Journal of sustainable studies

This research seeks to (know the level of availability of verbal linking skills in the linguistic activities included in the Arabic language book for the first intermediate grade in Iraq), and for the purpose of achieving the goal of the research; The researcher followed the descriptive analytical method for his research.
The research community and its sample included the linguistic activities (demands, questions, and exercises) included in each topic of reading and texts, and evaluative texts in the Arabic language book for the first intermediate grade in its two parts (first and second), amounting to (192) activities in the first part, (214) activities In the second part.
The researcher prepared a list of verbal linking skills, and it included three main skills, under each of which a number of sub-skills were included, which amounted to (21) sub-skills. The stability of the analysis by agreement method over time.
After completing the analysis process, and by using percentages and the five-point scale to determine the weight of these skills, the results of the research showed a low level of the availability of verbal linking skills in the language activities included in the Arabic language book for the first intermediate grade in its two parts (first and second); It does not in any way exceed the weak level.
In light of this, the researcher provided a set of realistic and scientific reasons for the results of the research. He also concluded that the linguistic activities included in the Arabic language book for the first intermediate grade in its two parts (first and second) do not measure the level of learners' understanding of the verbal link in the text, and the extent of their ability to recognize each type of The types of that linking, and it also does not train them on how to link the sentences of the text and its issues; Hence, these linguistic activities cannot effectively develop the verbal linking skills of students in this class.
Accordingly; The researcher made a number of recommendations, then suggested that in order to complete this research, conduct subsequent studies to extend it and enrich its important field, which still needs more studies and research.

The gist of the story It is important for those who call to Allah to combine in their call method between encouragement and intimidation, and not to limit themselves to one of them; because limiting oneself to one of them may not achieve the desired purpose, but may produce the opposite of the desired results. Allah, the Almighty, sent His Messenger Hud, peace be upon him, to his people calling them to worship the One, Self-Sufficient God, and asking them to abandon the worship of other idols and gods. His people belittled him, mocked him, and continued in their transgression, wandering blindly. So Allah punished them for their position by sending upon them a strong wind that uprooted their strength and made them a harvest. Allah saved Hud and those believers with him.

Nigeria and Iran have a long history of bilateral relations, Iran is considered a good model for other developing countries, and given its experience in the Islamic Revolution in 1979, it has a lot to offer other countries in the world. This research claims that Nigeria and Iran have opportunities and prospects for good and beneficial strategic cooperation, although not without challenges. It noted that: Bilateral relations between the two countries suffer from perception more than reality regarding bilateral engagements between them, and if this perception is overcome, both countries have a lot to gain from each other. The paper recommends pursuing Nigeria's interests, engagement based on reciprocity, focused and proactive foreign policy choices, as well as diplomacy that focuses on citizens as options for both countries and concludes that adherence to these recommendations would help in strategic cooperation between Nigeria and Iran.

Education is being revolutionized by technology and (AI) in English Language Learning. This study uses the appraisal method to investigate how technology and artificial intelligence affect English language learners at Al Farahidi University College of Education, English Department. The study explores the experiences and perceptions of students using a quantitative methodology and questionnaire. This includes computers, cellphones, tablets, and chatbots with artificial intelligence. The majority of students believe that learning with technology is interesting and enjoyable, which makes it simpler to practice English both inside and outside of the classroom. Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are lauded for enhancing motivation, proficiency, and preference beyond traditional methods. The enjoyment of AI chatbots remains diverse, alongside the advantageous use of technology and artificial intelligence (AI) in English language acquisition. The research also determined the beneficial applications of technology and artificial intelligence (AI) in English language acquisition.

Geography is a discipline that encompasses the natural and social sciences and has the natural advantage of enabling the study of sustainability from a multidisciplinary perspective. There are significant opportunities for geographers to engage in sustainability research. However, while geographers have identified sustainability goals, they have rarely articulated the details needed to achieve them. Current knowledge about the human-environment relationship and the methodologies used to study this relationship is inadequate to address the multidisciplinary questions in sustainability science. Five proposed research areas: geographic processes; ecosystem services and human well-being; human-environmental systems; sustainable development; and geodata and modeling for sustainability, are needed to help geography achieve sustainability. The primary goal of advancing geography for sustainability is to uncover the mechanisms of human-environmental system dynamics. This relies on understanding the processes in natural and social systems and their interactions and clarifying the relationships between structures, functional properties, and interactions in human-environmental systems at multiple scales. The advances in geography, methodologies, and techniques will provide a deeper understanding of the future. Geographers are responsible for advancing the discipline as a key pathway for advancing the natural and social sciences towards sustainability.

Literary criticism has proliferated in its various directions, which sought to read Al-Sayyab's poetry, decipher its symbols and codes, and explore the depths of this creativity in which the creator became a poetic world on his own. His readings became multi-level, multi-axes, and multi-meaning, until various methodologies, doctrines, and trends were tried to read and analyze his artistic product, starting with historical and taste criticism and ending with structural and deconstructive criticism, despite the fact that this criticism generated various cases of contradiction in opinions, conflict in starting point, and multiplicity in theories and results reached in analyzing Al-Sayyab's poetry. In order to avoid repetition and intertextuality in studying Al-Sayyab, in this research we relied on reading and analyzing the poem "Al-Shanashil" with a critical vision open to exploring the depths of the text and extracting what it contains of connotations and meanings that benefit the critical study and add to it a study different from what was read in the poetry of this great creator. We relied on the descriptive analytical method and Al-Sayyab's style in his text.

The fields of employing artificial intelligence with its various applications in the educational field are many, including the field of machine learning as one of the branches of artificial intelligence, the field of data mining, the field of logical thinking and probabilistic thinking, and the field of managing educational institutions electronically. Therefore, the study aims to present the most important applications of artificial intelligence to develop and manage the educational process and how to use artificial intelligence in designing educational situations and the positive effects of using artificial intelligence in the educational process and the requirements for activating artificial intelligence in facing challenges and its most important features. The descriptive analytical approach was used in the study and the study reached a set of results and recommendations.

The aim of the research was to identify role conflict and its relationship to ego flexibility among kindergarten teachers. The researcher employed the descriptive correlational approach as a research method. The research sample was simple random and consisted of (100) teachers from government kindergarten teachers distributed in the directorates of Baghdad City / Al-Rusafa I and Al-Rusafa II. As for the research tools, the researcher prepared both the conflict scale and the ego flexibility scale, where the role conflict scale in its final form consisted of (35) paragraphs, while the ego flexibility scale included in its final form (35) paragraphs distributed over four main dimensions, which are insight, independence, creativity, and forming successful social relationships. The researcher verified the validity and reliability, and after analyzing the data and processing it statistically using the statistical program (SPSS), the research results showed: Low level of role conflict among kindergarten teachers, kindergarten teachers also enjoy a high level of ego flexibility, and there is a statistically significant inverse relationship between role conflict and ego flexibility

Digital technologies represent a modern means of transferring and processing information for many individuals and institutions, Digital technologies are considered among the tools responsible for sorting between generators of information (innovation) and exploiters of Information (skills) and consumers of this information, in order to achieve raising the quality of education and learning, and in line with the vision of And the message of the National Strategy for Education (2023-2031), which emphasized ensuring the provision of an attractive educational environment conducive to learning by paying attention to computer laboratories and information and communications technology equipment. The researcher set the goal of identifying the importance of digital technologies on the learner’s life from the point of view of computer teachers in Iraqi schools. The researcher relied on the descriptive approach, which describes the research variables and analyzes them to reach the results. The research sample consisted of (100) computer teachers, as well as the electronic services provided by the Ministry of Education to the learner.The research tool was a questionnaire whose paragraphs included the importance of digital technologies in the learner’s life. In deriving it, the researcher relied on a group of research and sources whose topics are related to digital technologies, The researcher designed the questionnaire based on Google forms for the purpose of distributing it electronically to computer teachers in schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad Al-Karkh/3, The researcher relied on extracting the results using the statistical program (SPSS)and the results showed the relative importance of using digital technology at a rate of (0.93%),.While the third paragraph (digital technologies are considered advanced media) received the highest relative importance (0.98%), while the relative importance of the rest of the paragraphs ranged between (0.50% - 0.90%), and the fifth paragraph (using social media programs) received the least relative importance (0.50%).),The relative importance of items (12, 9, 6) (conducting periodic competitions, digital technologies are financially expensive, relying on websites) ranged from (0.74% - 0.78%), The researcher recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: the need to educate teachers about the importance of using digital technologies in the field of learning through awareness workshops and digital seminars.

In this research, we discuss a brief overview of the importance of the Spanish language and the history of its development from its inception until now, and the influence of the Arabic language on it and the extent of the great rapprochement between the two languages and cultures, Arabic and Spanish, as a result of Islamic conquests and the Arab presence in Andalusia for the past eight centuries. Then we explain the importance of learning foreign languages in general, and the Spanish language in particular, the importance of cultural diversity and multilingualism, and then we discuss the experience of teaching the three foreign languages, (French, Russian, and Spanish), in addition to the English language. The experiment began in 1980 in some in Bagdad to teach three international languages recognized by the United Nation. It was a successful experience at its beginning as a result of the ministry’s support and the support of the countries that speak those languages by supplying schools with books and educational materials and involving teachers in training courses outside Iraq, in addition to sending top and distinguished students to those countries to participate in summer training camps. The experiment included a number of schools in Baghdad to teach the Spanish and Russian language, while the French language was taught in some schools in Bagdad, Nineveh, Basra and Babylon, due to the development of cultural and economic relations between Iraq and France and the desire of students to study this language more than others. After that, the reasons for the failure of teaching the Russian and Spanish languages and the limited teaching of the French language in addition to the English language , were discussed the most important obstacles and treatments required in order to revive the experience again in line with the government’s policy of opening to the world and keeping pace with the developments taking place in it, and learn about the culture of other peoples and benefit from their knowledge in different fields.

Under the big technological revolution that the world is witnessing in all fields generally and in the educational field especially, the methods and patterns that deal with the teaching and learning process have diversified, the most prominent of which was e-learning, which came in several forms, as educational platforms played a prominent role, which were active and spread widely during the Corona pandemic after the educational field in particular was paralyzed and prevented the learner from obtaining knowledge and learning about everything new in the field of education. There was an urgent need for such educational technologies to continue the education process and communication between the learner (pupils and students) and the teacher. From here, the researcher was motivated to conduct this study to identify the extent of the difference between the response and interaction of teachers (males and females) in government schools that adopted the principle of blended education between in-person education in addition to e-learning via platforms as feedback for the scientific material according to the directives of the Ministry of Education and teachers (males and females) in private schools to deal with official educational platforms registered with the Ministry of Education, as the researcher adopted a five-scale questionnaire (very agree, agree, neutral, disagree, very disagree) The researcher selected a sample of (40) male and female teachers working in secondary schools in Al-Adel district as part of the Baghdad Karkh 3 Education. They were distributed between (20) male and female teachers from government schools in the sector and (20) male and female teachers from private schools in the Al-Adel district as part of the Baghdad Karkh 3 Education. The questionnaire was distributed after taking the arbitrators' opinions and revising it based on their observations, collecting the data descriptively, transcribing it and analyzing it according to the statistical program SPSS version (26). Using the (T-TEST) test for two independent samples, the researcher found statistical results that indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (government school teachers and private school teachers).

After the tremendous scientific development witnessed by the world, which included all aspects of life, including education in all its aspects, countries sought to introduce technology into education in order to develop it so that it leads to building the human being and the country. Electronic programs are defined as “providing educational or teaching programs to learners or trainees at any time and place using information and interactive communication technologies such as the Internet, local radio, CDs, and images. They aim to provide an interactive educational learning environment with multiple sources” Salem, 2004, p. 289. The researcher, during his work in the field of education, noticed the lack or weakness of the use of modern devices and technologies in education, especially in the subject of Islamic education, for various reasons. In response to this importance, an electronic program was used in this study to teach the subject of Islamic education, relying on videos, images, and sound effects, in addition to the integrated narrative method based on educational television. The lesson was presented through a smart board or a data show, and the aim of it is to provide ready-made educational templates for Islamic education teachers to help them implement the lesson in the best possible way and with the least time and effort, so that the role of the teacher becomes a guide and preparer of the lesson. The researcher used the experimental method in this study as it The appropriate approach for the nature of the existing study (according to the researcher's opinion based on educational literature) and the researcher chose an experimental group and a control group, and a post-test was created for the groups and the study sample was randomly selected, amounting to 105 students from the second intermediate grade students at Al-Tafouq Secondary School for the Gifted within the Baghdad Education Directorate, Karkh II. The study material was determined by the Islamic Education curriculum for the second intermediate grade, and the program was presented to arbitrators, and the researcher taught the groups himself to avoid the problem of changing the teacher. The statistical data was processed using the SPSS statistical program. The results showed the superiority of the experimental group in the post-test over the control group, and this is due to the effect of the independent variable in the experiment (the electronic program). The study recommended benefiting from previous experiences, especially the Moroccan and Jordanian experiences, since the Arab curricula are similar.

This research aims to evaluate the history book for the fifth grade of the light of the dimensions of sustainable dimensions ,the researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach to analyze the content of the history book for the fifth grade primary school according to the dimensions of sustaninable development for the academic year 2020-2021, the results of the research resulted in the availability of the dimensions of sustainable development in the history book for the fifth as the social dimension in the first rank , the and in the environmental dimension third rank.

The judiciary has (1873) students in secondary evening education (1873) males and (564) girls with educational cadres numbering (112) males and (24) females, which means a clear deficiency in achieving the goals and standards set on this one hand
On the other hand, after reviewing the current population of the district and studying the age group subject to research. Knowing the percentage of students in evening education, and trying to study future Orientalism by making population projections until the year 2031, We find a large difference in the number of male students,(55564), with the number of cadres remaining constant, which will have a very significant impact on the progress of the educational process for this group of students, especially after setting the ages for students in evening schools and not allowing them to take a second year of study if They failed in the same class

The Assyrians are one of the peoples living in the Arabian Peninsula. They are one of the nomadic peoples who roamed the region in search of a living. Due to the drought that struck the Arabian Peninsula, the Assyrians migrated from the region like other nomadic tribes at the end of the third millennium BC, and headed towards northern Syria and stayed there for a period of time, preparing to migrate again to Mesopotamia. As soon as the opportunity arose, they settled in Assyria and established a ruling dynasty there that was transformed, thanks to their strength and nomadic fanaticism, into a strong state at the hands of their king Shamshi-Adad I (1813-1781) BC. Who expanded his kingdom east, west and north and imposed himself as an economic and military power controlling all political powers in the region. Assyria flourished economically thanks to his wisdom, policy and control over the important trade routes in the region.