AL-Anbar University journal of Economic and Administration Sciences

The study aims to find a relationship between fiscal discipline expressed by the rules of fiscal policy and the effectiveness of monetary policy expressed by supply of money, the exchange rate and inflation rate in Iraq for the period 1990-2015. The study started from the premise that, if the fiscal policy disordered will have a big impact on the effectiveness of monetary policy in Iraq, and through adopting the fiscal rules the monetary policy can remove or reduce the impact of the financial discipline, especially since Iraq depends mainly on oil revenues to cover general budget expenses, and will cause a shock to the economy and reflect this impact on the reduction of general revenues of the state and thus increase the budget deficit and the accumulation of public debt, which has a reciprocal effect relationship with variables of monetary policy . It was reached to accept that the research hypothesis of financial turmoil in Iraq has mainly impact on the effectiveness of monetary policy (money supply, exchange rate, inflation rate), for the period (1990-2015). Through a review for evolution of the variables of monetary policy (money supply, exchange rate, contagious inflation) during the study period (1990-2015), it was observed a positive and proportionality relationship with government spending, in the first half of schooling time the study marked increasing in the deficit, which was covered by release the new cash, which in turn led to an increase in money supply and exchange rate (devaluation of the dinar) and the average of inflation, the second half of the study time marked by higher government revenues associated with oil revenue which the government stimulated the increase in government spending, which in turn led to an increasing in money supply without the exchange rate because the ability of the Central Bank through auction of foreign currency to maintain the level of the exchange rate. The study recommended to adopt the fiscal rules to contribute and determine the maximum acceptable level of government spending by the ratio of GDP growth as a fiscal rule, for a prominent role to spending during the study time on the money supply and inflation. As well as treatment the structural imbalance in public spending items and items of general revenue and reduce dependence on oil revenues to cover current expenditure, and work to establish a sovereign fund to the accumulation of realized fiscal surpluses in the years of abundance to invest it in the development of financing sources of the public budget.

The study aimed to analyze the impact of inflation on stock returns in Iraqi stock Market, the study used the Autoregressive distributed lag model to determine of the relationship between inflation and stock returns in Iraqi stock Market, using monthly data covering the period from 2005 to 2015.
The results showed that inflation rate has a negative impact on stock returns (banking sector, insurance sector, investment sector, the tourism sector and the general index of the market).and there are a co-integration and long-run Relationships between inflation and stock returns for 2005-2015. Also the results showed that a short run inverse relationship between inflation and stock return for sectors (banks, insurance, investment) general index of the market. This results support that stocks does not hedges against inflation in long run in Iraq stock marked.

The exchange rate is one of the most important tools that are used to guide the country's economic policies, including monetary and fiscal policy. The exchange rate plays an important role in influencing the competitiveness of the economy, and the rest of the other macroeconomic variables, such as inflation, growth and the status of the balance of payments. The achievement of the overall balance of internal economic objectives (price stability, full employment and economic growth), the external balance (balance the balance of payments). Iraq's economy has witnessed during the period of study a wave of oscillations between the rise and fall in the level of economic variables, including the Iraqi dinar exchange rate against the US dollar between the rise and fall as a natural result of the lack of economic and monetary stability due mainly to the circumstances of Iraq due to exposure to the wars and the subsequent developments. The importance of research in the exchange rate of the currency is one of the most important economic and monetary indicators Taburan strength of the economy and its position in terms of its use as a tool to guide monetary and fiscal policy. The research aims to analyze the trends of the Iraqi dinar exchange rate for the period (2015-2003), as well as demand and supply of the US dollar during the period of research analysis, as well as to analyze and measure the impact of the Iraqi dinar exchange in the demand for the US dollar during the period in question. Contributes to the Iraqi dinar exchange rate against the US dollar portion significant demand for the US dollar, where Chirallantij standard for the relationship between the Iraqi dinar exchange rate and demand for the US dollar, the value of coefficient (R2) was (0.61) means that the independent variable (the exchange rate) may interpreted alone accounted for (61%) the remaining, which accounted for (39%) it is up to other factors, influential in the model, and these factors are outside the scope of the phenomenon in question.

This study examines the effect of the positive and negative financial shocks on the variation closing prices of the Iraq market and Damascus Securities based on daily closing prices that start from (02.01.2013 - 30.06.2016) data, using asymmetric models (ARCH) and (GARCH ), and models of asymmetric (TGARCH), the study found that the closing prices of both markets has been affected by negative shocks, but the closing prices for the market less vulnerable to Damascus (variation) of negative shocks from the closure of the Iraq market prices. According to the model (TGARCH) show that γ (α + β) was (0.917) of the closing prices in the Iraqi market, in the Damascus market, the (α + β) γ was (0.401).

The study aimed to identify the impact of exchange rates fluctuations of major currencies in Palestine on the financial performance of banks listed in Palestine Exchange during the period from 2006 to 2014. The study used some financial performance indices such as return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), earning per share (EPS), the stock turnover rate, and the market value of bank shares. The study population included all banks listed in Palestine exchange, and it was a comprehensive survey of all the study population. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher followed a descriptive analytical approach because it is the most suitable for the phenomenon under study.In addition, the researcher used several descriptive statistical methods such as arithmetical mean, correlation coefficient and the model used is the multiple linear regression to test the study hypotheses. Moreover, the study concluded a number of findings, the most important of which are: There is no statistically significant impact at level (α ≤0.05) of the exchange rate fluctuations on the financial performance of the banks indicators (ROA, ROE, EPS, the stock turnover rate, and the market value of bank shares), the results of this study were different from the results of several previous studies. Furthermore, the study recommended It is necessary to conduct further studies in order to have a clear idea about the factors influencing the financial performance of banks listed in Palestine Securities Exchange.it is also recommended to increasing the degree of disclosure by Palestine Securities Exchange and the banks therein listed in the financial reports about information relating to foreign currencies and the mechanisms of dealing with fluctuations of exchange rate.

The study aimed to identify the Islam approach which a treatment of poverty and unemployment problems, the method of treatment thath been used in the era of the Prophet and Caliphs, and to study understanding range and acceptance of that approach ona poor and unemployed people in the Gaza Strip, To achieve the objectives of the study were used descriptive approach inductive to track the problems of poverty, unemployment and ways to resolve it according to Qur'an ,Sunnah, analytical approach to the texts of Qur'an and Sunnah, and diligence scientists,
Also it has been prepared a questionnaire distributed to a sample of the poor and the unemployed to find the mechanisms and means that the most suitable method to solve problems and processed in regarding toIslamic vision, we also used SPSS program to analyze that questionnaire.
The study conclude that there is a weakness in understanding the Islamic curriculum details regarding ways and alternatives of the Islamic finance, and the weakness in the ways of Islamic economics in the treatment of problems of poverty and unemployment. Even so, the researchers touch the big conviction and belief in the ability of young people of Islam to cure poverty and the necessity of poverty on the Islamic state treatment, The study recommend an important points including: the needed to continue raising the details of the Islamic approach in poverty and unemployment treatment in terms of the role of banks, role state’s, and the Zakat role. beside that it is important for the government to encourage creative people and those who are interested in the creation of small businesses through activate investment fund with an suitable role which fit those people, finally the study recommend to learning from the Turkish experience in supporting young people and pioneers to create their own projects.

The modern econometric tests were used to state the relation the two changes some of these tests show that the cause was from the total local product to the governmental spending but there is a positive causal relation from the governmental spending to the gross domestic product and this approve with. The modern econometric methods that were used are; the tests the stationary of time series and the co-integrations as Johanss test, optimal lag, vector error correction model and granger causality. The study proved that there is no co-integrations between the growth in the gross domestic product and the investing spending because the Iraq federal budget depended on 70% from the consumptions expenditure and 30% from the Investment expenditure but there wasn't achieve 20% from the investment expenditure because of the illusory projects and the bad management and did not divide the proceeds of Oil correctly on the other economic sector. The results of the tests stated that the optimal lag are two periods and had the least value for these tests during the second time and there is a positive response between the consumptions expenditure and the growth in the gross domestic product and there was a long run co-integrations from the general spending to the gross domestic product during the studying period.

This research is a study of tow main topics (Market dumping and Customer protection) which are representing a challenge for the world economies that affect the local national product. Market dumping means introducing a product in a foreign market either at less price than in the exporting country market, or less production cost in that country. As for the customer protection, it means a set of rules and policies that intends to protect the customer and guarantees his rights. The research will study the impact of market dumping on the customer protection with the mention of several global experiences and apply some to Iraq. The researcher have benefited from statistics obtained from the central statistical organization for the amount of the import and production of wheat crop a few years before 2003, and found that the Iraqi industry have exposed a significant damage due to the market dumping in its markets. The treatment of this phenomenon requires a legislation of the necessary laws and educates the public and customers about the negative social, economic and ethical effects of this phenomenon. As well as other recommendations emerged from this research.

The current research is aimed at identifying the level of estimators owned by leaders in the surveyed organization and its impact on the formulation of the strategic direction and the organization under study is the Municipality of Baghdad, and the sample included senior leadership of the sections managers and above the number of 25 people was where the problem in the surveyed in the lower level of the organization leadership skills and ambiguity in the strategic direction, has been relying on some statistical methods to process the data obtained from the questionnaire of the program (spss) percentage and arithmetic mean and standard deviation and coefficient of variation and to find out the correlation between the two variables were relying on simple correlation coefficient (sperman) the impact the independent variable on the use simple regression coefficient, the research found that there is a correlation and effect between the abilities Leadership competencies and draw a strategic orientation and suffer organization researched the ambiguity in the strategic direction qualification for leadership and low, where most of them were of bachelor's degree holders as well as the decrease in the number of young leaders to fill positions leadership, and recommended current search by allowing young leaders in leadership positions and the need to improve mental Leadership competencies,

The study intellectual and philosophical frame had been formed as a result of the interaction of study variables (Organizational Justice and High Performance ).The aim of this study is to test the possibility of organizational Justice in avoiding the High Performance, studying the level of organizational Justice high performanc.. Hence we have a clearer important,
The study expresses the problem via a number of questions that centered on ( if there is any correlation and mutual affection between the study variables; the Explanatory and the responsive, consequently, a hypothetical sample, with two Main hypotheses, had been put to result in six branches hypotheses .with a sample of (113) of workers ( State Company for Agricultural Supplies) and the search to find a set of conclusions .Including the low level of awareness of personnel and organizational justice three dimensions (distributive procedural, interactional) Finally, research was The company's management to pursue a new approach to strengthening the organizational justice through the creation of a fair system of incentives and fair procedures among employees and seek to develop the company culture geared towards high performance

The research aims to diagnose and interpret the nature of the correlations between the orientation and influence leadership and organizational excellence, The selection of this research in the education sector, as represented by the 12 faculties of the University of Baghdad, And applied research on a sample of 115 individuals from (Dean, Associate Dean, Head of the Department), It was relying on the search on the questionnaire as a tool head for measurement and data collection and ensure (50) question as well as the style of the interview to support the results of the questionnaire and achieve the greatest degree of realism in the collection of information, Use the search program (spss) in the statistical analysis of the data based on a set of statistical Kalost arithmetic means, standard deviation, The coefficient of variation, the simple linear correlation coefficient (Pearson), simple linear regression coefficient, has sought research to test a number of key assumptions branched out by the sub-hypotheses to see correlations between research and influencing variables. The research found a set of conclusions was the most important and there are significant correlation between moral orientation leadership and organizational excellence, as well as having the effect of a relationship are significant moral orientation leadership in excellence, Based on the findings of the research results has developed a set of recommendations, the most important was the need for the university and the colleges surveyed support and promote a culture of leadership dimensions trend in creating more opportunities to achieve organizational excellence and the need for colleges surveyed acceptable interest in organizational excellence benefit and strengthen that interest through work on the development of mechanisms that increase the application of these dimensions

The serious efforts for developing the process of selecting the suitable accounting policy took two different directions: The first direction represents the attempts to put a framework for the basic concepts in accounting whether by logical deduction from specific axioms or by induction through experience or experiment or by both of them .The second direction is represented by a professional effort to develop certain standards in accounting to develop the financial reporting without referring to the systematic Theoretical framework.
The responsible organization which are in charge of formulating the accounting policies in Iraq adopted the second direction and lost the advantages of having the conceptual framework as an effective tool for designing accounting standards which take part in producing high quality financial reports .

Budgeting several weaknesses operations suffer because of their reliance on the setup process on conventional roads leading to the presence of large deviations between the characters shown in the budgets and the actual figures, because the preparation of budgets are based on financial metrics only, without taking into consideration the standards of non-financial, so the search It aims to use financial and non-financial metrics in the process of preparing budgets through the use of balanced marks card which includes this card set of indicators that give the Department of economic unity comprehensive information on how they perform their work as involving financial measures and non-financial, such as customer satisfaction and internal processes and creations, innovations and others

In this research, a set of continuous probability distributions is applied on real data for the weekly average of the total electricity load for the period of (2014-2015) in Erbil city, and the following actions have been done:
1. A set of probability distributions have been taken: (Weibull with three and two parameters, Gumbel min (Minimum Extreme Value Type 1) Distribution, Gumbel Max (Maximum Extreme Value Type 1) Distribution, Frechet (3p) (Three Parameters Maximum Extreme Value Type 2) Distribution, Frechet (Two Parameters Maximum Extreme Value Type 2) Distribution and Generalized Extreme Value Distribution) had been applied by the two tests for goodness of fit (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (KS)) and (Anderson Darling test (AD)) for the purpose of any knowledge of the probability distributions taken if it is appropriate (significant), followed by the real data, the following probabilities distributions have been obtained (Weibull with three and two parameters, Gumbel min (Minimum Extreme Value Type 1) Distribution, Generalized Extreme Value Distribution) were appropriate (significant) with the actual data.

Fiscal sustainability is a central tenet of fiscal rules adopted by European Monetary Union (EMU), which was followed shortly by a Treaty of Maastricht and the Stability and Growth Pact introduced a detailed framework of rules; it is a precondition for financial and monetary stability. Budgetary flexibility is needed for stabilization policy. oil revenue accounts for the majority of government revenue in most of oil producing countries including Iraq, thus ensuring that fiscal policy is on a sustainable path is a high priority. This paper is aiming to study the deviation results in oil-exporting countries as a result of the income earned by what are the changes in these rules as a result of those revenues, and to what extent managed fiscal policy and the support of monetary policy to access to digital border financial rules agreed as international standards

The research studied the Pitman Estimation Method for estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter
for for for for the two parameter Gamma Distribution, and compared it with some estimation methods for estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter estimation the scale parameter
. The methods are:
Maximum likelihood Estimator Method (MLE), Standard Bayesian Method (SB), Furthermore; the researcher suggested two mixture methods for estimation; the first Mixture Method between Maximum Likelihood Estimator Method and Pitman Method (MIX I), and the second Mixture Method between Standard Bayesian Method and Pitman Method (MIX II).
Comparison was conducted between the methods mentioned above to estimate the scale parameter in the experimental aspect to find the best estimation method. Generally, a comparison between the estimation methods of estimating the scale parameter is made using the relative efficiency of the risk efficiency under squared error loss function to find the best method through Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation examples are worked out, where the generation of random data, depending on the different sample sizes and run size (L=1000). The Pitman method is found to be the best method for estimation the scale parameter.