Journal of University of Anbar for Humanities

Objectives:‎
This study investigates the endowments of Asaad al-‎Tahir Al-Sulaiman ‎‎, one of the notables of the city of ‎Nablus , which were registered in the ‎Nablus Sharia ‎Court during the period between 1849 –1871. ‎The ‎problematic question in this study is how to read , study ‎and ‎analyze the texts of the endowment documents ,and ‎in what context it is ‎possible to understand their ‎textual content. As for the spatial and ‎temporal ‎limits of the study, the spatial limit was mainly ‎confined to the ‎city of Nablus, while the temporal ‎dimension comprises the period ‎between 1849 - ‎‎1871, during which the endowments were ‎recorded.‎
Methodology :‎
This study is based on the Endowments documents and ‎Nablus Sharia ‎Court records during the period under ‎investigation. It was divided ‎into three axes. The first ‎axis focuses on translating the life of the owner ‎of ‎Endowments, while the second axis addresses the ‎components of ‎Endowments and their characteristics ‎‎.The third axis deals with the ‎different types of ‎Endowment.‎
In this study, we followed basically the historical-‎analytical approach. ‎we also relied on the statistical ‎quantitative approach by collecting ‎numerical data and ‎presenting it in tables.‎
Results :‎
The study produced a number of results; Firstly, ‎Endowment ‎documents are considered one of the ‎primary sources in historical ‎documentation and writing.‎
It also bears witness to the history of the city of Nablus ‎and reflects a ‎realistic picture of the public life of the ‎Nablus community during the ‎period under investigation ‎‏.‏In addition to the contribution of family ‎endowments to ‎the economic and social development of society ‎‏.‏
Recommendations:‎
‎1- Paying attention to the records of the Sharia ‎courts of various ‎Palestinian cities by working ‎on classifying and indexing them, ‎and ‎investigating of endowment documents. ‎
‎2- Preserving and restoring the remaining ‎endowment properties ‎because of their ‎historical and cultural heritage that remains a ‎living ‎witness to the Arab‏ ‏identity of Palestine.‎

Several international crises erupted in which British Prime Minister ‎Harold Macmillan played a distinguished role, especially the second ‎Berlin crisis 1958-1960, as he had an important role in easing tensions ‎through his visit to Moscow Especially after the situation worsened and ‎the Soviet Union attempted to end the Potsdam Agreement regarding ‎the situation in Berlin and negotiate to make it a free city, while in the ‎Cuban crisis he played an advisory role because of Cuban-Soviet ‎rapprochement created a political crisis with the United States of ‎America, which prompted the McMillan government to intervene in ‎order to achieve rapprochement and prevent the outbreak of war ‎between the two parties in Cuba. The Macmillan government's loss of ‎its nuclear power made it dependent on the United States of America to ‎supply it with weapons under the Sky bolt Agreement and to sell it Sky ‎Bolt missiles In the Skybolt crisis, the relationship between the United ‎States of America and McMillan government was weakened due to the ‎abolition of the concession of the nuclear weapons Bluestreak project, ‎on which Britain relied on possessing nuclear weapons, but because of ‎the close relationship between Macmillan and US President Kennedy, ‎the crisis was quickly resolved and the signing of the agreement 1962.‎

Objectives: Writing on topics related to the role of Arab tribes in the ‎Ottoman era gives us an impression of the relations Which linked these ‎tribes to the Ottoman Empire and the extent of their influence on the ‎Ottoman decision regarding many matters, especially the economic and ‎military aspects, and this appeared clearly in the text of the research.‎
Methodology: We followed a methodology that would achieve the ‎objectives of the study by analyzing the Ottoman documents that were ‎the basis of this study, which dealt with all the information related to the ‎Mawali tribe and its relationship with the Ottoman Empire, and ‎working to provide an in-depth study on the important information that ‎these documents contain.‎
Results: The Mawali tribe played a major role in drawing up Ottoman ‎policy in the areas of its presence, starting from the state of Raqqa in ‎northern Syria to the city of Anah in western Iraq, especially with ‎regard to transportation and communication routes, their protection, ‎and tax collection, in addition to their management of many Ottoman ‎sanjaks.‎
Recommendations: Emphasizing the necessity of studying many other ‎Arab tribes that deserve study and that had a prominent role in drawing ‎up Ottoman policy in the areas where they were located, as there are ‎many tribes with a clear influence in drawing up Ottoman policy that ‎should have a clear study, for example the Zobaa tribe.‎

Objectives: The study aimed to determine the nature of the political ‎relationship that linked Gaza City to the state The neighboring Egyptian ‎city during the period (1550 – 1200 BC). Since the military nature was ‎an inherent characteristic of these relations most of the time, Gaza City, ‎after political and military control over it, was made a center and capital ‎of the Egyptian administration in the southern Syrian region and an ‎advanced base from which to subdue any rebellion against Egyptian ‎influence in the Syrian cities. It was also considered an advanced base ‎for defending Egyptian lands. Against any external enemy who wants ‎to invade it on the one hand Syria country‏ .‏
Method: To achieve the objectives of the study, the study relied on ‎applying the analytical method in studying the events of the study phase ‎and identifying the most important interactions that affected the history ‎of the ancient East region through analyzing the information contained ‎in the relevant sources. Re-reading the texts of these sources and ‎examining them in a way that serves the objectives of the study‏.‏
Results: The strategic and commercial location of Gaza City in ‎southern Syria and on the border with Egypt caused the city to be ‎exposed to many military campaigns with the aim of controlling it, as it ‎served as a link between the three continents of the world, Asia and ‎Africa, by land and by sea with the continent of Europe‏. ‏
Conclusion: It is necessary to verify the accuracy of reading the texts ‎that were found, and to compare those texts that were found in different ‎places with the historical information they contain; In order to form an ‎idea somewhat similar to the political conditions that the residents of ‎Gaza City experienced over a period of time the study.‎

Objectives: The research aims to understand the events in order to ‎reach more scientific and accurate facts about the Kurds in Mosul and ‎their role in the Islamic response to the Crusader challenge in the ‎Middle Ages‏.‏
Method: This study did not establish the Crusades as a historical ‎military event, but rather examined the extent to which the Iraqi and ‎military topographical factor influenced the making of that event, and ‎the extent to which this factor influenced the demographic distribution ‎in the Iraqi military region, as it did so on historical and historical ‎events‏.‏
Results: The Kurds in Iraq - without combat, Yazid was an important ‎force in Nur al-Din’s army, and they waged wars loyally. We consider ‎that evidence of this is that Najm al-Din Ayyub and his brother Shirkuh ‎were among his greatest commanders, and Najm al-Din Nur al-Din ‎Mahmoud helped him in the conquest of Damascus. In addition to that, ‎he was To respond to Shahd's role in defending the areas of the ‎Caliphate in the Abbasid era, they remained loyal to the symbol of ‎Islam (the Abbasid Caliphate), and did not attempt to carry out ‎movements of rebellion and secession or occupy Baghdad, and they ‎could have done so if they wanted to, but in sincerity of loyalty to Islam ‎and the Abbasid Caliphate nothing else. Likewise, Salah al-Din was a ‎symbol of Arab-Kurdish brotherhood in word and deed, and he ‎changed the face of history as the will of the Muslims wanted. Under ‎the purity of the true Islamic religion, Jerusalem - the site of ‎Muhammad (may God bless him and grant him peace) and the ‎birthplace of Christ (peace be upon him) - and the pure land of ‎Palestine were protected from the control of the Crusaders. And he ‎spent. Throughout his life under tents or in the expanses of war to expel ‎the angry, he stood as an impenetrable barrier against European ‎colonialism for thirty-five years. Yes, this is the shining role of the ‎Kurds in defending the Islamic holy place, such as the first qibla for ‎Muslims (Bayt al-Maqdis)‎‏.‏
Conclusion: The study recommends the need to conduct more of these ‎studies, because their importance has become urgent in this era for ‎political and civilizational reasons, given that European colonialism is ‎working hard to separate this region culturally and historically from its ‎connection with the Arabs and Islam.‎

Objectives: The study sheds light on the role of poetry and singing on ‎Andalusian civilization and its impact on Andalusian society.‎
Methodology: To achieve the objectives of the study, I talked about ‎the cultural impact of poetry and singing in Andalusia by analyzing the ‎information contained in Andalusian sources that are related to this ‎topic.‎
Results: The study revealed the interest of Andalusians in poetry and ‎singing as well as the other sciences. Poetry and singing developed ‎clearly in Andalusia through the emergence of many poets and singers ‎in Andalusian society, in addition to women in Andalusia occupying a ‎great status and a great deal of education. This was demonstrated ‎through the poet Walada Bint Al-Mustakfi and the singer Ziryab.‎
Recommendations: It is necessary for researchers to focus on this ‎topic in more detail because of its great importance and clear impact on ‎the Arab civilization in Andalusia.‎

Objectives: The study aimed to examine the opinions of Orientalists ‎regarding the miracles of the Prophet Muhammad, which are part of his ‎biography, as the Prophet’s biography is considered the second source ‎of legislation in Islam, and Allah sealed the heavenly messages with the ‎prophecy of the Messenger Muhammad‏ ‏and it was The Jews believe ‎that Allah distinguished them from other peoples with prophethood. ‎Therefore, when God sent our Prophet Muhammad and sealed the ‎heavenly messages with him, the Jews showed their hostility to the ‎Arabs and Islam. Orientalism is not a new phenomenon that was used ‎to challenge and cast doubt on the Islamic religion. When the dawn of ‎Islam dawned, the haters among the Jews, Christians, and polytheists ‎launched a fierce war to destroy This religion, by casting doubt on ‎everything heavenly that was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. The ‎Orientalists completed what the enemies of Islam had begun since ‎ancient times, and they continued and are still continuing to this day. ‎Therefore, these people tried to destroy Islam through slander and ‎distortion of the miracles of the Prophet Muhammad, so our study came ‎about, tagged with: (The Orientalists’ vision of the miracles of the ‎Prophet Muhammad.‎
Methodology: The historical and analytical approach was relied upon ‎and the study included two sections. The first section included: ‎doubting the revelation of Gabriel (Gabriel) to our Prophet Muhammad ‎and accusing him of suicide and their claim that the Prophet ‎Muhammad used to swear by sharp arrows. As for the second section: ‎it included Attack and slander about the miracle of the Night Journey ‎and Mi’raj. It also included casting doubt on the incident of the splitting ‎of the moon, the blessing of the Prophet Muhammad, and some other ‎miracles‏.‏
Recommendations: Our study ended with a conclusion in which we ‎presented the most prominent results of this research, which are ‎focusing on studying the purified biography of the Prophet, responding ‎to the suspicions of the Orientalists, and refuting their arguments and ‎falsehoods that are intended to be marketed to the Islamic community in ‎order to cast doubt on the Prophet Muhammad and his biography.‎

Objectives: Objective of the study: Therefore, the aim of the research ‎is to reveal the nature of these problems facing land uses and the ‎mechanism for solving them by planning methods‏.‏
Method: Thedescriptive approach was used in the research in a ‎detailed description of the land uses in the study area during the study ‎of the literature of the study area and all that was written about the ‎phenomenon of land uses in the rest of the cities for the purpose of ‎taking a good idea, and the inductive approach in the light of the ‎information obtained through the relevant government departments and ‎theanalytical approachthrough conducting the survey of the study area ‎and distributing a number of questionnaire forms that were distributed ‎to heads of families in residential neighborhoods
Results: The study found that the study area witnessed a functional ‎change for many land uses, where there was a change in the use of land ‎from residential to commercial and industrial and from green and ‎recreational areas to administrative buildings and commercial ‎institutions. The city also suffers from problems related to traffic, as a ‎result of congestion due to the lack of parking spaces, forcing its ‎owners to stand in the street river
Conclusion: study recommends preventing inappropriate uses in the ‎city center such as blacksmithing, carpentry, plumbing and car repair. ‎These activities should be limited to industrial activities areas and ‎should be established in neighborhood centers and commercial centers ‎to ensure that they do not spread in scattered areas of the city

Objectives: Noise pollution is considered one of the prominent features ‎of contemporary society, and it is a newly emerged element of ‎environmental pollution that causes concern and instability by affecting ‎human health and well-being‏.‏
Method: A questionnaire survey was distributed to a random sample in ‎the neighborhoods of the city of Hit to assess the effects of noise on the ‎residents of Hit city‏. ‏
Results: Individual opinions on noise effects varied based on personal ‎feelings, psychological state, and proximity to noise sources. Some ‎areas showed no perceived impact, possibly due to intermittent noise ‎sources or habituation from occupational exposure. Factors like hearing ‎impairment or accustomed noise levels contributed to this variation. ‎Field study results echoed questionnaire findings on noise sources, ‎intensity, proximity, and effects‏.‏
Conclusion: The study revealed that the highest impact of noise was on ‎decreased concentration, accounting for 27.5% of the study sample. In ‎second place among the psychological effects of noise was sleep ‎disturbance, with a percentage of 16.1% from the study sample. The ‎lowest percentage of questionnaire responses indicated "no effect of ‎noise," comprising 2.3% of the total responses‏.‏
Recommendations‏:‏
‎1‎‏ -‏Spreading environmental awareness among citizens, clarifying the ‎nature of the environment and the problems resulting from its pollution, ‎and how citizens can contribute to preserving it through the media and ‎trying to introduce it into various school curricula‏.‏
‎2-‎‏ ‏Imposing control on the owners of electric generators and cars to ‎determine their suitability by examining the level of pollution with toxic ‎gases emanating from them into the atmosphere‏.‏
‎3- The need for health institutions to do their part in conducting the ‎necessary tests on residents of areas suspected of being exposed to ‎pollution, especially air pollution, in order to diagnose early what they ‎are suffering from in preparation for finding appropriate treatment

Objectives: The study aims to know the evolution of ‎the size of the ‎elderly and their geographical ‎distribution in Anbar Governorate for the ‎period (1997-‎‎2020) By showing the numbers and percentages of ‎the ‎elderly in Anbar Governorate during the study period, ‎and what is ‎the geographical distribution of the elderly ‎‎(65 years and over) in ‎Anbar Governorate.‎
Method: The study adopted the historical approach to ‎track the ‎phenomenon to understand the historical path ‎of changing the size of ‎the family, with the regional ‎approach within the administrative ‎boundaries of ‎Anbar.‎
Results: The study showed that the number of elderly ‎people increased ‎continuously, reaching (29,616) ‎people, by (2.9%), in 1997, to increase ‎to (40,457) ‎people and by (2.7%), in 2007, then the number ‎reached ‎‎(41,573) people and by (2.2%), of the total ‎population of the ‎governorate in 2020, as the increase ‎in births led to a decrease in the ‎percentage of the ‎elderly compared to the increase in their numbers. ‎She ‎showed that there is a slight increase in the percentage ‎of elderly ‎people in urban areas compared to rural ‎areas, and this is a result of the ‎provision of services to ‎some extent, especially health care.‎
Conclusion: The State shall provide data regarding the ‎inventory and ‎census of the elderly periodically and to ‎know their most prominent ‎problems through field ‎visits through the social researcher, periodically, ‎and ‎increase public services, especially health services for ‎the elderly. ‎And work on creating recreational places, ‎gardens or parks for the ‎elderly, as they are in dire ‎need of a clean atmosphere and a change in ‎their daily ‎routine.‎

Objectives: Identifying the climatic problems that hinder agricultural ‎production and trying to overcome the impact of the problem of ‎drought and water loss and evapotranspiration, which appear evident in ‎the study area in order to improve the level of agricultural plant ‎production there. Knowledge of the climatic elements affecting the ‎climate water budget, along with the use of special mathematical ‎equations in extracting evaporation-transpiration rates and extracting the ‎water deficit.‎
Method: The analytical-deductive approach was adopted to analyze ‎and distribute agricultural land uses in the countryside of Habbaniyah ‎District. The descriptive approach was also adopted to analyze the ‎problems of distributing these uses and find appropriate solutions for ‎them.‎
Results: The climate characteristics (solar radiation, temperature, rain, ‎evaporation, wind) have an important role in the prevalence of drought ‎for a period of (5) months, and thus this was reflected in the high ‎percentage of water deficit in the study area. It became clear that the ‎phenomenon of drought in the study area is a permanent climatic ‎phenomenon that occurs as a result of the lack of rainfall and its ‎confinement to the winter season, in addition to the high temperatures ‎and evaporation rates in the summer, which was reflected in the low ‎productivity of the land and the low level of surface and groundwater ‎resources.‎
Conclusion: Directing farmers and specialists to avoid growing highly ‎transpiring plants, which are of little economic benefit, removing plants ‎of little benefit, removing non-productive leaves from plants, and ‎cultivating low transpiring plant strains. 3- Using modern irrigation ‎methods (drip irrigation or sprinkler irrigation) for the purpose of ‎reducing the amount of water lost due to evaporation or water seeping ‎into the ground.‎

Objectives:‎
‎1‎‏-‏‎ The study aims to find out the vegetation cover in the city of Ramadi ‎is one of the important means in collecting data that document these ‎sites geographically and classifying them Determine the effectiveness of ‎using modern geographical techniques in representing the vegetation in ‎the city of Ramadi‏.‏
‎2- Building a geographic database (Geodatabase) to represent single-‎reference spatial data for vegetation in the city of Ramadi‏.‏
‎3- Analyzing and evaluating vegetation patterns in the neighborhoods ‎of Ramadi.‎
Method:‎
‎1‎‏- ‏Study and analyze modern geographical tools and techniques ‎available to represent vegetation cover‏.‏
‎2‎‏- ‏Collecting single-reference spatial data for the vegetation cover of ‎the city of Ramadi‏.‏
‎3‎‏- ‏Applying and testing geographical methods for drawing high-‎resolution vegetation maps‏.‏
‎4‎‏- ‏Developing a geographic database that contains layers of spatial data ‎related to vegetation‏.‏
‎5‎‏- ‏Analyzing spatial data to determine vegetation patterns and analyze ‎gaps and challenges‏.‏
‎6- Evaluate the results and provide recommendations to improve the ‎representation of vegetation in the city of Ramadi.‎
Results:‎
‎1‎‏-‏The study confirmed that remote sensing techniques and geographic ‎information systems are considered an important and accurate source of ‎information about studying the vegetation of the study area during the ‎period 2021‎‏..‏
‎3‎‏- ‏The study emphasizes the importance of geographic information ‎systems technology in the process of improvement and classification ‎because it facilitated many difficulties for the researcher by reducing ‎time, effort, and speed of completion‏.‏
‎4‎‏- ‏Remote sensing is considered an important scientific resource in ‎detecting changes in land cover and land uses through the rich data it ‎provides, which is characterized by comprehensiveness and accuracy in ‎determining changes in the features of the Earth’s surface, with the ‎possibility of monitoring these changes over successive periods of time‏.‏
Conclusion:‎
‎1‎‏- ‏Enhancing the use of modern geographical techniques in ‎representing vegetation in the city of Ramadi, with a focus on ‎developing high-accuracy mapping methods‏.‏
‎2‎‏- ‏Strengthening efforts to collect single-reference spatial data on ‎vegetation in the city of Ramadi, which contributes to building an ‎integrated geographical database‏.‏
‎3‎‏- ‏Stimulating future research and studies to use spatial data and ‎geographical analysis techniques to understand and analyze vegetation ‎patterns in the city of Ramadi in a more accurate and detailed manner‏.‏
‎4‎‏- ‏Strengthening cooperation between stakeholders, including the local ‎government, universities and research institutions, to develop ‎innovative strategies and solutions to represent and manage the green ‎cover in the city‏.‏

Objectives: ‎The study's objective is to investigate the ‎effects of ‎electromagnetic radiation ‎imminent from Ramadi's cell phone ‎towers. ‎Using a global positioning ‎system (GPS) in three dimensions (10-‎‎25-50 ‎m), samples were identified for ‎the field study, and the locations with ‎the ‎highest recorded levels of ‎electromagnetic radiation exposure ‎were ‎indicated.‎
Methodology: ‎The study employed multiple approaches ‎and methods ‎to attain its intended goal. ‎These included a historical approach ‎that ‎aimed to trace the phenomenon's ‎behavior through the various ‎stages of ‎the emergence and development of ‎mobile phones, ‎specifically the Zain Iraq ‎network, and a descriptive approach ‎that ‎clarified the characteristics of the ‎population and telecom ‎subscribers. The ‎research employed the quantitative ‎statistical approach ‎to analyze data and ‎examine the correlation and interplay ‎between ‎spatial phenomena and the ‎communications network. ‎Additionally, ‎geographic information systems (GIS) ‎were utilized to ‎determine the level of ‎pollution resulting from mobile phone ‎towers.‎
Results: ‎Many conclusions were drawn from the ‎study, one of which ‎being that city ‎dwellers may be exposed to ‎environmental hazards and ‎health effects ‎from electromagnetic radiation, ‎particularly those living ‎near these ‎towers due to the possibility of disease ‎infections, as other ‎research has ‎indicated.‎
‏ ‏To ensure optimal performance, it is ‎imperative to utilize high-‎efficiency, ‎contemporary power generators that ‎don't negatively impact ‎the surrounding ‎communication system areas' air quality, ‎noise levels, ‎or vibration levels. ‎Additionally, fuel, oil, and water ‎circulation must be ‎done according to the ‎correct protocol; do not spill or leak into ‎sewage ‎networks, and dispose of waste ‎properly, adhering to ‎continuous ‎maintenance controls. As per the ‎research findings, there is ‎a violation of ‎the 2022 standards for protection against ‎non-ionizing ‎radiation in the study area, ‎as (41) towers are located less than ‎‎(84) ‎meters apart.‎
Recommendations: ‎ The study suggests the following:‎
‎1-‎In order to minimize any possible ‎negative effects on the ‎environment ‎and public health, communications ‎towers must be ‎relocated far from ‎residential neighborhoods as well as ‎from city ‎schools and medical ‎facilities. ‎
‎2-‎Directing cellular phone providers to ‎establish international ‎guidelines that ‎are appropriate for the construction of ‎these towers and ‎the electromagnetic ‎radiation they release.‎
‎3-‎Establishing specialized government ‎committees in the governorate ‎with the ‎help of the appropriate government ‎departments—such as ‎the ‎Environment and Communications ‎Directorate and the ‎Health ‎Directorate—to monitor the activities ‎of these businesses and ‎supply ‎radiation measurement equipment.‎

Objectives: I dealt this study for measuring self-sufficiency and food ‎gap (deficit) for wheat crop in (2019-2020), The problem of the study ‎is a question is Iraq produces wheat that help in achieving self-‎sufficiency and that there is no food gap (deficit) and the other question ‎is that what is the effect of natural and human ingredients on that ‎sufficiency. ‎
Methodology: the methodology of the study includes the descriptive ‎method, statistical analysis and the productive method. The study ‎reached out to an assumption that Iraq has produced wheat that fill the ‎local need in(2019-2020) it reached to the self-sufficiency stage. The ‎natural and human ingredients have a great effect to achieve it. ‎Results: the study has the main role for achieving Iraq the self-‎sufficiency, and there is a difference among Iraq provinces concerning ‎self-sufficiency rate and food gap(deficit) the study showed a future ‎vision for achieving self-sufficiency of wheat. ‎
‎ Conclusion: the study recommends of the optimum investment for the ‎available natural and human ingredients and following the techniques ‎for developing production. It also recommends to build up a strategic ‎storage of wheat in case of any emergency and treat agriculture ‎problems.‎

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a therapeutic program ‎based on Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in ‎alleviating symptoms of postpartum post-traumatic disorder and to ‎assess its sustained effects after a one-month follow-up period. ‎Employing a quasi-experimental design, the study included control and ‎experimental groups, with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up ‎measurements. The purposive sample comprised 20 women who had ‎childbirth in 2023, aged between 25 and 43 years, with an average age ‎of (32.80 ±5.86. These participants were randomly assigned to either ‎the experimental or control group. Research instruments consisted of a ‎demographic data collection form, a postpartum post-traumatic disorder ‎scale, and the EMDR therapeutic program, all of which were designed ‎by the researcher. The findings revealed statistically significant ‎differences at a 0.05 level in the mean scores for postpartum post-‎traumatic disorder between the control and experimental groups in the ‎post-test assessment. Likewise, significant differences at a 0.05 level ‎were observed in the mean scores of the experimental group between ‎the pre-test and post-test assessments of postpartum post-traumatic ‎disorder. Furthermore, statistically significant differences at a 0.01 level ‎were found across the three assessments (pre-test, post-test, follow-up) ‎in the total score of postpartum post-traumatic disorder for the ‎experimental group, with a substantial effect size of 0.664, this indicates ‎the therapeutic program's effectiveness in alleviating symptoms. ‎Moreover, there were no statistically significant differences observed in ‎the post-test and follow-up measurements of postpartum post-traumatic ‎disorder within the experimental group, highlighting the therapeutic ‎program's enduring impact during the follow-up period. Based on these ‎findings, several recommendations have been proposed, emphasizing ‎the significance of early detection and efficient treatment of postpartum ‎post-traumatic disorder, and the integration of EMDR therapy into ‎psychotherapy women-focused programs tailored for women, ‎especially those with a history of pregnancy-related issues.‎

‏ ‏The current research aims to identify the mental toughness and ‎psychological entitlement levels, identify the correlation between these ‎two variables, and to identify the differences in mental toughness and ‎psychological entitlement according to gender (Male-Female) and ‎according to specialization (Scientific-Humanitarian). To achieve the ‎objectives of the study, a sample of (250) male and female teachers was ‎selected from the University of Anbar, distributed among (4) colleges, ‎with (202) male and (48) female teachers.‎‏ ‏The researchers adopted the ‎mental toughness scale, including (39) items, and prepared the ‎psychological entitlement scale, consisting of (26) items. Using the ‎statistical means of analysis (SPSS), the study revealed that the level of ‎mental toughness of the study sample is statistically high at the level ‎‎(0.05). Besides, there are statistically significant differences in mental ‎toughness according to the gender variable (Male, Female) and in ‎favour of males, while the results indicated that there are no statistically ‎significant differences according to the specialization variable ‎‎(Scientific, Humanitarian). In addition, the level of psychological ‎entitlement is statistically high at the level of (0.05). Moreover, there are ‎no statistically significant differences in psychological entitlement ‎according to the gender variable (Males-Females), while the results ‎indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between the ‎scientific and human specializations and in favour of the human ‎specialization. Finally, there is a positive correlation between mental ‎toughness and psychological entitlement among the study sample and ‎there is a possibility of predicting psychological entitlement through ‎mental toughness. In the light of these results, the researchers presented ‎some recommendations and suggestions

The study aims to identify the relationship between Counter-Reality ‎Thinking and social anxiety among a sample of students in Anbar ‎University. It also aims to investigate the differences in Counter-Reality ‎Thinking and social anxiety according to gender variable (Male - ‎Female) and specialization (Scientific - Humanities). The researchers ‎used a descriptive correlation method. The sample of the current study ‎consisted of (430) male and female students from the University of ‎Anbar. The researchers adopted the Counter-Reality Thinking scale ‎prepared by Mark Rye and others consisting of 15 items and also ‎developed a social anxiety scale, which consists of 43 items distributed ‎into six aspects. Results of the study revealed that there is a high and ‎statistically significant scores in Counter-Reality Thinking and social ‎anxiety scores, there are differences in the social anxiety variable ‎between male and female students, in favour of males, there are ‎differences in the Counter-Reality Thinking variable based on the ‎specialization and in favour of the scientific specialization, there are ‎differences in the Counter-Reality Thinking variable between male and ‎female students and in favour of males, there are differences in the ‎variable of social anxiety according to the variable of specialization and ‎in favour of humanities specialization, and there is a positive correlation ‎between the Counter-Reality Thinking and social anxiety

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of the brainstorming ‎strategy on developing creativity skills in art education for the sixth ‎grade of primary school in the deaf institutes of Anbar Governorate for ‎the academic year 2022-2023. ‎
Objective: In order to achieve the aims of the study the researchers ‎tended to design a test that consists of (6) dialogue questions. The test ‎was among the research sample which consisted of (16) students who ‎were selected intentionally, and divided equally into two groups, ‎control and experimental. Then, the brainstorming strategy was ‎followed in teaching the experimental group, while the control group ‎were taught using the ordinary strategy. ‎
Results: After analyzing the data, the results of the current study ‎indicated that there were statistically significant differences using the ‎brainstorming strategy in developing the creativity skills of deaf ‎learners, and that the more the brainstorming strategy was adopted, the ‎more creative solutions were generated. It was concluded that the ‎importance of brainstorming strategy to develop creative thinking ‎among disabled students is crucial.‎

Aims: Curricula tended to be a major tool in developing thinking and ‎enabling teachers in general and geography teachers in particular to use ‎teaching models that help learners confront events and problems with ‎conscious thought. It also directly helps in acquiring mental skills and ‎making educational experiences meaningful for the student and learner ‎alike, which consequently leads to improving the educational ‎environment in general. The current research aims to identify the degree ‎of importance of mental maps in teaching geography in schools in ‎Anbar Governorate. The research also aimed to identify The role of ‎mind maps in developing analytical thinking among learners‏.‏
Methodology: In order to achieve the objectives of the current ‎research, the analytical method was used on a sample of 63 students ‎after conducting equivalence operations among them‏.‏
Results: After analyzing the data statistically using appropriate ‎statistical methods (means, standard deviations), the results indicated ‎that teachers’ use of mind maps in teaching was high, with a rate of ‎‎(3.62). The results also indicated that mind maps play a major role in ‎developing analytical thinking among learners.‎

Aims: This study aimed to identify the difficulties of instruction written ‎expression in secondary English under distance learning and ways of ‎developing it. ‎
Methodology: The researchers used the analytical descriptive ‎curriculum to analyse the study's data, answer its questions, test its ‎hypotheses and thus arrive at findings and recommendations. The ‎researchers adopted the questionnaire as a study tool distributed to 200 ‎English secondary school teachers in Fallujah schools. SPSS. ‎
Results: After analysis of the questionnaire, it was found that the ‎difficulties of distance learning for the teacher were significantly low as ‎opposed to the student. This could be due to the transition from one ‎school to another, the lack of focus during the school period and the ‎lack of linking of previous experiences with current knowledge ‎experience The difficulties in teaching the subject came from the lack of ‎supportive methods of study and the lack of a contemporary curriculum ‎commensurate with distance education; The difficulties of evaluation ‎were significant because of the large number of students per grade. The ‎study also concluded several recommendations.‎