Journal of University of Anbar for Humanities

The research studies the personal life of the follower Ubaydu-‎Allah bin Abi Bakrah and his political, administrative, and scientific ‎impact in the Arab Islamic state, as he belonged to a family that has its ‎merits and predecessors in Islam. His father was one of the Prophet's ‎‎(Peace and Blessing Be upon him) freed slaves. Abi Bakrah was born ‎and brought up in Al-Rashidi era, and acquired science and learning in ‎the best centuries, the first century AH. His family occupied a close ‎position to the governors and caliphs. Abi Bakrah had many virtues, ‎characterized by honesty and trustworthiness, and won the confidence ‎of the princes and caliphs of his contemporary period. He was ‎characterized by good qualities and virtuous qualities that made him the ‎object of respect and appreciation of everyone. ‎
‎ He had important effects in the Arab Islamic state in the ‎Umayyad period. He had political, administrative and scientific ‎implications, in addition to his generosity, free giving, which is a ‎commendable effect in this world and the hereafter. All these effects ‎qualified him to be among those who were immortalized in history. ‎

Abstract : aydhij, one of the seven cities of Al-Ahwaz that was ‎conquered in a year17h at the hands of the Muslim Arabs under the ‎leadership of Al-Numan bin Muqrin Al-Muzni, had an important role ‎in the events of Islamic history in the medieval era, especially in the ‎Abbasid era, in the military and political events. Its participation in the ‎sixth century AH became the political capital of the independent Greater ‎Lorestan Emirate It continued until the first quarter of the ninth century ‎AH, during which the city witnessed a wide urban movement and ‎development in the intellectual and educational field, as well as its ‎economic prosperity due to three factors (capital, markets, industries.‎

Abu Bakr al-Maliki is considered one of the most prominent ‎figures of Arab and Islamic history because he left us with books that ‎drew the attention of historians and researchers, ancient and modern. A ‎study in this regard through his method in his book, Riyadh Al-Nofous, ‎and the importance of his book comes from the political, economic, ‎social, cultural and literary information it included, as well as the ‎historical material for its reliance in authorship on historical sources. It ‎is historical, and it is considered a link between the sciences of history, ‎translations and biographies. Therefore, this study came under the title ‎‎(The Approach of Abu Bakr Al-Maliki in Riyadh Al-Nonfood..‎

Ethics are among the affirmations of faith in Islam, and therefore it ‎is not possible to separate them. A bad character cannot be a believer ‎because they contradict each other in principle. The believer must be of ‎great morals, imitating the teachings of God and His Noble Messenger, ‎faith here in God and his lordship, and his care of creation in managing ‎their affairs and treating one another well.‎
And the scholars in terms of the necessity of having morals in ‎terms of importance after the greatest Messenger, may God’s prayers ‎and peace be upon him. Especially adherence to morals and ethics by ‎seeking and spreading knowledge.‎
The research included identifying the biography of Al-Ujri, the ‎status of ethics in Islam, as well as identifying the ethics of some ‎Muslim philosophers, defining the importance of the book, and then ‎addressing Al-Ujri's approach and style.‎

He followed an approach based on the presentation and analysis of ‎his money related to his translator’s job and profession. Or abbreviated, ‎and make it directly related to the events that were intertwined in the ‎translation and presented in an administrative, scientific or literal ‎manner and other conditions in which the Arab and Islamic countries ‎were.‎

I have dealt with in this research a study (the attitude of people ‎Andalusia on the spread of the Hanafi doctrine - a historical study), ‎which is considered one of the most important topics that solves some ‎Islamic doctrines problems such as ; its emergence, and the reasons for ‎their spread in some Islamic cities while it is declining in other cities.‎
The study of this topic is different from previous studies, which ‎dealt with Islamic doctrines of thought in the land of Andalusia such as ‎a jurisprudential study, the definition of its origins, its approach, and its ‎jurisprudential opinions.
The Hanafi doctrine is considered one of the first Islamic doctrines, and ‎the most widespread in the Islamic countries like of the other cities, ‎which opened their doors to this doctrine until it is spread and settled in ‎it, and became the controlling to all aspects of life in these cities.‎
Although the country of Andalusia was at the beginning of its era, ‎it was affected by the Islamic East in various aspects, but it did not open ‎its doors to this doctrine.‎
I showed in this research the reasons for the non-proliferation of ‎the Hanafi doctrine of thought in the country of Andalusia, which were ‎political, scientific, social and geographical reasons.‎

The aim of the research is to shed light on the efforts of Muslim ‎scholars in psychiatric knowledge and its evolution in the Arab and ‎Islamic civilization and to show these scholars impact on the ‎development of this type of medicine. Some cities, especially Baghdad, ‎were known as a center for medical education and the establishment of ‎rules for organizing the practice of medicine through transportation, ‎translation and authorship, so that it was the first hospital He was held ‎for psychotherapy in Baghdad, as his statement will come in the ‎research
‏ ‏Among the core focuses of the research is to demonstrate the ‎efforts of two famous scholars, Abi Zayd Al-Balkhi in his book ‎‎“Mashal al-Ibdan wa al-Anfs” and Ibn Sina in his book “The Law of ‎Medicine‏”.‏
‏ ‏Rather, the focus was on these two scholars because of their ‎prominent impact in the field of preventive psychiatry, mental health ‎preservation, and clinical psychiatry in treating and diagnosing mental ‎illnesses, knowing their causes, and giving treatment, prescriptions, and ‎methods of recovery from these diseases

This research deals with the study of Banu Abd al-Ashhal, one of ‎the most important and largest clans of the Aws al-Ansari tribe, and ‎their role during the era of Caliph Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may God be ‎pleased with him). It may include their participation in the Islamic army ‎to fight the Romans in the first military launch after the death of the ‎Prophet (peace and blessings of God be upon him). The research also ‎included a study of the heroic role presented by Banu Abd al-Ashhal in ‎the wars of apostasy, the most dangerous movements that confronted ‎the complete Islamic state, and also included a study of their great role ‎in collecting and preserving the Holy Qur’an from loss. The battles ‎against the polytheists, including the battle of Ajnaden and the battle of ‎Marj al-Safar.‎

The Islamic history is full of characters that have features greatly ‎different from others, especially, the figures of first and second Hijri ‎centuries that are nearer to the Islamic age. One of those is Atta\' bin Abi ‎Rabah; he was a diligent Imam, as well as he was an adorer, mystic, and ‎jurist that made great scientific efforts from childhood till he increased ‎knowledge. In addition, his intention is characterized with sincerity ‎towards Allah in his asking, consequently. Allah gave him virtue ‎regarding his religion and life, and made the imamate something ‎obligatory for him at his time. Though he was a gladiator and had a ‎black colored face, and he even didn\'t have money nor cultural ‎position, Allah gave him a distinctive feature by raising his value for he ‎is mystic, sincere and pure. Moreover, many jurists at his time had ‎refered to his characteristics, traced and went after his strategy in being ‎diligent when searching science , work, and virtues, and they always ‎remembered him with good memories .‎

Oriental travelers played a prominent role in dealing with oriental ‎studies from its early stages through the collection of Islamic ‎manuscripts, their transmission to the West, their preservation and ‎indexing. The orientalists roamed the Islamic lands and bought Islamic ‎manuscripts at the lowest prices. The orientalist travelers also carried ‎out personal authorship, the products of which were going to the ‎colonial governments, with the intrusion and discrediting of their books ‎and their export to the East. In addition, these travelers dealt with the ‎political, economic and social conditions of Islamic countries. Some ‎link between Orientalism and colonialism, as the first is considered an ‎introduction to the second. The first was conducting a cultural survey ‎of Arab and Muslim countries, and colonialism advances when the ‎picture of the colonized countries is complete.‎

Policy of British Administration in South Sudan 1922‎‏-‏‎1955‎‏ ‏Profi ‎Dr Hassan Rekan Chalaf- Al.Iraqia_Universily_College of Ar Prof.Dr. ‎Abdul Satar Ji'eger Abd- Al-Anbar University.college of Edu British ‎Administration in South Sudan followed apolicy aims to abrupt the ‎preparing isolation, it took. advantage of the bad situation, which ‎Southermems Suffered like the ignorance and deprivation of all life's ‎aspects, the administration cooperated with foreign missionaries that ‎Came South unity of Nationdl line with the Sons of the north in ‎especially the British ones to implement that policy, that aimed to isolate ‎South Sudan From its North. British, Administration Followed the path ‎of British Government iself, it initiatel the encbsed societies that ‎prevented the Comunications betwey. the northe South, thas ‎missionaries played akey node in seperating instead of practicCing its ‎true role which is the contribution of developing South Sudan and ‎enhance servicos to its people, Hence, choosing the title Came to Shad ‎light Administration on the nature of policy followed by the British in ‎the Sauth and the start back to 1922‎‏ ‏by issuing the Law of endlosed ‎Areas to isolate South From north, it ended in 1955‎‏ ‏were mutiny took ‎pace in southern Sudan, and thatwas one of the results of that policy, ‎reserchs chapters would clarify this clearly‏.‏

Witnessed Britain in the 1970s a Political rivalry for Power and the ‎involvement of outside parties that had a major impact on the domestic ‎problems between the Prime Minister and the Military Intelligence, ‎Section 5 (MI5) especially since Harold Wilson had friendly relations ‎with communist businessmen, which made the agency focus their ‎interest on all elements nearby Wilson and interrogated to see the extent ‎of his external engagement and this raised Wilson and make confirming ‎the theory of conspiracy against him and his Government

The British decision to withdraw from the Arabian Gulf after more ‎than a century of presence in that vital region of the world did not come ‎arbitrarily or abruptly. Among the countries most affected by the ‎decision to withdraw because of the presence of key issues and ‎concerns related to the British presence in the Gulf, so this withdrawal ‎is double-edged for Saudi Arabia; On the other hand, he raised the ‎concerns of Riyadh because of the dangers and regional and ‎international threats that will emerge after the British withdrawal.‎

Education received the attention of the monarchy in Iraq, ‎especially after the developments that the country witnessed after World ‎War II in all political, economic and cultural aspects. The interest is no ‎longer limited to primary education only, but also includes secondary ‎education, and Dulaim District is important in that area due to ‎geographical factors in terms of The area and proximity to the capital, ‎Baghdad, increased, so it witnessed an interest in secondary education ‎during the period from 1945 to the end of the royal era in 1958.‎

Algeria represented a political and economic importance for the ‎European countries in the sevententh and the eighteenthcenturies and ‎they were an attraction factor for many categories of people to live in. ‎So the Algerian society was a blend of many races and sects and Jews ‎were one of these sects that lived in Algeria and they enjoyed their ‎religious, social and economic rights. Jews could, gradually, expand ‎their economic activity in an apparant manner, not on the domestic level ‎only, but on the foreign level as well, that they controled the economy ‎of Algeria and dominated its internal and external trade due to their ‎strong ties with other states that enabled them from establishing ‎transactions with European countries in general and with France in ‎particular that led, later on, to the accumulation of France debts to ‎Algeria and that was the reason that resulted in occupying Algeria by ‎France in 1830 A.D.‎

After the establishment of the Organization of the African Unity in ‎‎1963 , One of its main goals and principles was the decolonization of ‎all forms and working to grant the African states their full ‎independence. Also, this organization took care to support the African ‎states that suffer from racial discrimination. Depending on these goals, ‎Libya has played very important role in resisting the Colonialism in the ‎African Continent through supporting the Colonized African states ‎materially and morally. Libya also participated in supporting the ‎national movements to put an end to racial discrimination in some of its ‎affiliated African states.‎

Infiltration is one of the influential methods that a state follows ‎to achieve the goals of its personal policy to demonstrate its powers, ‎maintain a balance with other countries, and secure the requirements of ‎its national security as well as economic reasons that pave the way for ‎obtaining certain benefits. This method was applied to US-Chinese ‎relations during the research period‏.‏
‏ ‏This research aims to shed light, albeit in a nutshell, on the ‎early stages of the American infiltration into China. The study period ‎extends from 1791 to 1895, as the first date represents the first official ‎attempts of that infiltration, especially after the American Congress ‎issued a decision to reduce customs duties by 10% on imported goods ‎from China without exception. ; While the second historiography ‎represented the role of American diplomacy in mediating the end of the ‎Japanese-Chinese war in 1895‎‏. ‏
‏ ‏The research is divided into two main axes. The first deals ‎with the beginnings of the American infiltration into China until 1842, ‎while the second axis deals with strengthening the American influence ‎in China (1842-1895) by concluding a number of treaties with the ‎Chinese government, those treaties that consolidated American ‎infiltration in East Asia. In general, and China in particular‏.‏

Lebanon faced many internal and external difficulties which led to ‎different shapes of internal conflict. It took the shape of religious ‎sectarian conflict between Muslims and Christians as well as Arab-‎Zionist conflict on one hand, And the palastanian existence in Lebanon ‎on the other hand. These matters contributed in flaming the Lebanese ‎civil war and led to the intrusion of many countries one of which was ‎Syria which played a political and military important role. It tried to ‎control over the Lebanese politics and prevent it from any external ‎projects.This war lasted from 1975 to 1982‎

The city of Athens has emerged in ancient Greece in all fields, the ‎most important of which is the process of political organization, as this ‎city witnessed several ruling political systems in addition to legal ‎legislation that contributed to the development of Athenian politics as ‎well as the social structure. Therefore, the city of Athens is one of the ‎advanced Greek cities that have made great achievements, especially in ‎Its political systems at the time, therefore, our study focused on the ‎concepts of its political systems, in addition to the achievements and ‎developments that it had achieved in all fields during that period, and ‎consequently the city of Athens struck the most wonderful examples of ‎developing political systems at all different stages.‎

In this study, I dealt with the first beginnings of the god Baal and ‎how he was mythically ascended to the god El, and also detailed in the ‎research the attempt of the god El to deter the god Baal in order not to ‎be unique in the universe, so he wanted his son Yam and then died in ‎order to reduce him
It also reviewed the position of his wife Anan, who was the ‎second factor in fertility and how she stood with her husband in times ‎of distress and did not abandon him, although she was stronger than ‎him as appears in the text of the research, but all credit is attributed to ‎him
Finally, Baal became the chief deity and singular from the rest, ‎especially since the two strongest of the two are the ancient god El and ‎the god Mut, whom no one could stand in front of.‎

We talked to 91 women (and some men) activists, civil society ‎representatives, journalists, legal experts and academics in Baghdad, ‎Basra, Erbil, Kirkuk, Najaf and Nineveh. We listened to what they had ‎to say about peace and justice, existing challenges to achieving these, ‎and how the challenges can and should be overcome. We adopted a ‎lens that focuses on women and gender and through this lens we ‎looked at the processes of formal and informal peacebuilding and ‎transitional justice. ‎
As expected, the research showed that Iraqi activists have valuable ‎insights to offer when it comes to issues of peace and justice in Iraq. It ‎also showed that Iraqi peace activists work hard, indeed harder than the ‎government, and make real change and impact on the ground. ‎However, despite the impressiveness and value of this work, it remains ‎small-scale and unnoticed as it is surrounded by a large web of ‎‎‘continuum of violence’,‎ ‎ legal and institutional obstacles, long-term ‎gendered structural context, social gender norms and a political ‎establishment that adheres to a conservative and patriarchal ‎interpretation of religious and tribal norms. The obstacles and ‎limitations to women’s participation in peacebuilding are immense and ‎manifold, but these have not stopped Iraqi women in the past and will ‎not stop them today or in the future either. ‎
Several important insights and lessons emerged from our ‎conversations. It is impossible to do justice to all that rich and ‎incredible knowledge, experience, and wisdom. However, here is an ‎attempt to summarise the most important messages to emerge out of ‎these: ‎
First, this research showed that there is a rich plethora of ‎definitions of peace in Iraq. Peace activities are defined in a ‎comprehensive way by women and men in Iraq, which goes well ‎beyond the narrow, formal conceptions of peace and justice.. ‎
Second, Iraqi activists define and understand peace and its ‎relationship to justice in different ways and these depend on the line of ‎work they pursue, the circumstances of the province, and the specific ‎community, group or people and issue under discussion. Women peace ‎activists and feminists call for a proper implementation of CEDAW and ‎other international human rights principles that affect women and girls. ‎However, this does not mean that they endorse the political agendas ‎pursued by foreign states. Women peace and rights activities are stuck ‎in a complicated place defined by the intersection of foreign funding ‎and international/regional politics and this creates significant potential ‎risks for them. ‎
Third, so much existing peace work is going unnoticed in Iraq in ‎which women and men of all ages, but especially the young, are ‎working relentlessly. Despite difficult circumstances, these individuals ‎and groups carry out impressive voluntary work often in collaboration ‎with local civil society organisations. ‎
Fourth, formal peacebuilding mechanisms, on the other hand, ‎such as the Committee for Coexistence and Community Peace, had less ‎positive attributes compared to their informal counterparts. Some of the ‎local peace committees have carried out important work and have been ‎more inclusive than the other formal mechanisms such as the Martyrs ‎Foundation. Still, formal mechanisms are less inclusive and informal ‎mechanisms, and only a small number of women take part in them.‎
Fifth, opinion is divided about the Iraqi National Plan regarding ‎resolution 1325, which was seen by respondents as another form of ‎formal peacebuilding. The Plan is considered to be a huge achievement ‎in bringing the issue of women’s participation in peace processes to the ‎political agenda. However, the Plan has not made a real impact and has ‎not changed the status of women’s participation in formal ‎peacebuilding and negotiations in Iraq. Some of the respondents, ‎including women civil society representatives, had not even heard of ‎the Plan while others had heard of it in name only but not witnessed ‎any of its work. Most of the work and discussion in relation to INAP ‎takes place in Baghdad and Erbil. However, the Plan mostly remains ‎unimplemented due to a lack of political will and a limited budget to ‎fund its activities. ‎
Sixth, there is huge discrepancy between existing transitional ‎justice mechanisms used by the Iraqi government and what respondents ‎called ‘real justice’, as well as legal discrimination against women, a ‎lack of legal protection for women, and the lack of punishment for ‎perpetrators of violence against women. Respondents provided a much ‎wider scope of issues and activities in relation to peace and transitional ‎justice, issues that go beyond the formal justice procedures offered by ‎the government. ‎
Seventh, customary rules have a significant impact on women’s ‎participation in peacebuilding by limiting women’s participation in ‎public life. ‎

Today the world goes through many challenges and difficulties ‎which can only be addressed by science and knowledge, so the ‎educational institution- which consists of a group of stages beginning ‎with the pre-school stage through the primary and secondary stages and ‎ending with the university stage represented by higher education ‎institutions- shares the providing of the individual with knowledge ‎which enables him/her address the requirements of life and this process ‎entails a number of elements such as the existence of a student, a ‎schoolteacher, a teacher, a professor and a scientific material whether ‎theoretical or practical. The scientific institution, with its two types: the ‎educational and the higher education, may face common challenges ‎whether social, economic, political and cultural. Hence our research ‎emerges trying to shed light on these challenges to find solutions for ‎them via recommendations which the researchers have come up with in ‎this research. in this research, the two researchers have adopted the ‎analytical descriptive approach to achieve the goals of the research ‎which has come up with a number of results the most prominent of ‎which are the insufficient scientific buildings, the limited proficiency of ‎the teaching staff together with the increase in failure rates among ‎students in the education sector and the higher education in addition to ‎that the curricula are old and do not fit the scientific and technological ‎advances in schools and universities namely in the humanitarian ‎studies.‎

This research sheds light on the most important services ‎performed by the municipality in the cities of Ramadi and Fallujah ‎associated with solid waste and the problems caused by the efficiency ‎of the performance of municipal services in it requires a detailed study ‎of the uses of land in the city in all sectors, which will lead to know the ‎size, quantity and quality of waste for collection Residential and ‎commercial areas, industrial areas, hospitals, health clinics, parks and ‎parks are among the most urban areas that generate solid waste. Jobs ‎within Ramadi and Fallujah vary considerably due to Activities which ‎are experiencing interference in the residential and commercial activity ‎in both cities and the resulting residue nature related Bhaven sectors.‎

This research aims to study the geographical distribution of the oil ‎and gas industry in Anbar Governorate, as well as study the distribution ‎of oil industries in the governorate from the oil refineries represented ‎by Haditha refinery and pumping stations represented by the K3 station ‎and Tewan station as well as the refining plants in the province ‎represented by the Anbar plant, Al-Zaidan plant, and Akkas gas field.‎

The distribution of any phenomenon on the surface of the earth is ‎the essence of geography because geography is concerned with the ‎spatial distribution of phenomena on the surface of the earth as all ‎phenomena are linked to each other and health services are an ‎important and necessary human geographic phenomenon in ‎development plans, and health services are represented by health ‎institutions that are concerned with public health and health The ‎individual being part of the community that the optimal signature of ‎health services contributes to finding ease of access and increasing the ‎efficiency of using them for the majority of the population of the ‎judiciary, a goal that the research seeks to achieve according to ‎geographical technologies‏.‏

The study of the age structure is an important element to follow ‎the changes between different population groups, and based on that, the ‎aim of the study was to study the age structure and its indicators for the ‎population of a modern district with its administrative borders(1997-‎‎2020).‎
‏ ‏The study showed that the age structure is constantly changing, as ‎the general trend of the younger age groups is decreasing, which led to ‎a decrease in the proportion of the youngest group (0-14) years. While ‎the middle age groups (15-64 years) their percentages tended to ‎increase. As for the elderly category, it was the least variable in the ‎amount of the ratio and the most volatile and unstable in the direction ‎of change. The relative change in the age structure contributed to the ‎change in the dependency ratio, median age and aging index. The ‎dependency ratio tended to decrease in all its types. As for the median ‎age, as a result of the increase in life expectancy at birth and the ‎increase in the number of the population in the middle age groups, this ‎contributed to raising the median age. ‎

The presence of lakes has some advantages and disadvantages, ‎which are reflected on the quality and quality of water, and then restrict ‎it to some different uses. Lake Habbaniyah worked on changing the ‎properties of the water in it and raising the values of most of the ‎elements, and it affected the water quality of the Euphrates River, as the ‎value of the salts increased from (431) mg / liter at the entrance to the ‎lake, to reach (597) mg / liter when it exited the lake at the canal The ‎flies regulator, as all sites indicated bacterial contamination of the lake ‎water, the number of colon bacteria ranged between (930-300) ‎cells/mm. Most of the water ions fall within the permissible limits for ‎drinking purposes (human-animal), as for biological pollutants (colon ‎and fecal bacteria), their presence is conclusive evidence of microbial ‎contamination of water, which restricts the use of lake water for ‎drinking purposes. For agricultural purposes, and for building and ‎construction purposes, as for industrial purposes, there is a limited ‎restriction for some industries that require water of certain ‎specifications that are not available in lake water. As for the presence of ‎coliform and fecal bacteria, it restricted the use of lake water for some ‎uses, especially for drinking purposes.‎

The research aims to verify the impact of the educational level of ‎parents on the size of the family in Anbar province, using the results of ‎the field study, where a questionnaire form was prepared for this ‎purpose, and reached a decrease in the average size of the family in ‎‎2021, from 1997, the average urban was lower than the countryside, ‎the average varied between the province districts, and came high in the ‎districts of a rural nature, and the educational level of parents had an ‎impact on the size of the family, and in reverse proportionality with the ‎high level of education, and came the impact of the educational level of ‎the provinces For the mother is higher than the influence of the father, ‎where the high level of education of the mother contributed to the ‎decrease in the size of the family more than the contribution of the ‎educational level of the father‏.‏

Climatic phenomena are one of the most important problems ‎facing the Iraqi environment in western Iraq, specifically Anbar ‎Governorate, especially dusty phenomena, rain, fog and temperatures, ‎which have greatly affected the increase in the number of traffic ‎accidents in Anbar Governorate, because it is related to the visibility of ‎vehicle drivers, and based on the responsibility that falls on the ‎geographer's responsibility was chosen as a study that shows the size of ‎the problem and its close relationship to the climatic and environmental ‎factors that cause traffic accidents.‎
‎ Through collecting and analyzing the data of the General ‎Traffic Directorate, it was found that 1076 traffic accidents for the ‎period from (2010-2018) 148 accidents were due to bad climatic ‎conditions. The transport departments in Anbar Governorate indicated ‎that the phenomenon of dust storms has a negative impact on the ‎movement of transport, especially the Ramadi-Rutba, Ramadi-Al-Qaim, ‎Haditha-Baiji roads, where dust storms caused 47 accidents, ‎representing 4.3% of the total accidents, and fog recorded 63 accidents, ‎or 5.8%, while accidents were caused by rain and temperatures 31 and ‎‎7 by 2.8% and 0.6%, respectively.‎

The city is a changing living organism characterized by ‎membership . activates , movement , growth and its membership is ‎affected by a set of ecological variables that change in nature according ‎to each stage of the cites growth . the competition , a series of social ‎and residential mobility begins within the boundaries of the urban and ‎space and the social space of the city itself , which makes the cites ‎neighborhoods go through stages of development and growth in its ‎physical variables represented in the size of population and their ‎characteristics , the special space of its units , the price of land and the ‎morphological shape of the neighborhood , as it begins with birth ( the ‎emergence of the neighborhood ) then the youth ( maturity and stability ‎in the residential neighborhood ) then the agene stage ( the resdantal ‎neighborhood decays ) after which the stage of re – youth and recovery ‎begins ( the stage of renewal and revitalization ) .‎

The research aimed is studying telecommunications networks ‎‎(Zain Iraq) in Al-Ramadi city, in terms of spatial distribution to know ‎its efficiency. The western part of the city with unserved areas up to ‎‎(688 hectares) of the total area of the city, at a rate of (11‎،‎6%). This ‎research is based on setting a realistic future vision for improving the ‎network performance and reaching upgrading the telephone services to ‎an acceptable degree of efficient communication, locative distribution ‎and redistribution of towers, and opening new axes that can deliver the ‎service to areas of population and economic importance for achieving ‎social justice. From here the aims of the research that came out have ‎been crystallized to the extent of the importance of geographical ‎information systems (GIS), which gave another dimension to digital ‎databases in terms of spatial linking of information, indicating land uses ‎and studying changes that contribute to the optimal planning of the city.‎

A study entitled: Educational contents derived from the hadith of ‎the Prophet about the three people, who were closed by the rocks,, ‎Using the deductive method, and the method of content analysis, to ‎reach the goal of the study which is: To devise educational contents, ‎from the hadith about the three people who had been blocked by the ‎rock, the most important results of the study:‎
‎•The virtue of supplication and resorting to God by doing good ‎deeds, favoring the righteousness of parents and maximizing their ‎rights, favoring abstinence and distance from the forbidden, favoring ‎honesty, and charity to the workers, and giving them their wages.‎
‎• The hadith included an educational approach to the relationship ‎of a person to his father and mother, kindness to them and their ‎righteousness, and their preference over anyone and their care and ‎spending on them
‎• The hadith included an educational approach to the relationship ‎of a person to with a foreign woman, beware of being alone with her, ‎and avoiding the exploitation of her need, chastity, and the pursuit of a ‎legitimate bond with the woman. ‎
‎• The hadith included an educational approach to the relationship ‎of a person to with those who work for him in observing their rights, ‎giving them their work wages as soon as the work ends, and preserving ‎their dues.‎

This study aimed to reveal the effect of employing the flipped ‎classroom on developing creative thinking skills and the attitude ‎towards self-learning in mathematics among tenth grade students in ‎Palestine, and the researcher used the experimental approach. The study ‎sample consisted of (76) students, from Abdul Karim Al-Aklouk ‎Secondary School For boys. The study tools consisted of creative ‎thinking skills test and the scale of the attitude towards self-learning. ‎The study concluded that (1) there are statistically significant ‎differences
‏ (‏α ≤ 0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group ‎students and their peers in the control group in the creative thinking ‎skills post-test, in favour of the experimental group. (2) There are ‎statistically significant differences
‏ (‏α ≤ 0.05) between the mean responses of the experimental ‎group students and their peers in the control group on the scale of the ‎attitude towards self-learning in mathematics in the post scale ‎evaluation. Therefore, the study recommends that in-service teachers ‎should be given training on modern strategies, including the flipped ‎classroom strategy‏.‏

The research`s goal is to realize The Impact of Divergent Thinking ‎Strategies In achievement and multiple intelligences, and to achieve the ‎research goal, the experimental research method was adopted and a ‎partially controlled experimental design was used for two groups ‎equivalents, using the post test for both achievement and multiple ‎intelligence. The research community was students of the second ‎intermediate class in schools of the General Directorate of Education in ‎Anbar, for the academic year 2019-2020. The sample of the research ‎consisted of (64) students from (Al-Raja Secondary School for Girls). ‎It includes three sections. Department (A) was chosen as an ‎experimental group comprising (31) students and (B) the group as a ‎control group consisting of (33) students. The two groups were an ‎identity in some variables, experiment requirements were prepared, ‎scientific material was analyzed, content was analyzed, behavioral ‎purposes formulated, and teaching plans prepared And search tools ‎‎(Achievement test in mathematics, multiple intelligence test) The ‎achievement test consisted of (30) items that included) objective ‎paragraphs, honesty, consistency and other psychometric characteristics ‎were found using statistical means (T- test for two samples Two ‎independent terms, the Alpha-Cronbach equation, And the coefficient ‎of distinction difficulty The effectiveness of the alternatives for ‎calculating the psychometric properties, the Levin test for two ‎independent samples, and the Pearson equation), the following results ‎were reached:‎
‎ There is a statistically significant difference at the level of ‎significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group ‎students and the scores of the students of the control group in the Multi ‎lntelligence test and for the benefit of the experimental group..‎

Employing the dimensions of the learning organization contributes to a ‎solid foundation towards developing the performance of secondary ‎schools, resuming the original growth of the confirmed competitive ‎advantage, because the old model based on the higher grant is thinking ‎and other administrative levels are no longer useful. Change in ‎learning, learning, learning, learning, learning, learning, learning, ‎change, change, big change, and the learning association ... Its ‎development is through a continuous spiral movement that learns from ‎the livelihood of the organization and teaches others. The two ‎researchers believe that public schools need more modernization and ‎development after the appearance of good marks in private schools, ‎which are required to obtain strong competition in growth rates and ‎advancement. The educational matter necessitated correction of modern ‎restrictions by the administrations of those schools and the ‎transformation from traditional organizational structures to time ‎organizations Other surviving new institutions that were successful in ‎this institution‏.‏
‏ ‏Research objective Study objective and objective from the ‎perspective of growth and objective in secondary schools and its ‎transformation

The aim of the current research is to identify (the effect of brain-‎based learning on the achievement of fifth-grade female students in ‎mathematics and their attitudes towards it); The sample of the research ‎consisted of (70) female students of the fifth scientific grade, and they ‎were distributed equally into two experimental and control groups, with ‎‎(35) students for each group. Lateral Thinking Test), the researcher ‎prepared an achievement test consisting of (30) objective items of the ‎type (multiple choice), and a measure of attitude towards mathematics ‎consisting of (30) items with five alternatives (strongly agree, agree, ‎disagree, disagree Strongly agree), distributed over six domains ‎‎(attitude towards the nature of mathematics n direction towards the ‎value of mathematics, towards enjoyment of mathematics, direction ‎towards learning mathematics, direction towards mathematics school, ‎and direction towards success in mathematics). The researcher taught ‎the two groups, and after the experiment ended, the two tools were ‎applied to the two research groups, and the results showed‏:‏
‏* ‏There is a statistically significant difference at the significance ‎level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group ‎students who studied using brain-based learning and the average scores ‎of the control group students who studied in the traditional way in the ‎achievement test in favor of the experimental group‏.‏
‎* There is a statistically significant difference at the significance ‎level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group ‎students who studied using brain-based learning and the average scores ‎of the control group students who studied in the traditional way in the ‎measure of attitude towards mathematics in favor of the experimental ‎group.‎

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of using the ‎Newton educational platform on the achievement of fifth-grade literary ‎female students in the subject of the Noble Qur’an and Islamic ‎education and their attitude towards e-learning. The research sample, in ‎an intentional manner, consisted of (30) female students for each ‎group. The equivalence between the two research groups was verified ‎in the following variables: (the chronological age of the female ‎students, the degrees of Islamic education for the previous year, and the ‎intelligence test); To achieve the objectives of the research, the ‎researcher prepared an achievement test of the type of multiple choice ‎consisting of (40) items, by defining the scientific material, and ‎formulating (120) behavioral objectives according to Bloom's ‎classification of the cognitive domain, and a measure of the trend ‎towards e-learning consisting of (30) items with three alternatives, And ‎study plans were applied to the two research groups during the duration ‎of the experiment, which lasted (12) weeks, and the validity and ‎stability of the paragraphs were confirmed. It reached the following ‎results‏:‏
‏- ‏There is a statistically significant difference at the significance ‎level (0.05) between the average of the experimental group and the ‎control group in favor of the experimental group that was taught using ‎the Newton platform in the post-achievement test and the measure of ‎attitude towards e-learning.‎

The current research aimed to identify‏:‏
‎1‎‏. ‏The academic identity of the faculty members at the university‏.‏
‎2‎‏. ‏Identifying the academic identity according to the following ‎variables‏:‏
a. Gender (male – female‏(‏
B. Specialization (scientific – humanitarian‏(‏
c. Academic title (assistant teacher - teacher - assistant professor - ‎professor‏)‏
Dr.. Age (30-39 years), (40-49 years), (50- and over‏(‏
‏ ‏The research community included the faculty members at the ‎University of Anbar for the academic year (2020/2021), whose number ‎is (1669), of whom (1408) are teachers, and (261) are teaching, from ‎whom a sample of (400) male and female teachers were chosen. By ‎preparing the academic identity scale, verifying its psychometric ‎properties, and after using appropriate statistical means, the research ‎reached the following results‏:‏
‏- ‏The faculty members have a high academic identity and are ‎statistically significant
‏- ‏There are no statistically significant differences in the academic ‎identity of faculty members according to the gender variable (males - ‎females), and the results also showed the presence of statistically ‎significant differences in the academic identity of faculty members ‎according to the variable of specialization (human - scientific) and in ‎favor of the human, as well. The results showed that there were no ‎statistically significant differences in academic identity according to the ‎academic title variable (M.D.M.D.A.M.D.A.D.), and the results also ‎showed that there were no statistically significant differences in ‎academic identity according to the age variable (30-3, 40-49.50 and ‎above) for faculty members‏.‏

The current research aims to identify the level of rejection ‎sensitivity of intermediate school students according to the gender ‎variable (males, females) and the grade variable (first, second, and ‎third), and the sample consisted of (504) middle school students in ‎Baghdad, who were chosen by the random method. The two ‎researchers built a rejection sensitivity scale suitable for the age stage in ‎the current study, and the scale consisted of (24) items. The validity and ‎reliability of the scale were verified, as the two researchers used the ‎following appropriate statistical methods: the T-test, Fakronbach, the ‎Pearson correlation coefficient, and the re-application method. . The ‎following results were obtained: Intermediate school students have an ‎above average level of rejection sensitivity.‎

This study aimed to find the correlation between the factors of ‎difficulty and Discrimination in the Classical Test theories and the ‎Latent Trait Theory (Two-Parameter Logistic Model), and the ‎researcher relied on the logical reasoning test prepared by the ‎Assmentday Foundation, which is specialized in issuing various ‎psychological tests in Britain in 2018. The researcher carried out the ‎translation of the test instructions from English into Arabic because the ‎paragraphs are forms, so he does not need to verify the validity of the ‎translation because it crosses culture. The test was applied to a sample ‎of (650) male and female students who were randomly selected from ‎the sixth grade students. The statistical analysis of the items was carried ‎out according to the two traditional measurement theories and the latent ‎features, depending on the two-parameter model in analyzing the test ‎items, as calculated by the Bilog-mg3 program, and no item was ‎excluded from the test according to the two measurement theories. And ‎discrimination according to the two measurement theories and it was ‎found that the value of the correlation coefficient for the parameter of ‎difficulty according to the two measurement theories (0.907) and the ‎value of the correlation for the teacher of discrimination according to ‎the two measurement theories (0.813), and all the correlation ‎coefficients are positive and statistically significant at the level of ‎significance (0.05). Some conclusions, recommendations and ‎suggestions‏.‏

The aim of the research is to identify (flexible thinking and its ‎relationship to some demographic variables among middle school ‎students); The sample consisted of (370) male and female students from ‎the preparatory stage for the fifth and sixth grades in their (scientific ‎and literary) branches in the preparatory and secondary schools of the ‎General Directorate of Education in Anbar, including (197) male and ‎‎(173) female students, and (243) male and female students represented ‎the scientific branch, and (127) students of the literary branch; The ‎researchers prepared a flexible thinking test of (30) items (attitudes) ‎with three alternatives, and they verified its psychometric properties; ‎The results showed: middle school students are characterized by flexible ‎thinking, and there are no statistically significant differences in the test ‎due to the two variables (gender, branch of specialization).‎