Journal Of the College of law /Al-Nahrain University

The professional training contract, like all other contracts, is a non-permanent contract. The temporary nature of the implementation of the contractual obligations resulting from it does not bear the character of perpetuity, as it originally ends with the expiry of its term, as is the case with other fixed-term contracts, meaning that the dissolution of the contractual bond that arose from it starting from the contract through the implementation phase And before its expiry by ordinary or exceptional way, it is considered an inevitable fate. The contract cannot last for life, and the way in which the said contract expires, whether it is an agreement, a law or a judiciary, is obligatory to follow and necessary, as is the case of the mandatory capacity that the contract enjoys in terms of enforceability and necessity according to the rule of the contract. Contractual law or for a reason established in the law, contractual relations such as training relations, whatever their subject matter, presuppose, in general principle, the existence of a valid contract such as a vocational training contract valid for arranging all the legal or contractual effects based on rights and obligations so that their proper performance entails the natural termination of the contract between its two parties exceptionally, or In the event that some developments or circumstances occur during the implementation period that lead to a halt in the arrangement of the effects of the contract, which is supposed to address the defect in the implementation of the contractual obligations. Any effect is like nothingness

The federal state is based on several principles, the first and most important of which is (The principle of the unity of the federal state), which means that the federal state is one state with its own constitution and powers that extend its jurisdiction to all parts of it, and it has its people and its territory. It also appears to other countries as a one state that exercises its various international powers and jurisdictions and bears the consequences of the actions of its bodies towards foreign countries. The principle of unity is a basic principle on which the federal state rests, or it is one of the pillars of the federal system. Therefore, states are keen to protect it by several means, perhaps the most important of which is the existence of a Supreme Court entrusted with the matter of settling disputes that may arise between levels of government in the federal state, whether these disputes relate to a violation of provisions The Constitution or its interpretation or any other dispute that leads to conflict between the central government and the states or between the states.

Studying a criminal phenomenon, including our study tagged "the position of legislation on the physiological disorders of women in determining their penal responsibility", requires standing at the dynamics of crime and the change that occurs to it according to time and place, in order to know the apparent places that explain the factors related to the circumstances to which they relate.
In view of the seriousness of the psychological and physiological disorders that women suffer from during their life stages and the great impact these conditions and disorders have on the behavior of women, which may push them to commit crime, this study came to search for the position of the Iraqi penal legislation on these conditions that women go through.
Women’s criminality is one of the dimensions of contemporary criminality in the world, and it has recently increased in both developed and developing countries as an indirect result of the gradual integration of women into a more extensive circle of activity in the fields of work and men’s competition. Despite the increased interest in women in the twentieth century, the problem of women Crime has not received such attention, except for some research, most of which are in Europe and the United States of America.
And the fact that the criminal behavior of a woman, like any criminal behavior, is considered a departure from the rules and laws in force in society, and just as criminal behavior occurs from a man, it also occurs from a woman. However, crimes in women are marred by ambiguity that puts question marks around them, and in light of that the issue was addressed in two demands, We devoted the first requirement of it to clarifying the reflection of the formation of women in the context of excuses and mitigating circumstances, and we devoted the second requirement to clarifying the position of legislation on the impact of menstruation and postpartum in determining the penal responsibility of women.

What is meant by police work is what the policeman undertakes in his capacity as an administrative control officer, in addition to what he undertakes in his capacity as a judicial control officer.
This is done by maintaining public security by taking the necessary requirements to implement laws and regulations and carrying out measures that will prevent crime before it occurs.
And if the essence of the first is the prevention of crime before happened , the essence of the second is the investigation of crimes, the search for the perpetrators and their pursuit.
If the administrative control apparatus fails in its role and is unable to prevent the occurrence of the crime, the judicial control function begins and the administrative control task ends.

It is meant by procedural guarantees in the field of judicial judgment, those formal legal procedures that, as soon as the labor court takes into account in issuing its ruling accurately, this judgment is correct and procedurally fair, achieving all the desired guarantees, especially protecting workers from work hazards, as the weak party in the relationship Streptococcus, and this is what we mean by it also the integrity of the judicial ruling in terms of form.
Procedural guarantees are a set of controls and rules stipulated in the Labor Law, or they are intended to regulate the activity that the Labor Court undertakes with its specializations and principles. When the judiciary performs its effective role in the application of procedures during the submission of a complaint, and in order for the judiciary to perform its role, it is necessary to establish specialized courts to hear the labor case.
In order to enable the judiciary to play this effective role, and in order to achieve the main objective of the labor law, which is to protect workers as the weak party in the contractual relationship, the legislator in the applicable labor law has tended to facilitate litigation procedures in labor cases.

Civil airports are among the important administrative facilities in the state, and they enjoy many advantages that make the task of protecting them in terms of security and maintaining public order in them, one of the most important duties entrusted to the state, in addition to that the security of airports is not limited to the security of the state in which they are located, but It has an impact on the security of other countries in various parts of the world, and for this purpose the international community is concerned with the security of airports and the conclusion of agreements that seek to protect its security by imposing a set of security measures in the form of standard rules, recommendations and guidelines, and these procedures are in a state of continuous development to face the risks that threaten airports, These agreements did not only impose security measures, but also dealt with the regulation of the parties that implement them, whether in terms of implementation or evaluation, and countries translate these procedures in their internal legislation related to civil airports and civil aviation, and these security measures vary and their scope, and some of them are related to intentional travelers Airports of various categories, including those related to goods and mail.

It is unquestionable that delegating the legislative authority to part of its constitutional powers means that it relinquishes its original and exclusive jurisdiction to the executive authority, whether the constitution provides for the possibility of legislative delegation, as is the case with the French constitution of 1958 in force, or does not stipulate that, as is the case with the constitution of the Republic. Iraq for the year 2005 in force, which is devoid of any text stating the work of the legislative mandate, and based on the principle of legislative delegation, the executive authority is committed when exercising its delegated powers in accordance with what is specified in the delegation law without transgressing other issues not covered by the authorization law, and its work is not marred by the defect of competence, which is What is called ((the defect of the usurpation of power))

The issue of missing persons and victims of enforced disappearance is a very important part of the political, legal and social transition processes that many countries have to pass through or will have to pass through, especially after armed conflict or repressive regimes, a long-term process whose success depends primarily on climate A supportive and maturing national-level politician with political will, with tens of thousands of people missing or forced to disappear around the world because of repressive regimes and past or ongoing conflicts. often the terms "missing" and "disappearance" are interchangeable, while enforced disappearance is always a crime, Forced crime against humanity is considered a continuing crime, where Extends to the point where the fate and whereabouts of the victim are definitively determined, even when it can be inferred that the disappeared person has already been subjected to arbitrary execution, for example through the discovery of mortal remains and the recognition of personal property, as long as the person's whereabouts have not been determined, Where he was not identified or identified, the situation is enforced disappearance.

The development of higher education and scientific research on a global and Arab levels led to the emergence of private university education institutions, which came as a logical result of the increasing demand for higher education, and the weak ability of the public education system to meet those needs, This is what prompted the Iraqi government to legislate a new law for private higher education, No. (25) of 2016 to simulate this development

The interest in estabIishing nationaI human rihts in stitutions, as a mechanism that prompted states to estabIish them to enhance thir efforts to respect and protect human rights, at the inernaI IeveI and work to achieve this through the cooperation of these institutions with the three IegisIative, executive, and judiciaI authorities of the stat on the one hand and the nationaI and internationaI community On the other hand, the purpose of this is to achieve the principIes and objectives stipuIated in the charter of the United Nations and concernd with human rights, and that the success of these nationaI institutions in performing their work depends on their financiaI and administrative independenc and their cIose cooperation with aII nationaI parties, as weII as their abiIity, communication and work at aII IeveIs. InternationaI or regionaI, and to benefiting.

In addition to the many demands of people with special needs, they face obstacles to access to health services, education, employment, transportation and other various obstacles, so we see the need to focus on the following tasks:
1. Legal guarantee of the rights of persons with special needs in an appropriate urban environment and full enjoyment of their rights without discrimination and on an equal basis with other persons in accordance with international and national legal standards.
2. Clarify that even if some are not legally binding, declarations, principles, resolutions and other international documents, they reflect an international ethical and political commitment that can be used as guidelines in enacting legislation or formulating policies for persons with special needs at the national level .
3) Care for people with special needs, not to mention being a humanitarian, religious and moral duty, is a legal obligation on the state. Every member of society has the right to live in dignity and to feel his humanity without discrimination because of his special need. And to organize their situations to overcome their weaknesses and difficulties and to interact with their community and remove the obstacles that prevent them from normal life.

The idea of the lack of differentiation between the peremptory legal rules and the complementary and interpreted rules revolves around the definition of the legal rule. Different legal designations are unjustifiable, and the legal rules according to this vision are peremptory and binding for all cases to which they apply. Naming it would not be considered contrary to the general interest of society, and this means that the legal rule is one with its considerations.

The law provides that, in some cases. The formalities required for administration to abide by issuing administrative decisions which is scheduled to achive certain goals in essence, are important assurances. Some of the minor formalities does not affect the legality of the decision not awarded remain intact despite the failure, some of which are essential and there for no commitment the administration, in its lead to false; because the material what affects the substance of the resolution and protect individuals, thus from the basic guarantee.
The causation is one of the obligatory essential formalities in administrative decision of the most systems compared to the expanded form being connected to science and knowledge and Human Rights, contribute to improve the Departments relationship with individuals and strengthen confidence in their dealings with it. By As the administration disclose the reasons underlying release of the author note and then have him decide which either conviction and satisfaction or objections in accordance with the modalities established by law