Journal of Education for Humanities

Travel books are one of the most prominent scholarly sources in historical writing. Travel books, or so-called travel literature, constitute an added value alongside other primary sources in writing the cultural history of nations and peoples because of the historical knowledge they contain about human social, economic, and cultural life that may have been overlooked or ignored in political and military history books. Accordingly, this study aims to draw an image of Omani society and the aspects of social and economic life in it through the book Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma’rifat al-Aqilam by al-Maqdisi, 380 AH/990 AD.
The study consists of three main sections. The first section deals with introducing Al-Maqdisi and his book, the second section is devoted to discussing the economic life aspects in Oman as described by Al-Maqdisi. While the last section deals with the nature of social life in Oman and family life aspects, customs, and traditions. The conclusion section deals with the most important results.

The current research presents the spread of Ibadi beliefs in the Maghreb, and reveals their relationship with the Arab East in the second and last half of the Umayyad period, and the beginnings of the Abbasid state, which dominated the Islamic world. The Ibadi beliefs are among the most moderate and tolerant of the Kharijite beliefs with those who oppose them from other sects. They are the closest in thought and belief to the Sunnis and the community, and they are the least extremist and extremist. Therefore, their beliefs lasted, and their presence remained abundant to the present time, and they did not become extinct - as the other extremist sects became extinct. Because of this, outstanding scholars and jurists in the sciences of religion and hadith emerged from among them, and their fame became widespread. The credit for organizing and arranging the Ibadi call - in the manner in which it was famous - is attributed to Jabir ibn Zaid, and to his intelligent policy, represented in staying away from extremism, using religious piety, and choosing well the preachers whom he sent to the Islamic regions. Likewise, Jabir succeeded in linking The goals of the call were similar to the goals of many people who were opposed to the Umayyad rule, which enabled it to attract different elements from multiple tribes and races. Thus, the Ibadi call became a comprehensive opposition movement to the ruling system, despite it being secret. After the death of Jabir, Abu Ubaidah took over the reins of the call. Muslim bin Abi Karima al-Tamimi, one of the most prominent students of Jabir bin Zaid, who established an institute for Ibadi studies in Basra, and he supervised it, taught the students, and trained them to spread the call in a sound and effective way, then send preachers - whom he called bearers of knowledge - To various countries, he provided them with important information that would help them carry out some political action, and at the same time, he spread the Ibadi call secretly, until conditions became appropriate and ready for them to spread it publicly, so their call spread in Persia, Zanzibar and the Maghreb, and historians attribute the reason for the success of the Ibadi Its emergence and spread in Morocco was due to the activity of the Eastern preachers, who arrived in Morocco in the first century AH (the seventh century AD). They began to spread their calls among the Berber tribes dissatisfied with the state. The most important results of the Ibadi call was the establishment of the Rustamid state in the Maghreb at the hands of Abd al-Rahman. Ibn Rustam, one of Abu Ubaidah’s students, who was a scholar, after the killing of his colleague Abu Al-Khattab at the hands of the Abbasid leader Muhammad bin Al-Ash’ath

This study aims to extrapolate the moral dimension in the Andalusian women's poetry: Buthaina bint al-Mu'tamid as a mode. The purpose of this research is to infer the moral dimension of Andalusian women's poetry epitomized in Buthaina bint Al-Mu’tamid poetry. The Andalusian woman showed her potential when she displayed her literary creativity, which helped to create a creative image of poetry that was in line with the Andalusian environment and the reality that Arab women lived in Andalus. Despite the existence of studies focusing on women in Andalusian literature, none, as far as the researchers are aware, have specifically examined the poet Buthaina bint Al-Mu’tamid. The psychological approach was used in the study, and it was founded on the following ideas: "There is a psychological structure embedded metaphorically in the text which reflects the author's subconscious, and in order to fully analyze it, one must bring up this inner structure." The poem "Listen to my words and listen to what I say" employs this technique to reveal the Arab woman's true personality via her defense of dignity in the face of all the hardships she faces. According to the study's findings, the poem serves as a distinctive example of an Andalusian woman poet who made a significant contribution to the development of a poetic vision that expressed a moral and intellectual framework that was in line with social reality. Because Buthaina's poetry was so significant, she was able to capture the essence of reality at the time the poem was written, whether it was through reflections or the emphasis on morality and essential traits. The poet manages to reflect a psychological condition that is shaped by the environment, made visible in the text, and defined by exact psychological techniques.

Abstract: of the research: is that jurisprudential conditioning is one of the important mechanisms of jurisprudence by which contemporaries were able to devise many contemporary issues in the financial, economic, medical and other fields, and this is evidence of the flexibility of Islamic jurisprudence and its validity for every time and place. God knows

Early divorce is the divorce that is determined from the beginning of the marriage contract until the first year, and the researcher sought to identify its size and geographical distribution in Salah al-Din Governorate and the factors that contribute to its occurrence.
The research revealed that the cases of early divorce increased more than the cases of divorce, and this was clearly reflected in the rate of change in the phenomenon during the period of research, which amounted to divorce (75.3%) and early divorce (160.6%). Also, the cases of early divorce in The governorate has varied among administrative units, In 2007, Tikrit District came in first place with a percentage of (35.3%), then it was followed by the Samarra District Center with a percentage of (32%). However, in 2023, the ranking changed due to the worsening of the phenomenon, so that the Samarra District Center ranked first with a percentage of (43.7%), followed by the District. Tikrit accounted for (42.9%) of the total divorce cases. The environmental composition of the population played an important role in the variation in early divorce rates in the governorate, as it rose in urban areas to constitute (72.7%),compared to(27.3%) in the countryside. The study of the demographic characteristics of early divorce also showed that it occurs at all ages however, it increases in early marriage among females, and a study of the social and economic factors of early divorce cases showed that divorce cases are inversely proportional to the level of education of the spouses, and directly related to kinship, as those who are related by blood relation constitute a percentage (10.3%) of the total cases of early divorce , This is compared to 89.7% of those who are not related to each other. The profession of earner came in first place among divorced males with a percentage of (45.8%), and in second place came the unemployed with a percentage of (28.6%) of the total cases of early divorce in the research area, which was clearly reflected in the level of income and residential status, as The highest income earners (250-500 thousand) One dinar, representing 46.7% of the total cases of early divorce. The percentage of people with low incomes (less than 250 thousand) reached (33.6%) of the total cases of early divorce, and (69.9%) of the early divorce cases occurred between spouses who live in shared housing, compared to (30.1%) of Total number of early divorce cases among people living alone, Therefore the state must improve the population’s standard of living and housing, which contributes to reducing divorce cases.

We are now living in the era of rapid transformation in technology due to the continuous advancement in computer technology and the Internet, new media and new communication technology have emphasized the phenomenon of digital speed has a profound impact on almost every field, and today new technology is emerging in a new way where artificial intelligence and animated graphics are upgraded every day, and PUBG is known as the game of PUBG.
It is also known as (player unknown's batteground) , and it is an online video game in which hundreds of players play where up to a hundred players fight in a battle royal, and another person or team that survives wins, and nowadays people play games using smartphones .
This study will help to know the addiction to PUBG among young people and its relationship with emotional maturity, and emotional maturity is the ability to understand reality and facts and the quality of response to the situation and the payment of pleasant and unpleasant emotion smental health issues can occur at any stage of life, and adulthood is a very important part of life and includes the period between the ages of 18-25, when a young person is generally in a transitional stage.
he current research was determined by the students of Al-Mustansiriyah University, consisting of (400) male and female students. Itaims to measure the addiction to the PUBG game among the students of Al-Mustansiriyah University, and to identify the significance of the differences of addiction to the PUBG game specialization (scientific - humanitarian), grade (first - fourth) and gender (male - female), and measure emotional maturity among the students of Al-Mustansiriyah University, and identify the significance of the differences of emotional maturity according to the specialization (scientific - humanitarian) and grade (first - fourth).
It also measuring the correlational relationship between PUBG addiction and emotional maturity among the students of Al-Mustansiriyah University, and the results of the research were that the students of Al-Mustansiriyah University are addicted to the game PUBG, and there are no statistically significant differences according to the variable (specialization - grade - and gender). Students of Al-Mustansiriyah University are characterized by emotional maturity, and there are no statistically significant differences according to the variable (specialization, class and gender), it was found that all correlations whether male, female, specialization and class for the two measures of PUBG addiction and emotional maturity using the Pearson correlation coefficient was a positive inverse relationship, that is, the greater the addiction to the PUBG game, the less emotional maturity and vice versa. The researcher came up with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

Primary education constitutes the cornerstone of the educational process. It aims to ensure the growth of children and the development of their social, cultural, emotional, physical and cognitive skills. Achieving this depends on the availability of efficient educational institutions that have the ingredients for success, the most important of which are school buildings.
Therefore, this research came to shed light on the spatial distribution of the reality of school buildings for the primary education stage in the city of Al-Dur for the academic year 2022-2023, and the extent of the balance of this distribution according to residential neighborhoods, and to know the quantitative and qualitative characteristics and the future need of the city for school buildings.
The number of primary schools in the city of Al-Dur reached (21) schools, which constituted (33.3%) of the total primary schools in the district. The spatial distribution of primary schools according to the residential neighborhoods in the city of Al-Dur was characterized by variation, and these primary schools occupied (14) buildings only. (7) of them are occupied by one school, and (7) buildings are occupied by two schools, so that the deficit in school buildings amounts to (7) buildings, and this deficit is due to population increase and lack of interest in building new schools, as it constituted the percentage of usable school buildings In the city of Al-Dur (7.2%) of the total buildings, and (71.4%) of them need restoration. Which requires the speedy enactment of legislation and decisions that guarantee the availability of funds to address the shortage in school buildings, by preserving the current school buildings from tampering with them, to prevent their aging and deterioration.

This study focuses on the history and characteristics of the main Jewish organizations operating in Palestine during the British Mandate period (192-1948). Since the twentieth century, Britain has adopted a policy of creating a Jewish political entity in Palestine, which will be a preoccupation for the Arabs, exhaust their strength and hinder their unity. Therefore, the Jews would not have found a foothold in Palestine had it not been for the support, encouragement, and care they received from the countries that controlled the fate of the world. However, the above analysis proves that the first Arab-Israeli conflict actually occurred in 1948. By the time of Israel's founding, the confrontation was between all the paramilitary forces of the Yishuv, Haganah, Irgun and Lehi, which united to create the Israel Defense Forces, which met modern standards at the time. Better equipped and trained, they were better armed than the soldiers of all Arab countries, which objectively determined their crushing defeat.

The geographical distribution of education workers is important to ensure the equitable availability of education in all regions, as it contributes to providing a sufficient number of workers in all regions, and this helps in providing equal educational opportunities for all students regardless of their geographical location.
The geographical distribution of teachers working in secondary education aims to achieve parity and balance in the quality of education and educational opportunities in all regions, and contributes to alleviating educational gaps and achieving comprehensive and balanced development.
The research showed that there is a large discrepancy in the geographical distribution of teachers in secondary education in Kirkuk Governorate, as their number in Kirkuk district center reached 3,819 teachers, and this number exceeds the rest of the administrative units combined, which amount to 15 administrative units, with a number of 1,988 teachers.
Relatively speaking, the center of Kirkuk District had a higher percentage than the rest of the administrative units, with 65.77% of the number of teachers in the governorate. The center represents a hotspot for population concentration, with about 85% of the total population concentrates there.
The geographical distribution by gender showed a higher number of female teachers than male teachers. The number of female teachers reached about 3,240, representing 55.8% of the total number of teachers in Kirkuk Governorate, while the number of male teachers reached 2,567, representing 44.2%.

Research aims to identify the human soul's nature, construction, and the touch of good and evil as stated in the Holy Qur’an. Data analysis and statistical treatment of psychiatric patients whom where included in the research at the Psychological Consultation Center in Duhok 2023, the following was concluded:
Approximately 75% of patients who visited physical doctors during 2006 were suffering from mental illnesses and disorders with physical symptoms that are now called psychosomatic diseases. The percentage (70%) of those suffering from psychosomatic diseases emphasized that they did not resort to traditional medical methods alone, which required their resort to spiritual, moral and faith-based treatment as an effective and auxiliary factor to treat this. It was reached through a questionnaire about the existence of (34) good qualities that require that the person who believes in them, or mostly, be characterized so to enjoy a reassuring psychological state

The relationship between memory and reification is based on the nature of interaction between subjects in the social, political, and economic environment in general within the spaces of the public sphere, and the novel, in turn, is a comprehensive memory that contains the relationship between narrative discourse and memory on the one hand; On the other hand, the effectiveness of memory, objectification, and alienation. This study, titled (Memory, objectification, and alienation in the novels of Ali Badr and Bakhtiar Ali - a comparative socionarrative study), and consists of an introduction and two axes. In the introduction, we talked about the relationship between narrative and memory, as well as the concept of objectification and alienation. . As for the first axis, we talked about the effectiveness of memory, and in the second axis we talked about the effectiveness of objectification and alienation, and in the conclusion we summarized the results reached by the study. With a list of sources and references.

Literary criticism emerges from literature itself, and literature is shaped by both the environment and the writer. The goal of literary criticism is to determine the meaning of literature, its purpose, and its emotional and expressive values. It also involves discussing the tools of literature, the methods used to create it, and the various literary arts.
There are many studies on this topic; some are modern, while others are ancient. However, this subject warrants further exploration. Ancient scholars addressed this topic, beginning with Ibn al-Salam al-Jumahi and continuing through al-Jahiz, Ibn Qutaybah, al-Qadi al-Jurjani, and Ibn Rasheq, up to Muhammad Mandour, Sayyid Qutb, and Ahmad Amin in the modern era.
This research includes an introduction and two sections: In the introduction, we discuss the origins of literary criticism. The first section examines the reasons for the reliance of literary criticism on scientific trends, identifying the time and environment of this transformation. The second section focuses on the manifestations of literary criticism’s influence on the scientific approach and the emergence of accompanying methods, such as contextual and textual criticism. In conclusion, we review the most important findings of our study.

The study dealt with the position of the Syrian Communist party to wards the formation of the United Arab Republic (1958 -1961) ,which is one of important stages in the party’s history ,which lasted for about three years as a result of the circumstances witnessed in the decade of the fifties of the twentieth century . The party’s position on unity was publicly supportive .He was secretly opposed , and Contradictions often damaged his position , until he entered in to a clash with president Gamal Abdel Nasser after the party refused to dissolve itself , lik the rest of the parties that dissolved themselves in response to president Gamal Abdel Nasser’s conditions in order to advanace the unity between Damascus and Cairo, so there was no leader The party , Khaled Bakdash , issued statements and deliver speeches attacking the United Arab Republic , which prompted Gamal Abdel Nasser to launch a massive arrest campaign at the beginning of 1959 that targeted Syrian communists , and when the secession occurred in 1961 , it was natural for the party to support this event .

The issue of women in general is one of the issues currently raised on the international and national scene, and it has occupied the forefront and global and local attention, especially after the end of World War II and the emergence of bodies and organizations of the international community concerned with human rights and fundamental freedoms, from which many laws, declarations and international agreements in various fields of human rights have emerged. .
It is known that women, like men, enjoy a wide range of rights, such as social rights, political rights, economic rights, and cultural rights. However, Islamic law has controls and conditions for women’s work, education, movement, and what relates to their eligibility in legal cases, which are in the interest of the woman herself, her family, and society.
It should be noted that we cannot address all of these rights in this study foof stretching so we will limit ourselves to referring to social rights only. We dealt with this research in a comparative manner between Islamic law and the statutory laws and agreements related to women’s rights, and it is clear that there are Many international agreements and laws include women’s rights and protection, so we decided to choose the (CEDAW) Convention as a model for comparison.

The current research aimed to find the relationship between academic boredom and the motivation of academic achievement among middle school students in (Karkh 1 / Karkh 2 District) in Baghdad Governorate, and the sample members reached (200) male and female students, and the scale (academic boredom) was built by the researcher because there is no appropriate measure for the sample members, while the achievement motivation scale has been adopted (Al-Bandar, 2016), and the sincerity and stability of the scale has been ensured, as well as the researcher statistical analysis of the two scales to know the distinction of paragraphs And the internal consistency of the paragraphs and their suitability for the sample members After applying the two scales and obtaining the results, the researcher reached a set of results according to the objectives set:
1 The middle school students have a high level of academic boredom.
2- There are statistically significant differences between males and females in favor of males.
3- Lack of motivation for academic achievement among middle school students.
4- There are statistically significant differences between males and females in favor of females.
5- The existence of an inverse correlation between the research variables academic boredom and academic achievement motivation.

The present paper studied fear in surat al-Kasas objectively, in which it illustrates how fear influenced in Moses life (PBUH). Since fear implants in Moses life the weakness and anxious, in which Allah wants to extract Moses (PBUH) from this vortex, retrieving his self-confidence, gathering his abilities in one direction that is one\'s faith in his creator, in which every time this connection getting deeper, his companion was in a high place away from blasphemous or desperate.
Therefore, this research consists of four chapters: in which the first chapter includes the birth of Moses (PBUH) and the circumstances around it, while the second chapter treated the struggle of Moses (PBUH) and his travel into Median city. Whereas in the third chapter talked about the Moses\' stick miracle. Moreover the fourth chapter treated Moses fear on the message after his death.

of the research: The aim of the current research is to identify the extent to which the teachers of the History Department can employ modern teaching techniques during the implementation of lectures from the point of view of their students. The sample consisted of (140) male and female students from the second and third grades of morning studies. To achieve the research objective, the researcher prepared a questionnaire that consisted in its final form of (30) paragraphs distributed into two areas: (knowledge of teaching techniques, the possibility of applying techniques) followed by three alternatives: (large, medium, small). The researcher verified its validity and reliability after applying the questionnaire to the individuals of the research sample and collecting and statistically analyzing the data using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The t-test for two independent samples and the weighted mean of the ratios, and the researcher reached the following results:
1- The first field (knowledge of teaching techniques) achieved a percentage of (0.710) among males, while the second field (application of teaching techniques) achieved a percentage of (0.744), while the first field among females achieved a percentage of (0.691), while the second field achieved a percentage of (0.766) in the ability of their teachers to employ modern teaching techniques.
2- The first field (knowledge of teaching techniques) achieved a percentage of (0.728) among second-grade students, while the second field (application of teaching techniques) achieved a percentage of (0.724), while the first field among third-grade students achieved a percentage of (0.696), while the second field achieved a percentage of (0.796) in the ability of their teachers to employ modern teaching techniques.
3- There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the research sample members in the ability of male and female teachers to employ modern teaching techniques according to the gender variable (males and females).
4- There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the research sample members in the ability of male and female teachers to employ modern teaching techniques according to the variable of the academic grade (second and third). The researcher came up with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, China worked to radically redirect its foreign policy and develop its power and economy globally in order to create regional balances, due to its human and natural resources that increased its power, by developing its foreign policy and building strategic relations with regional and international countries to protect its interests and move away from the unipolar system led by the United States of America through China\'s involvement in global alliances and blocs that have a role in the international arena, as well as working to reassure regional and international powers of the peaceful nature in order to advance its economy, as well as strengthening its international ties through the new diplomacy it follows, which is based on providing security and stability and avoiding conflicts in order to create an environment conducive to economic growth and to achieve regional geopolitical ambitions to become an expansionist power that competes with regional and global powers, and also worked to contain American expansion in order to avoid any public confrontation with the United States of America. China has become the focus of various think tanks and specialized academic institutes around the world, and for this reason it is necessary to know the secret behind the Chinese rise. Distinguished, and to anticipate the future of this rising power, with regional and global ambitions.

This study summarizes the current state of educational services in the eastern educational district of Duhok City. The study aims to analyze the size and distribution of these services and their efficiency by examining various variables related to the secondary school level in 2022, such as the number of schools, students, classes, and the buildings designated for these schools. Statistical analysis was used to identify areas that suffer from a shortage of these services. The research focuses on identifying optimal locations for the distribution of educational services using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to achieve equitable distribution, reduce overlap in service areas, and ensure easy access for students to schools. The study concluded that the distribution of secondary schools in the area is unequal, with significant differences in the number of schools and students between the central area and the peripheral neighborhoods.

The research aimed to reveal the effectiveness of the self-scheduling strategy (K.W.L.H) in developing metacognitive thinking skills among first-stage students in the Special Education Department in the Arabic language subject in the College of Basic Education at the University of Duhok. The researcher used the experimental method because it is appropriate for the current research. The research sample consisted of ( 89) male and female students in the first stage of the Special Education Department in the College of Basic Education for the academic year (2023-2024). To achieve the research goal, the researcher adopted an equal group design. He divided the sample into two groups, the first experimental, studied according to the self-scheduling strategy (K.W.L.H). And another control study was studied according to the usual method. Equivalence was conducted between the students of the two groups in a number of variables, including chronological age, previous knowledge about the subject subject to the experiment, intelligence, and others. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher relied on the scale (Abdul Karim, 2012) for metacognitive thinking skills, which consists of (41) a paragraph with three alternatives (often, sometimes, rarely), and after extracting its validity and reliability, then applying it to the research sample, collecting data and analyzing it statistically using the (SPSS) program, The researcher reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which was that the experimental group prevailed over the control group. Based on that, the researcher recommended a set of recommendations, including encouraging male and female teachers to use modern teaching methods and strategies in teaching academic subjects, especially the self-scheduling strategy, as it is an effective strategy in teaching.

One of the foundations of the Islamic religion is the belief of Muslims that it is necessary to love the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and to love his family. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) commanded loving them, as Imam Muslim narrated on the authority of Zaid bin Al-Arqam (peace be upon him) that he said that the Messenger of God (peace be upon him) rose one day among us and preached what is called Muhammad walked between Mecca and Medina and praised him and preached and mentioned. Then he said: Now, O people, I am only a human being. A messenger is about to come, so I will answer. I am leaving behind you two weighty things. The first of them is the Book of God, in which is guidance and light. So take the Book of God and hold fast to it. And my family. I remember God in my family. I remember God in my family. My house, I remind you of God among my household.”
And in his family, his wives are the pure mothers of the believers, and it is believed that they are the mothers of the believers, the wives of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him). The issues of the Orientalists were among the issues around which controversy revolved between Islamic thought and other religions, and everyone familiar with their proposed writings, in which they relied on studied sources and methods, as they are attributed to sects. Each of the schools has its own goal to learn about Islam and Muslims, and it must find things that harm Islam and Muslims and distort the Islamic religion in general.
Despite the harshness and magnitude of the writings of the Orientalists, it is easy to insert poison into the honey among his writings, and it may be difficult to remove it except with precision and scrutiny. Hence, the issues of the Mothers of the Believers in the writings of the Orientalists were among the most important and most dangerous issues.
The high status that the Mother of the Believers Aisha enjoyed was due to the honor and closeness to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and the honor of companionship that Mrs. Aisha attained due to her young age and the fact that she was the only virgin among the wives of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
Because of her position and superiority, the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) chose her over women and preferred her over his wives. On the authority of Abu Musa (peace be upon him) he said, the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said, “Many men are perfect, but none of the women are perfect except Asiya, the wife of Pharaoh, and Maryam bint Imran, and the superiority of Aisha among women is like the superiority of Thareed over All other food.”
One of the most prominent positions of the orientalists on Mrs. Aisha (<) was what was stated about their position on the Al-Afk incident. They made a lot of it. We do not find an Orientalist who wrote about the biography except that he touched on the Al-Afk incident and wrote it in his style, as their writings in this novel varied and their goals varied. He explained their position, their hatred and their incitement to

In Arabic, each linguistic root carries a central or multiple core meanings. This can be referred to as the "general meaning," hinted at in all derivations of that root. Ahmed bin Fares (d. 395 H) termed this the "origin" in his lexicon "Mukhayyis al-Lughah," wherein he included the meanings of purely Arabic words derived from the root while avoiding what could be considered foreign.
The research aims to demonstrate that Arabs had a direct understanding and broad awareness of the concept of central signification and general meaning before it was systematically theorized and extensively applied in the lexicon "Mukhayyis al-Lughah" by Ibn Fares. This is evident even before the simple indications provided by earlier scholars like Khalil bin Ahmad al-Farahidi (d. 170 H), Ibn Duraid al-Azdi (d. 321 H), and others. This is indicated by the appearance of the impact of "central signification" in non-Arabic words when they were Arabized, especially considering that many words were Arabized before the advent of Islam.
Arabization of non-Arabic words and the alteration of their sounds were not merely based on conformity with Arabic phonetic and morphological systems. It extended beyond that to semantic similarity and their alignment under the same central signification as the Arabic root they resembled in their basic sounds. It seems as if those who Arabized these words chose sounds that brought the original non-Arabic word closer to the Arabic root and its central signification.

This study investigates the sociocultural norms of interaction in Prophetic Hadeeths, focusing on conversation analysis strategies to understand how these norms differ from general conversational practices in Western societies. Using a model based on Anne-Marie Barraja-Rohan's (2011) methodology, the research examines turn-taking mechanisms and sequential organization in selected Hadeeths. The analysis highlights distinct conversational patterns characterized by guided responses and authoritative guidance from the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), emphasizing an educational and transformative approach. These interactions reveal diverences from the egalitarian conversational norms and typical information exchange practices in Western discourse, underscoring the unique communicative, social, and cultural dynamics of early Islamic society. The findings provide valuable insights into the use of language as a tool for social interaction and religious instruction in the context of Prophetic Hadeeths.

This research explores the transformative potential of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging in revolutionizing psychiatric diagnosis and treatment. By offering unique insights into brain function, SPECT imaging presents a valuable adjunct to traditional psychiatric assessments, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes. We believe in the role of SPECT imaging in visualizing brain pathology and biomarkers associated with mental health disorders, facilitating early detection, personalized treatment planning, and monitoring of therapeutic interventions. Despite challenges such as limited spatial resolution and interpretation complexities, SPECT imaging holds promise as a powerful tool in elucidating the neurobiological underpinnings of psychological conditions. Through case studies and research findings, this review underscores the potential of SPECT imaging to bridge the gap between subjective assessments and objective measures, driving innovation in psychiatric care and improving the lives of individuals affected by mental illness.