journal mustansiriyah of sports science

Electronic educational and training strategies play an effective role in improving the level of athletes in various sports, including the electronic brainstorming strategy, which in turn affects the improvement of motor behavior that the coach must consider during educational units, as this process plays an effective role in completing the attacking motor duty in a positive way and for the benefit of the team. Here, the problem arose in preparing the content of electronic brainstorming and its impact on improving the attacking motor behavior of the research sample. The study aims at measuring the level of motor behavior among the sample members. The researcher chose (10) players representing Baghdad Al-Rusafa 2nd Education team, to whom brainstorming sessions were applied, and the researcher used the experimental method to study the variables. The researcher concluded that the effectiveness of using the electronic brainstorming method in improving motor behavior and that the use of electronic means and mobile phone applications save time and effort. Preparing and using electronic educational methods by handball coaches for the Baghdad Education teams

This research aims at studying the effect of exercises based on different learning styles in
improving the technical performance of the hammer throw sport among female students. The
study consists of five main sections. The first section discusses the importance of the topic
and its problem, which lies in the difficulty female students face in learning the hammer
throw during practical lessons. The research focuses on developing skill exercises that rely on
learning styles to enhance auditory and visual memory and improve the students’ basic skills
of hammer throw. In the second section, the research presents theories related to learning
styles and their importance in the sports field, along with a detailed review of the techniques
and skills of hammer throw. In the third section, an experimental approach was adopted, the
study was conducted on a sample of fifth-grade female students, and pre- and post-tests were
conducted to measure the impact of the exercises on performance. The results, analyzed in
the fourth section, showed significant statistical differences between the pre- and post-tests in
favor of the group that received the exercises, indicating the effectiveness of exercises based
on learning styles in improving performance and developing auditory and visual memory
among the students. In the final section, the study concluded that using visual learning styles
was more effective than other styles in enhancing performance. The researcher recommended
training teachers on using differentiated learning methods and providing the necessary tools
and educational environment to promote effective learning.

The research aims to identify: the effect of using hypermedia in physical education lessons in developing some athletics skills of the secondary stage for outstanding students. The researcher used the experimental method, an experimental design with two groups, one experimental and the other control, by means of pre- and post-measurement for each of the two research groups, and the basic research sample was chosen. The number of students reached (40) students in the intentional method of the secondary stage for outstanding students in the Republic of Iraq. The results showed that the educational program using Hypermedia contributed in a positive way to raise the level of performance of athletics skills for the students of the secondary stage for the outstanding students of the experimental group Learning by using hypermedia and through following the program had an effective impact in improving the level of performance in athletics skills, as the rate of improvement for the experimental group exceeded the rate of improvement for the control group. This indicates the superiority of the experimental group in all rates of progress for the skill variables. The researcher recommended that implementing the proposed program using hypermedia to learn other athletics skills for all secondary school outstanding students it is necessary to establish educational media laboratories (hypermedia) within schools to contribute to providing qualified human resources to design and prepare programs in all sports activities and games.

The importance of the research lies in raising the level of learning basic defensive skills in fencing and clarifying the role of Vygotsky's strategy for cognitive development and raising the level of students in defensive performance with foil, thus contributing to raising the level of fencing. The research problem is that adopting the correct educational strategies that focus on the cognitive aspect will enhance the level of skill performance for any sport, including fencing, in which basic defensive skills are one of the necessary requirements of the game. Hence, the use of the correct strategy such as Vygotsky's strategy for cognitive development. The most important objective of the research is that identifying the effect of Vygotsky's strategy for cognitive development in learning defensive skills with foil for students. The experimental approach was used. The research sample was third-year students, College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. After applying the evaluation and teaching methods, the most important conclusions were reached is as the following: Vygotsky's strategy for cognitive development achieved the required educational goals in learning defensive skills with foil for students. While the most important recommendations were: Adopting Vygotsky's strategy for cognitive development because it achieved the required educational goals in learning defensive skills with foil for students.

The research aims at detecting the effect of both interval and continuous aerobic efforts in the percentage of blood saturation with oxygen and to compare the effect of the two efforts (interval, continuous) in the percentage of blood oxygen saturation. The experimental method was used with a single-group design with pre- and post-tests because it suits the nature of the research procedures. The research sample consisted of (10) students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul for the academic year (2020-2021), and their average heights, weights and ages were (6.059 ± 177.400) cm and (10.499 ± 87.700) kg and (± 1.71323.600 (years, respectively). This sample was subjected to the interval and continuous aerobic effort tests for (30) minutes. The interval aerobic effort was determined for the current research experiment by taking advantage of the fourth region of the (Fox, 1984) schedule for interval training the work intensity in both efforts was (60% - 70%) of the maximum value of the heart rate (HR max) and at a rotation speed of the treadmill (8) km/h. Thus, the intensity of the interval aerobic effort and the continuous aerobic effort ranged between (140-160) beats per minute according to the percentage of intensity specified in this study (60% - 70%) of the maximum value of the heart rate (HR max). The interval and continuous effort tests were conducted at an ambient temperature ranging between (22 - 23) degrees Celsius and a humidity ranging between (40% - 45%). The variable of oxygen saturation in the blood was studied. A device for measuring the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood (Pulse Oximetry) was used to measure this variable. After collecting the data, it was statistically processed using the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and the (t) test for related and independent samples. The statistical package SPSS (version 13.0) was used. The research concluded that both the interval aerobic effort and the continuous aerobic effort led to a significant decrease in blood oxygen saturation, while the type of effort (interval, continuous) had no significant effect on the percentage of blood oxygen saturation when comparing the two post-tests of the interval and continuous aerobic effort

The research aims to prepare a proposed training program to develop some bio motor abilities, the concentration of liver enzymes in the blood, and the achievement of the 200-meter men’s race. Through the researcher’s field experience, he noticed that the 200-meter competition decreased the physical level and did not standardize the training load because the rhythm and coordination of the steps are affected by fatigue. Due to the importance of the role of the liver enzymes process in the blood as stimulating substances that contribute to the speed of actions, the researcher used the experimental method and determined the community of players from six clubs in Iraq for the 2024 sports season, totaling (12) players. The sample was divided into the experimental group and the control group, each group (6) players. The most important conclusion was the superiority of the experimental group in favor of the dimensional measurement.

The research aimed to prepare special exercises by changing the symbolic comfort period And the experimental research curriculum was approved by designing the experimental and controlled groups on a sample of the players of Salik Basketball Club participating in the sports season (2023-2024), (12) players who were trapped deliberate The emergence of the anaerobic threshold, the maximum consumption of oxygen) and the technology of mathematical physiological laboratories was adopted in its measurement, and to determine the periods of adaptive comfort between the repetitions and groups within the training unit, as it reached between the repetitions (15-45) seconds and between the groups of (90-120) seconds, And between the exercises from (5-10) minutes, For anaerobic tolerance for basketball players within the highly severity method of training. And at the rate of (3) units weekly, for a period of (8) weeks, and with a hungry (24) training units, and then the results were tackled statistically with the statistical bag system (SPSS) and the conclusions were that it was concluded that changing the inter -adaptive rest periods in pregnancy exercises for changing periods Embolic comfort in basketball proved its effectiveness in improving both biology indicators of physical voltage (lactic acid, and the time of the appearance of anaerobic threshold, maximum consumption of oxygen) and their superiority over the players who adopted the familiar follower in their training, it is necessary that the lack of restriction and pressure on the players in events The required adaptations, which expose them to the damage and problems of excessive training pregnancy and work to enable players to improve their capabilities in a way that suits their capabilities by adopting the principle of individualism in the foundations and principles of sports training..

The researcher aims at identifying the effect of using blood flow restriction belts in a practical way, accompanied by performing low-intensity resistance exercises (20-30) % to rehabilitate the muscle strength of some of the affected arm muscles of women who survived a stroke, with an average age of (1.60 ± 62.7) years, heights (3.48 ± 155.1) cm, and masses (6.1 ± 63) kg. The researcher used the experimental method in the scientific research with the experimental and control group design. Then the main experiment was applied to the two groups of the research sample, totaling thirty women from the patients of the Medical Rehabilitation and Joint Diseases Center/Therapeutic Rehabilitation Hall, who were registered in the center's records for the year 2023/2024 which divided equally between the two research groups. This step was followed by measuring the grip strength of the affected arm before and after applying the main experiment using a grip strength measuring device (dynamometer). The researcher concluded that the statistical values ​​of the (Mann-Whitney) test (0.000) ≤ (0.05). The efficiency of the results of rehabilitation of muscle strength for some affected arm muscles selected for the experimental research group compared to the control group showed that the use of rubber bands to achieve the process of accompanying the performance of low-intensity resistance exercises worked to rehabilitate muscle strength for some affected arm muscles selected for the experimental research group.

The purpose of the study was to find out how instructional modules based on the MURDER method affected the development of volleyball serving skills. It also aimed to examine how well students' serving performance was enhanced by employing the MURDER technique. In order to solve the research topic, the researcher used the experimental method with a design that included two groups: experimental and control.


The study population consisted of 236 second-year students from five sections at the University of Diyala's College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences during the 2023 academic year. With Section A representing the experimental group (15 students) and Section B representing the control group (15 students), the research sample was chosen at random using the lottery technique.


The educational units were implemented from April 1, 2023, to April 24, 2023, with two sessions per week (Monday and Wednesday), each lasting 90 minutes, comprising a total of 18 educational units. Students' performance was assessed using technical performance evaluation tests for the forehand serve (tennis) and spiking.


The researcher stresses the importance of including the MURDER method into the design of instructional units, especially when teaching basic abilities like serving and spiking, and suggests implementing it as part of volleyball education programs. The researcher also recommends using this method when acquiring different sports talents

The great achievements made in various events did not come by chance, but through sound scientific planning and the employment of specialists in the sports field of all sciences to serve the achievement in sports events and games. In recent years, the game of football has witnessed a great development on a wide international scale in the physical, skills, planning, psychological and functional aspects. These aspects are interconnected in intertwined relationships, one with the other, so that they play a fundamental role in the development of the sports level and the achievement of high sports achievements. This progress is not a coincidence, but rather the result of great scientific and technical efforts. As for the research problem, it was in football, especially in the skill of scoring. There are two important elements that control this skill, which are: Speed ​​and accuracy. It is the real judge of whether a player is a good scorer or not. Considering the importance of scoring skill for football players and through personal interviews with coaches, the researcher found a lack of use of devices that develop this skill in terms of speed and accuracy together. Therefore, the researcher decided to manufacture a system to measure and develop the speed of motor response and scoring accuracy to bring this skill to the best possible level. The research community and its sample were in the original community that was chosen from the clubs participating in the youth league for the excellent teams in Baghdad Governorate for the 2018/2019 sports season, which numbered (eight clubs), where the number of the original community reached 200 players distributed over eight clubs, and the most important conclusions were that the system designed and manufactured by the researcher helped in developing the player’s motor response and scoring accuracy for youth football players.


The most important recommendations were that using the designed and manufactured system in education as well as training to develop the player’s motor response speed and scoring accuracy for football players, which makes the exercise somewhat similar to playing conditions and thus leads to developing the player in matches.

The analysis of sports movements plays a significant role in improving athletic performance, as it helps in detecting many technical errors associated with performance. This allows athletes and coaches to enhance techniques by identifying strengths and weaknesses. The aim of this study is to identify the kinematic variables that contribute the most to the effectiveness of the straight serve in tennis and to predict the effectiveness of this skill based on certain kinematic variables. The researchers used a descriptive survey method on a sample of six young female tennis players. The study concluded that the variable of the peripheral velocity of the striking arm is the most contributing kinematic variable to the effectiveness of performance, with a contribution rate of 68%. This contribution increases to 78% when this variable is combined with the variable of hip height at the moment of hitting the ball. The researchers also derived two predictive regression equations for the effectiveness of the straight serve based on the most contributing kinematic variables. Several recommendations were made, the most important of which is the necessity of using the statistical equations derived to predict the effectiveness of the straight serve in tennis

The purpose of the study was to find out how instructional modules based on the MURDER method affected the development of volleyball serving skills. It also aimed to examine how well students' serving performance was enhanced by employing the MURDER technique. In order to solve the research topic, the researcher used the experimental method with a design that included two groups: experimental and control.


The study population consisted of 236 second-year students from five sections at the University of Diyala's College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences during the 2023 academic year. With Section A representing the experimental group (15 students) and Section B representing the control group (15 students), the research sample was chosen at random using the lottery technique.


The educational units were implemented from April 1, 2023, to April 24, 2023, with two sessions per week (Monday and Wednesday), each lasting 90 minutes, comprising a total of 18 educational units. Students' performance was assessed using technical performance evaluation tests for the forehand serve (tennis) and spiking.


The researcher stresses the importance of including the MURDER method into the design of instructional units, especially when teaching basic abilities like serving and spiking, and suggests implementing it as part of volleyball education programs. The researcher also recommends using this method when acquiring different sports talents.

Numerous research studies, Arab and foreign, have focused on the fact that this study was conducted in the field of teaching methods. The topic was chosen in the teaching models by studying this variable, the Posner model in the field of developing complex offensive skills in handball for female students, and the appropriate use of methods and models suitable for female students to reach high sports levels. A female student is thus physically, technically, and psychologically prepared. The purpose of this study is to find and evaluate studies on teaching techniques and examples in general, such as specifically Posner's model and complex offensive skills, in order to assess their efficacy. This is aimed to meet the desired objectives and evaluate which these techniques can be used for developing difficult unacceptable abilities in all sports, particularly handball. This review will include numerous studies that address these topics

The world witnessed rapid development in the sport of Taekwondo after developed countries put all their capabilities into raising the level of the athlete using advanced scientific methods through which the technical and physical capabilities of all athletes could be exploited, using many exercises and various technical skills, Here lies the importance of research: developing a modern and advanced training program using added weights from resistance training when performing skill applications in some motor abilities such as agility, motor response, and the attacking skill of the downward kick (Gekko-Jekki). For this reason, the researcher decided to use modern training methods that would allow the coach to develop standardized training curricula to achieve success by improving the physical variables, such as resistance to strength, motor ability, agility, motor response, and technical skills, especially the downward kick (Gekko-Gekki) for Taekwondo players. The study aimed to identify the effect of resistance exercises on developing agility and transitional speed to perform the downward kick skill (Gekko-Jekki) for Taekwondo players. Hypothesis: There are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental and control groups in the skill test of the downward kick (Gekko-Gekki) for Taekwondo players. Determine the research population and its sample. Determine the research population, which are the Baghdad Al-Rusafa clubs (Kahraba Club - Traffic Club - Al-Najda Club - Baghdad Club) for the season (2023-2024). The sample was chosen intentionally and numbered (15) players, and (3) players were excluded due to injury, and some were over their age. The legal year for the youth group. The researcher concluded that exercises using resistance have a positive effect on developing agility, transitional speed, and the skill of the downward kick. The researcher recommended using similar exercises on some physical elements and other skills.

The research targeted the design of training units using complex exercises in some biometric variables and knowing its impact on the performance of the Parkour Athletes and a test of its assumptions and to achieve the research objectives, the researcher used the experimental curriculum by using the experimental design of two experimental groups and controlled in the tribal and post measurement method for them, the research community included on Parkour Athletes in the Baghdad Governorate for the training season (2024/2023) AD, and the researcher selected the research sample in the intentional way the Athletes, which numbered (6) Athlete and were randomly divided into two groups, each of one is (3) Athlete, one of them is experimental and the other is controlled, and the most important results were in The proposed training curriculum using compound exercises in some biometric variables has a positive effect on the performance of the parkour Athletes, as well as the proposed training curriculum using compound exercises, which has improved the skill performance of the Athlete.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) in assessing fundamental motor skills in school children, focusing on core abilities such as balance, stability, and range of motion. Enhancing these motor skills in children is increasingly important due to their direct impact on physical performance and overall development. Schools provide an ideal environment for observing and assessing these abilities, underscoring the need for examining FMS as a viable evaluation tool. A randomized feasibility study was conducted involving 30 lower-primary children from Az-Ziddin Primary School in Jenin, Palestine. The FMS was utilized to assess movement patterns, with statistical analyses performed using SPSS to interpret the data. The main objectives of this study were to determine school-aged children’s ability to understand and correctly follow FMS instructions and to evaluate the feasibility of implementing FMS in a larger school-based setting. Additionally, the study assessed fundamental motor skills such as range of motion, stability, balance, and bilateral asymmetries. The results showed statistically significant differences in movement quality between the right and left sides, with balance scores reaching 73%, stability 66.17%, and range of motion 80%. Overall, the quality of fundamental motor skills was observed at 73%. The findings indicate that FMS is an effective tool for assessing and improving core motor skills in children. The study recommended that focusing on stability training and achieving symmetrical movement to enhance general movement quality in children. Further studies with larger samples are suggested to validate the generalizability and broader application of these results.