Engineering and Technology Journal

Mathematical simulation and theoretical investigation for faults detection in
optical fibers were discussed by using computer simulation. The purpose of this work is to
detect the faults that lead to decrease the level of the signal of the single mode fiber (SMF)
for a length of (20km) for two wavelengths (1310nm & 1550nm) with attenuation of
(0.34dB/km & 0.2dB/km) respectively by using Optical Frequency Domain
Reflectometer(OFDR).The fusion splice is assumed to be existent about (5km),the
connector about (10km) and the bend about (15km). The losses of these splices, bends,
connectors and the levels of the reflected signals from the beginning of the fiber to its end
have been calculated for two wavelengths. The calculation of the reflected signals by
OFDR system has shown high resolution. the attenuation of wavelength (1550) nm is less
than (1310) nm especially in the long distances (Z ³15km), where the bending leads to
big attenuation for the wavelength (1550) nm than (1310) nm where the level of the
reflected signals at the point of bending for wavelength (1550) nm was (-87.852dBm) and
(-80.2dBm) for the wavelength (1310nm). A novel technique was used to detect the fault by
(phase method) by using OFDR system, The degree of the phase is changing suddenly for
the reflected signals in the places where the faults are happening. The phase degree
increases with the increase of the fiber length.

Extended model is a theoretical and analytical model for evaporation of
hydrocarbon fuel droplet. This model assumes that there is a moving hydrocarbon
fuel droplet in quasisteady environmental air. Four types of fuel (n-heptane, nhexane,
n-decan, and light Diesel) are used for analysis at atmospheric pressure and
temperatures from about (300 – 1500) K. The initial droplet size used is 100 μm
for a Reynolds number ranging from (0.1 – 1800). Computer programs have been
developed in (Matlab-7) language to find out the mass evaporation rate, variation
of size, droplet life time, and flame stand off ratio. The percentage value for
maximum mass evaporation rate from the extended model is (0.13%) greater than
that obtained from the mass evaporation rate from classical model due to the
increasing of the heat gain to the movement drop. the results are compared with the
existing theoretical and experimental work in literature and acceptable agreements
are obtained

Boiling with surfactant is important in many key industrial applications such
as the petrochemical processing, refining, refrigeration, hygiene and personal care,
pharmaceutical, and food processing, among others.
The aims of this study are experimental determination of the heat
transfer coefficient with and without the addition of surfactants to pure
water and quantify the effects of surfactant concentration, ionic nature, its
ethoxylation, and molecular weight on the nucleate boiling performance of
water on vertical cylindrical heater.
Several different surfactants were employed: [SDS(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate),
SLES (Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate) (anionic) ]and [Triton X-100 (Octylphenol
Ethoxylate) (nonionic)], they have different molecular weights, ionic nature and
number of ethylene oxide EO groups attached to its polar head.
The boiling results show that with the addition of small amounts of surfactants,
the saturated nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient of water is found to be
altered due to reduction in the surface tension and this enhances the heat
transfer.The enhancement in nucleate pool boiling depends upon wall heat flux (or
temperature difference), concentration of surfactant, ionic nature, molecular weight
and number of (EO) group.The heat transfer coefficient is found to increase by as
much as (81.9%) over that for pure water for SDS solutions while (53 %) for SLES
and (45 %) for Triton X-100 at CMC (critical micelle concentration).
The enhancement increases with concentration and the enhanced solutions are
found to be with C ≤ CMC. The optimum enhancement is at or near the CMC of
surfactants. However, the maximum heat transfer enhancement is in the order of
SDS > SLES > Triton X-100, this is also, in the reverse order of their molecular
weights and number of (EO) groups

This paper presents analysis of operation and implementation of Z-source space
vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) inverter fed three phase induction motor. The
Z-source is an alternative power conversion topology that can both buck and boost the
input voltage using only passive components. It uses a unique LC impedance network in
the DC link between rectifier and inverter fed induction motor. It also allows the use of
the shoot-through switching state, which eliminates or reduces the dead-times that are
used in the conventional inverters. Therefore, the Z-source inverter can buck and boost
voltage to a desired output voltage that is greater than the available input voltage. In
addition, it reduces the harmonics, improves power factor, increases reliability ,low cost
and highly efficient single-stage structure for buck and boost power conversion.
Theoretical analysis and simulation studies using PSIM software have been performed
to demonstrate these new features.

This paper introduces, firstly, a proposed method of computing one and
two-dimensional wavelet transform .The proposed method reduces heavily
processing time for decomposition of image keeping or overcoming the quality of
reconstructed images. Also, the inverse procedures of all the transformations for
multi- dimensional cases verified.
Secondly, computes quantization and run length encoder. Different types
of quantization are presented in this paper with effects of these differences on
Compression Ratio (CR).
Thirdly, compute PSNR, RMSE, CR, and size. The effect noted this
difference in levels of FLWT on same picture, where PSNR, MSRE, SIZE, and
CR different from one level to another.

In this paper, a new proposed system of electronic clock is discussed, designed
and implemented, it consists of digital electronic components such as, logic gates
and decade counters, and analog electronic components such as, integrating
amplifiers. These integrating amplifiers converts the digital output signal of the
minutes and hours counters to an analog triangular signal.
Two signal indicators are used in this design to measure the minutes and hours
output signal, which they are scaled in desired and proper manner.
This system has vary good forward linearity between the measured time and
the output signal of the integrating amplifiers.
This system is practically implemented and tested using software package
Electronic Workbench version V9, whereas, the practical, simulation and
theoretical results were approximately identical, therefore, this system has
successful design and implementation

Jute fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester resin composites (J/UP) were
subjected to low velocity impact tests in several Temperatures degree in order to
study the effects of temperature variance on the intrinsic fracture toughness Gc
impact properties. An investigation was conducted onto the effects of
temperatures on impact resistance of jute fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester
resin composite. Impact tests were performed on the specimens at different
temperatures. The temperatures were 27, 50, 75 and 100 Cº. The results reflect the
influence of ambient temperature on impact toughness measurements. The results
indicate an obvious correlation between the ambient temperatures and impact
load, total absorbed energy and fracture toughness. The prepared specimens
exhibited brittle fracture behavior with a lower peak load, lower impact energy
and less time to fail compared with results at temperature higher Tg. The impact
test results show that the total energy absorbed at 100 C° have higher energy when
the composite behavior changed from brittle to ductilebehavior. The intrinsic
fracture toughness is higher for specimens tested in 100 Cº and 75 Cº and shows
ductile behavior; while specimens tested with temperature lower than Tg show
brittle fracture and lower Gc.

In this paper, Bernstein polynomials method are used to find an
approximate solution for linear Volterra integral equation of the second kind.
These polynomials are incredibly useful mathematical tools, because they are
simply defined. It has been shown that the polynomial has a fast convergences
with only few steeps. Numerical example is prepared to illustrate the efficiency
and accuracy of this method

compression system. The scheme of the proposed system utilizes Tap 9/7
wavelet transforms to decompose the image signal, and then uses Discrete Cosine
Transform (DCT), and uniform quantization; to compress the approximate
coefficients. The detail coefficients are coded by hierarchical uniform
quantization, and then the original and modified Set Partitioning In Hierarchical
Tree (SPIHT) methods were applied on each color band separately. At the end
some spatial coding steps were applied on List of Significant Pixels (LSP) like
Run Length Encoding (RLE) and Shift Coding to gain more compression. The test
results indicate that the modified compression scheme shows a good performance
aspect in addition to its simplicity

This paper proposes the using of artificial neural networks (ANNs') to
control the synchronous generator automatic voltage regulator (AVR), with
unbalance load operating conditions. The neural network for control a nonlinear
system is described and used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the neural
network for control the drives with nonlinearities. In this study, performances of a
simulated neural network AVR evaluated for a wide range of unbalanced loads
operating conditions. The variance factors are calculated, as an indicator of
optimum operation, and their values are compared for different feedback signals
and various unbalanced operating conditions. The optimum control is introduced,
which gives an average variance factor in ANN controller is about 1.105%,
whereas the average variance factor in traditional PI controller is about 2.035%.

LABVIEW is a powerful and versatile graphical programming language that
had its roots in operation, automation control and data acquisition of the system.
The pH control system of a non-linear wastewater treatment unit, contains heavy
metals (Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni and Zn), had been developed depending on dynamics
behavior of the process. The pH value of wastewater is change by addition
chemicals (lime or Na2S). The semi-batch pH process system dynamically behaved
as a first order lag with dead time. The tuning of control parameters was carried by
several methods; Internal Model Control (IMC), Minimum (ITAE) criteria and
Adaptive mode. Since the process was fast, the Integral of Absolute of Error (IAE)
criteria was used to compare between the above tuning methods. Adaptive control
was the best and effective to determining the values of proportional gain (Kc),
Integral time constant (t I) and Derivative time constant (t D ).PI mode was found
to be the best for control the fast pH process.

In this work, the effect of four types of inorganic phosphors salts on
flammability and mechanical properties (Flexural and Tensile) strength, of
unsaturated polyester reinforced with glass fibers has been studied ; also , the
influence of two types form of glass fibers (chopped strand mat and woven
roving ), on flammability and mechanical properties of the composite, were
studied . Sheets of composites with different weight percentage of additives and
reinforced with two layers of each type of glass fibers, were prepared. Four
standard test methods used to measure the flame retardation and mechanical
properties, which are: ASTM: D – 2863, ASTM: D – 635, ASTM: D – 790 and
ASTM: D – 638.
Results obtained from these tests indicated that, additive IV has high
efficiency as a flame retardant, self – extinguishing (S.E.) was occur at the
percentage 1.5 % and non – burning ( N.B. ) was occur at the percentage 2.5 %
for resin reinforced with glass fiber type woven roving and showed high effect to
reduce the values of the mechanical behaviors, but additive I have low effect on
retard composition and showed low effect on the values of mechanical properties

Pneumatic forming of nonferrous alloys is widely used to produce
components for many traditional and advanced applications. The plastic behaviours
of high purity copper sheet were investigated under pneumatic forming using open
and closed dies. Experimental yield loci were determined based on the strain
energy theory for open and closed dies. It has been found that the yield loci in open
die expanded more than that in close die. The formability was improved due to
reduction in friction coefficient. The plane strain forming and the strain distribution
remain mainly uniform throughout the drawing sheet. The formed copper sheets
were not thinned at the centre of the doom

Presented in this paper is a new study of the damaging effect of military
armoured vehicles with rubber tires on flexible pavements. Two types of military
armoured vehicles with rubber tires were studied, namely LAV-AT four-axle and
LAV-300 triple-axle. A measure of the damaging effect of military armoured
vehicles with rubber tires loads was achieved by correlating their equivalent loads
with the AASHTO equivalency factors. The equivalent load was developed on the
basis of mechanistic - empirical approach. It was found that the damaging effect of
the studied military armoured vehicles with rubber tires loads is 0. 0.200 to 4.736
times the damaging effect of the standard 18 kips (80 kN) axle load depending on
the thickness of asphalt layer.

Experimental and theoretical investigations of flow and thermal performance of
an annular pin fin heat exchangers exposed to constant heat flux have been preformed.
A special test rig was designed and built for this purpose. The main test section is an
annulus of radius ratio (0.85) containing 10 rows of 1mm diameter pins with 5 pins in
each row. The range of cooling air Reynolds number based on the hydraulic diameter
of the channel, is (6774 to 11120). In the Theoretical part the well known Fluent (6.3)
package was used for solving the governing equations for flow and Energy equation
for heat transfer with RNG k-ε turbulence model. Results showed that the pin fins
enhanced the heat transfer by a factor of (1.31 to 1.42) and increased the friction
factor by (3 to 4) times compared to the one obtained for smooth annular channel
without pins. A Nusselt-Reynolds correlation was obtained from the experimental data
valid in the Reynolds number range studied. Reasonable agreement between the
experimental and theoretical results was obtained with average difference (5%) over
the Reynolds number range. The overall thermal performance obtained was larger
than (1).

With the fast evolution of digital data exchange, security information
becomes much important in data storage and transmission. Due to the increasing
use of images in industrial process, it is essential to protect the confidential image
data from unauthorized access. In this paper, RC6 with two modified version 512
bit RC6 and 640 bit RC6-Cascade encryption algorithms will be analyzed to
investigate the encryption efficiency for them to digital images and providing a
new mathematical measure for encryption efficiency. Detailed results in terms of
security analysis and implementation are given. Comparative study with three
versions of RC6 encryption algorithms is shown the superiority of the modified
algorithms. Three measuring quality factors will be considered to evaluate and
compare between the three encryption algorithms RC6, 512 RC6, and 640 RC6-
Cascaded. These measuring factors are the maximum deviation, the correlation
coefficient and irregular deviation.

A hydrological routing study for Abu Zirig Marsh was carried out to
estimate the hydrological state within the marsh for the Present and future
conditions of the marsh.The water surface elevation, area and storage within the
marsh at the present and for the future conditions were estimated and the effect of
uncontrolling outlets on the hydrological and water quality state of the marsh at
the present conditions was specified.
The salt mass balance equation was used to estimate the inflow and outflow
discharges that required for reducing the effect of evapotranspiration on the water
quality and flashing out the accumulated mass of salts and then improving the
marsh water quality. This equation was applied on the future conditions of the
marsh and inflow and outflow discharges that required for this purposes were
estimated. The results of the hydrological routing for the present conditions
showed that the maximum water surface area is 79 km2 which occur during
Spring. While it is between 34 to 43 km2 during Summer and Autumn and it can
not be increased during these months since the outlet of the marsh is uncontrolled.
The TDS concentration within the marsh increases during the months of high
evapotranspiration although the inflow increases during these months.
For the future conditions, the inflow discharges required to sustain the
restoration requirements must be increased to decrease the deterioration in the
marsh water quality. These discharges increase with the increase in the marsh area
during the months of high evapotranspiration values.

The present study deals with the effects of natural fibers on some mechanical
properties of the Epoxy composite. This research was carried out by reinforcing
the matrix (Epoxy) resin with natural material (cane sugar fibers) and synthetic
fibers (chopped carbon fibers). The natural fibers were exposure to chemical
treatment before reinforcement.
The hybrid composites contain of chopped carbon and cane sugar fibers is
produced using hand lay method. Each sample was reinforced with different
volume fraction such as 30%, 20%, and 10%. After preparation of composite
material some of the mechanical properties flexural and impact tests were studied
of prepared samples.
Cane sugar composite has the higher values (of flexural strength 490.77 MPa and
of impact strength 93.92 KJ/m2 ) than chopped carbon composites (flexural
strength 93.19 MPa and impact strength 23.92 KJ/m2). It was found that the
additions of natural fibers (cane sugar) to chopped carbon fibers improve of the
mechanical properties of hybrid composites.

The research aims to use the technical abilities for geographic information
system in the field of designing and drawing maps by saving huge amount of
information in a fast and organized way also to shows data and maps from the computer
in high speed. In addition it makes corrections on maps in high speed and in the least
cost and time. Also high accuracy in data analysis which is difficult in manual ways.
Further more it enables as to analyze the geographic information and connect between
them in an easy way. It takes out new information from the original information on the
maps like taking out digital terrain model from the Contour Maps and to show local

The aim of this work is to perform an experimental study for the effect of forced
vertical vibrations on forced convection heat transfer coefficient, by the use of
circumferential finned cylinder made of Aluminum. The cylinder was heated under
the condition of a constant heat flux which is generated by applying an alternating
voltage on a fixed resistor mounted inside the interior space of the cylinder which was
located horizontally or inclined in multiple angles at a range of (0°-45°). In this
experimental study the circumferential finned cylinder prototype of inner diameter (16
mm), and outer diameter including the fin of (48 mm), and the effect of the frequency
at the range of (2-16 Hz) and the vibration amplitude range of (0 - 2.2mm) have been
studied with various heat flux range from (500-1500W/m2).For the results of this
study it was found that the relation between the heat transfer coefficient and amplitude
of vibration is incrementally for all inclination angles from (0°-45°), and reaches a
maximum ratio of (%13.34), also increment of inclination angle reduces the values of
forced convection heat transfer coefficient and , that because the fins works as path
lines helps to increase the movement of convection currents in the case of horizontal
prototype , but in case of inclined cylinder fins works as obstructions for the
convection currents and thus reduces the ranges of forced convection vibrational heat
transfer coefficient, Generally the heat transfer coefficient increases as Reynolds
number increases