitution, which were consistent with the requirements of parliamentary democracy.

The researcher addressed the problem of the study, which is what is the relationship between the Russian strategy after 2021 and the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The aim of the study was a geopolitical analysis of the new Russian strategy, stating the importance of the Ukrainian geographical location for Russia. The researcher used the Power Analysis approach, and the historical approach was used to study the temporal dimension of the state and its strategies during historical stages, especially with regard to Russia's relations with the countries of the world, especially its geographical neighbors. The study reached the most important results, the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the emergence of Ukraine as an independent state is the biggest and most important problem facing Russian strategies, especially after 2021, as it may play the role of an agent for the Euro-Atlantic strategy in Europe, consciously or unconsciously. After Russian President Vladimir Putin assumed power in 2001, the main goal of the foreign strategy was for the Russians to regain Their role and influence in the regions of the former Soviet Union, and in return, the methods of the Russian state were translated using the strategy of force by annexing the Crimean Peninsula on March 18, 2014 to preserve the rights of Russian speakers there, as well as protecting Russian influence in the northern Black Sea and ensuring the movement of military fleets and the ease of their movement in warm waters and ensuring the existence of a buffer wall between Russia and the West. On December 9, 2021, the Russian President discussed with the press what was happening in Donbass and considered it a genocide. Also, neglecting the Russian guarantee initiatives that were provided was the main reason for the military movements against Ukraine on February 24, 2022 on several main axes, namely the eastern axis to control the Donbass region towards the north with Kharkov and the north from the center towards the capital Kiev and the south from Crimea and the sea towards controlling the southern coast of the Sea of Azov and up to the borders of the Kherson and Odessa provinces.

The study of river morphology is of great importance within the branches of physical geography, as it is concerned with studying the forms resulting from river tectonic processes, especially their nature, formation processes, and the materials of which they are composed. This is done by describing, classifying, and geographically distributing them according to the conditions and factors of their formation.
The study of the Euphrates River has attracted the attention of many specialists and researchers in many fields, especially in the fields of earth sciences, environment, and geomorphology, because of its significant impact on changing the elements of the Earth’s natural surface, such as natural vegetation, soil, and water resources, as well as human activities such as engineering projects that are carried out within The course of the river, especially dams and reservoirs, and its relationship to sedimentation.
This study focuses on the riverine landforms formed by tectonic activity, represented by sharp turns and twists as a result of tectonic activities, and what they reflect on human uses in the field of agricultural activity and sustainable development in general in proportion to his increasing life requirements and the resulting investment of environmental resources in which he lives. on her. The section under study consists of bends, some of which have a meander ratio of (1.6), especially since the river section has a course length of (47.1 km) and includes (13) bends and (4) bends whose morphometric characteristics vary from one bend to another, in addition to what I explained. Study of the river's influence on tectonic activity.

This study seeks to apply some quantitative methods using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to collect, process, display, analyze and interpret descriptive geospatial data of the street network in the districts of Al-Hay and Al-Muwafaqiya, with the aim of identifying the reality of the street network in terms of its degree of connectivity and ease of access, in addition to analyzing the relationship between the density of the street network in relation to population, area and vehicles. The results of the Shambel index showed the possibility of access according to the number of connections to urban nodes, indicating that the lowest value was achieved in Al-Hay district, as the number of nodes reached (16) nodes, which represents the highest ideal degree of connectivity when compared to the rest of the nodes, represented by the nodes of Al-Hay and Al-Mofaqia districts, while the highest value was at node (228), which is considered the lowest degree of connectivity to the rest of the nodes. By applying the Gamma index, the result of the index was 0.22 for Al-Hay district, 0.23 for Al-Mofaqia district, and 0.30 for Al-Bishara district. This indicates that the street network is non-existent according to the value of the index, which was less than one for all districts and sub-districts of the study area. Therefore, the study recommended the need to work on increasing many street connections between urban areas directly, in order to raise the efficiency of the network and increase the degree of its interconnection and integration

The current research aims to identify:
1- Traumatic experiences among university students.
2- Academic rebellion among university students.
3- Significance of statistically significant differences between males and females in traumatic experiences.
4- Significance of statistically significant differences between males and females in academic rebellion.
5- The correlation between traumatic experiences and academic rebellion.
To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher adopted the traumatic experiences scale prepared by Cristofaro and others. (Cristofaro, et.al, 2013), and built the academic rebellion scale and extracted the psychometric properties, and then applied the two scales to a sample consisting of 400 male and female university students. The data were processed using appropriate statistical methods and the following results appeared:
1- The presence of a high level of traumatic experiences among university students.
2- The emergence of statistically significant differences in the traumatic experiences variable according to the gender variable and in favor of females
3- The presence of a high level of academic rebellion among university students.
4- The absence of statistically significant differences in Academic rebellion variable according to gender variable.
5- There is a correlation between the two research variables.
In light of the results reached by the researcher, she developed a set of recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims to find out the extent to which teachers of the Anbar Education Directorate have critical thinking skills and trends, and the research sample consisted of( 56) Ibrahim test ( 2001) was used to achieve the research goals after checking the scale and its re-significance, which was prepared in order to measure thinking skills consisting of(87) paragraphs with Islamic content, which were divided into the five directions of critical thinking(" differentiating between truth and personal opinion, identifying and diagnosing bias and objectivity in texts, finding conclusions about the text, modifying evidence and arguments "the results found that teachers' scores for critical thinking skills are below the educationally required level( 75%) In addition, there are significant differences due to the variables of experience and the interest of teachers who have years of long experience in the field of teaching .the research included recommendations, the most important of which are: the creation of rehabilitation programs and the development of teachers ' skills, the creation of courses and workshops, stimulating the curriculum and providing support to our teachers and activating their effective role in the educational process.

The present paper aims at finding out the degree of the narcissistic personality for university students in which the population is represented by the university students at morning studies during the academic year (2022-2021) who are averaged (16485) , i.,e., (9805) male and female students from the scientific departments and (6680) from the human sciences depatments . So, the research sample is (400) students from the university of wasit . After reviewing the literature previous related studies to these topics the researcher adopted ( AL-Aasimy 2013) a scale for measuring the narcissistic personality which consists of 40 items . The psychometric principles ; validity and reliability . The reliability has been secured by choosing a sample of 40 students using test - retest and Alph Cronpach formula .The data have been analysed using SPSS . The results showed that university students at wasit university characterized by anarcissistic personality . Due to the results obtained the researcher has concluded some conclusions and recommendations and suggestions

The research aims to identify the relationship between the competencies of employing educational technology and the ability of communicate for the Mosul University lecturers staff. The sample consisted of (208) lecturers distributed at the Faculty of Education for Humanities, the College of Education for Pure Sciences and the College of Education for Girls as (80,72,56) respectively. To achieve the research aim, The two researches were built two tools, the first of which was to measure the efficiencies of the use of educational technology. It consisted of (41) paragraph have (5) alternatives. Distributed over three fields, Secondly, the measurement of communication capacity, which consisted in the final form of (48) paragraph have five alternatives (possessed this efficiency: very large, very large, medium, low, very low) distributed over three areas as well. And the researchers be sure from validity and relatability of the two tools.
After applying the tools of research and data were collection and statistical analysis, the results showed that the teaching staff of the faculties of education have an appropriate level of educational technology competencies, In addition the teaching staff of the faculties of education an appropriate amount of communication and communication, Finally it was reached no statistically significant relationship at the level (0.05) between the competencies of teaching technology and the ability to communicate among teaching faculty at the university Connector. In light of these findings, the researchers came up with a number of conclusions and recommendations.

Transformational leadership is one of the most significant leadership styles aimed at bringing about fundamental changes in an organization by motivating employees and driving them to achieve its goals at higher-than-expected levels. In the educational field, leaders (principals) play a crucial role in developing and improving school performance through innovative strategies that inspire and motivate teachers and administrators to adopt new visions aimed at enhancing the quality of education and increasing the efficiency of administrative processes. The research found that transformational leadership contributed to strengthening teachers' commitment to performing their duties to the fullest and their sense of achievement and satisfaction, based on the responses of the surveyed sample. Furthermore, it has impacted the level of job enrichment, as the majority of changes occurring within the educational institution can be attributed to the effectiveness of implementing transformational leadership, with an impact rate of up to 79.3%. The research also recommended intensifying efforts to adopt transformational leadership in secondary schools in Wasit Governorate, as this step could be key to improving the quality of education and achieving educational goals more effectively, while enhancing job enrichment that contributes to building a strong and engaged school community.

Critical thinking is the presence of a set of skills that include the ability to think critically for history teachers, including: distinguishing between historical fact and point of view, diagnosing objectivity and bias in the historical text, forming conclusions about the historical text, evaluating historical arguments and evidence, and making logical assumptions with historical content.
As for effective teaching skill, it is the ability to perform a specific work or activity related to the teacher’s professional teaching activity, whether this work or activity is during planning for teaching, during its implementation, or during its evaluation. Training and practicing the teaching skill is a basic condition for mastering it.

Divorce is called a divorced woman: feed from the bond of marriage. Divorce is absolutely in Islamic law, it is the lifting of the bond of the bond of marriage concluded between the spouses with specific words. It is the bond that occurs between the spouses and is taken from the divorce. Divorce is a legal method for the dissolution of marriage in the life of the spouses following a judicial ruling issued based on the request of one or both of them for one of the reasons, and it is a lack of compatibility between the personality of the spouses, which constitute a Causes of difficulties in marriage Divorce is a manipulation of the lack of adaptation in married life, while sociology (sociology): sees that divorce is a social phenomenon that stems from society and unhealthy social relationships. It is a serious social disease that means destroying marriage , family, and the basic ties of society and represents the price of unwanted marriage
it is considered the unhappy opposite of marriage.
From the above, we conclude that we will address the topic of divorce sociologically, as divorce is the end of a history of conflicts, disappointments , misunderstandings, and estrangement.

The general budget is the plan that the government sets for a period of time, usually a year, to achieve a number of goals that it seeks and to develop many sectors in the state, such as the service sectors and others, by determining the state’s revenues and estimating its expenditures during this year, and then working to implement them. This budget achieves its objectives. The general budget is based on several rules, and the executive authority is responsible for preparing the draft general budget, while it is approved and voted on by the legislative authority. The researcher has reached several results, the most prominent of which is that the general budget is an effective tool for governments to achieve their goals and control expenditures. In the country, it also recommended a number of proposals, including strengthening the role of the executive authority during the preparation stage of the draft general budget and informing all sectors in the country.

The current study aims to identify the role of artificial intelligence in improving the efficiency of human resources management in Iraqi universities: the University of Dohuk as a model.
The descriptive analytical approach was followed, through the use of arithmetic means and standard deviations, as well as the Spearman correlation coefficient and the multiple regression coefficient between the study variables and their dimensions. The study population was represented by workers in the Human Resources Department at the University of Dohuk, where the total sample that was filtered and selected amounted to (50) people. That is, the number of questionnaires retrieved and suitable for analysis reached (83%). The study reached a set of results, the most important of which are:
1-The results of the study show that there is serious interest in the subject of computer technology through the main themes expressed and their impact on performance in the libraries studied.
2-The results of the analytical study confirmed the existence of a significant correlation between the access of the computer technology variable and performance in university central libraries.
3- It became clear from the results of the study analysis that there is a significant relationship of influence for the axes of the computer technology variable combined on the performance indicators in the investigated library.

This study aims to investigate the theme of fragmentation in American drama, focusing on two iconic plays by Tennessee Williams, "The Glass Menagerie" and "A Streetcar Named Desire." The aim is to analyze how Williams employs fragmentation as a narrative and thematic device, exploring its impact on character development, plot structure, and overall dramatic presentation. The study seeks to unravel the underlying cultural and psychological implications of fragmentation in these literary works, contributing to a deeper understanding of Williams' contribution to American theater. The objective of this analysis is to pinpoint instances of fragmentation within character relationships, settings and plot development in two renowned plays, namely "The Glass Menagerie" and "A Streetcar Named Desire." A critical focus is placed on analyzing the impact of fragmentation on the psychological portrayal of characters and its interconnectedness with broader themes such as alienation, loss and disillusionment. In mythology, the multifaceted approach is used to analyze the complexities of Williams' works and shed light on the profound implications of fragmentation within the context of the mid-20th-century American society. This study employs a qualitative research approach, utilizing close textual analysis of "The Glass Menagerie" and "A Streetcar Named Desire." The results highlight the interconnectedness of personal and societal fragmentation, portraying a bleak yet evocative depiction of the American experience in the mid-20th century. Themes of isolation, nostalgia and the search for identity emerge as central to the discourse. In conclusion, Tennessee Williams' "The Glass Menagerie" and "A Streetcar Named Desire" stand as powerful examples of the thematic use of fragmentation in American drama.

This paper presents a pragma-syntactic analysis of tense functions in the Holy Quran. The ‎study examines how tense is used in the Holy Quran, including its role in expressing time, ‎aspect, and modality. The reason for this is that the syntactic variation of verb forms in the ‎Holy Quran can have ‎different meanings, leading to ambiguity among readers, learners, ‎translators, and exegetes.‎ Thus, the current study attempts to identify the pragmatic and ‎syntactic meanings of these tense variations in selected four Quranic texts. This study is ‎qualitative in nature when dealing with the processes of collecting, analysing, and ‎ interpreting inclusive narrative and non-numerical data. To achieve the study aims, the ‎researchers adopt a model based on Searle's (1969) felicity conditions, illocutionary ‎classification by Searle (1969), and the nuanced declension of the verb by Hassan (1995), Alsamerrai (2003) and Ryding (2005)‎. The study's findings suggest that ‎tense in the Holy Quran serves a range of functions beyond its temporal aspect, including ‎marking modal and aspectual distinctions. The study contributes to a better understanding of ‎the Quranic language and provides insights into the relationship between grammar and ‎pragmatics in the Holy Quran.‎

By focusing on Homi Bhabha’s “third space” notion in The Location of Culture (1994), this paper attempts to understand how the third space framework allows for the investigation into the complexities of identity formation in postcolonial and diasporic contexts with regard to Selma Dabbagh’s novel Out of It (2011). Leveraging Bhabha’s concept of the third space as a transformative zone of cultural impingement, cultural negotiation including issues of identity, take on particular importance with regard to the hybrid identity. By analyzing the protagonists Rashid and Iman Mujahed, as representations of hybridity in Dabbagh’s novel, this paper examines how they move back and forth between Palestinian heritage and Western culture by a close reading of the text. The findings show that Rashid’s diasporic experiences and Iman’s activism strongly characterize the third space as both an empowered space, where the characters reshape their identities, and as an alienated space due to cultural misunderstanding and reduction. But the novel ultimately depicts identity as something that is fluid, entirely molded and shaped by constant interplay of the cultural influences, familial influences and socio political influences. Finally, this paper argues that the third space framework represents a highly useful conceptualization for the study of identity as an ever-changing ideology within globalized, diasporic stories of identity where characters reimagine their prescribed identity in the face of spatial and cultural boundaries.

This study conducts a semiotic analysis of selected photos from American and Iranian media reports concerned with the June 2024 Zionists-Hezbollah conflict to uncover how visual representation and framing differ across these media channels. Using Barthes’ model of semiotics, the analysis focuses on denotation and connotation to reveal both the images\' cultural understanding (stadium) and emotional impact (punctum). The study examines four photos: two from CBS News and two from Press TV. Findings indicate that American media frames the conflict as a security issue, emphasizing Hezbollah as a militant threat and portraying the IDF as a defenders. In contrast, Iranian media frames it as a struggle against Israeli aggression, describing Hezbollah as a legitimate resistance and the IDF as aggressors. Both media use visuals to evoke strong emotional responses, but the framing and portrayal of actors reflect their distinct political and cultural contexts. This comparative analysis highlights the influence of cultural and political contexts on media framing and audience perception, contributing to a deeper understanding of media bias and its impact on public discourse.

This study tries to analyse how the Syntactic- pragmatic interface plays a dominant role in the variation of the order of constituents in the sentence, particularly in the respective placement of the subject, objects, and verb, and according to the intervention of adverbs of different classes. This work aims to point out the similarities and specificities of the relationship between syntax, semantics, and pragmatics in different current proposals for functionalism. More precisely, the role of the Information Structure (IS) in the order of constituents is no longer to be demonstrated. Those transformations, mainly displacements, bring into play the informational structure of the sentence. It focuses on the displacements of arguments (subject, objects) and of the verb and their effects on the placement of adverbs. This study also discusses the possibility of an interface between Text Linguistics and North American Functionalism by resuming their basic theoretical assumptions, elucidating their points of contact, and illustrating their possibilities for theoretical-analytical approaches. To this end, the bases of both methods are explored, and research by Castanheira et al. (2021) is presented. The study concludes that adverbs have stable places in sentences; however, some can shift to the left peripheral. The floating positions of arguments and verbs interact with the SI system, which controls information dissemination. It emphasises the similarities between Text Linguistics and North American Functionalism, emphasising functional linguistic uses and discourse-grammar links.

The anonymous comments have become an integral part of the online world as a double-edged sword to either protect identity for avoiding harassment or engage in harmful behaviors without taking responsibility of the consequences. Since social media platforms allow posting of anonymous comments, the present paper deploys forensic authorship identification analysis to evaluate anonymous comments based on authorship identification and authorship characterization. The research generates its data from fifteen anonymous comments in Threads social media platform and qualitatively analyzed using available techniques of the forensic linguistics that include stylistics, sociolinguistics and dialectology to unveil the possible user’s profile identity of the Threads users with anonymous identity. The findings of the study show that language always provides a valuable contextual footprint to uncover not only speakers’/writers’ intentional and implicational meaning but unveiling those behind the production of the discourse. It also reveals that, in authorship identification methodologies, various forms of lexical choice and semiotic linguistic choice are significant factors for not only identifying but differentiating between a larger set of anonymous authors in social media narratives which would be an important future endeavor.

Viewing a narrative is not the same as hearing it—nor is it the same as doing it or engaging with it; that is, personally and kinesthetically experiencing a tale. In each mode, many items are modified in various ways. The purpose of telling a story—whether in novels, short stories,—is to describe, explain, summarize, and elaborate; the narrator possesses a point of view, the ability to travel through time and space, and occasionally the ability to enter the minds of characters. The current study rhetorically analyses Christopher Nolan’s Interstellar movie and novelisation as a case study via an eclectic framework based on models suggested by Kenneth Burke (1969) of rhetoric and Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1971) of discourse analysis. Two questions are raised: 1. How does the novelisation reframe or introduce the movie's themes, narratives and characters? 2. How does the use of some rhetorical strategies affect the communicative goal of discourse? Through analysis, some prominent points the study underscores are: the novelisation increases emotional involvement by delving into inner character reflections and use of descriptive language; the novelisation provides a more introspective and detailed exploration of these topics, resulting in a more engaging intellectual experience; and both mediums successfully engage audiences, but the framework has emphasised how the cinema appeals to emotions through sensory immediacy, whilst the novelisation speaks to readers who seek intellectual depth and narrative complexity.