AL-Mostansiriyah journal for arabic and international studies

Corruption is a global phenomenon that has been known to all societies in all ages and places, regardless of the nature of the political, social and economic system in the country. The most dangerous type of corruption is political corruption, of which kleptocracy is a type, as state institutions work to serve the elites of the regime to exploit citizens. This harms countries whose resources are plundered, and negatively affects democratic standards and economic development in host countries. Corrupt people often hide their illicit gains in countries with strong institutions that guarantee the rule of law, which leads to the emergence of multiple problems such as political interference, money laundering, and risks related to organized crime and terrorism.
Therefore, this research is based on a fundamental problem, which is: Can the entire political system be based on corruption? Then we addressed the topic in two chapters, the first of which explained the definition of kleptocracy in terms of explaining its concept, essence and reasons for its emergence, while the second chapter was devoted to the effects of kleptocracy and methods of addressing it.
Keywords: kleptocracy, political system, corruption.

Abstract:
The research focused on explaining the role of the United States of America in confronting extremism, especially its role in confronting ISIS the ISIS front as a model for this confrontation, and statement of strategies that the United States follows in this confrontation.
Within its structure, the research includes terms related to the topic in full as well as, explaining the emergence of ISIS in the major areas in Iraq, especially this organization whose activity may be very clear in Iraq, as it controls several Iraqi cities and provinces, causing destruction and devastation, spreading panic, and finally, explaining the role of the United States in confronting this .in general .
Among the most important findings of the research are: The most prominent strategies of spending terror controlling were through containment and rebellion. The organization used violence for the purpose of intelligence in society, especially through social media. On the other side ,there was limited in the collective groups to confront extremism in Iraq and the official rule, which is linked to the military and security establishment, especially with noticeable weakness among civil institutions (in terms of civil society) and governmental institutions. The jihadist group had a clear prominent effectiveness in eliminating ISIS liberating Iraqi cities and provinces controlled by the organization.
Keywords: international actors, extremism, the United States of America, ISIS.

Abstract:
The electronic study began from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, where the extent to which electronic contracts are compatible with the application of Sharia was analyzed. It concluded that it was not necessary to develop a legitimate legal framework with Islamic jurisprudence and to preserve the validity of this agreement, while adopting the importance of documenting it, verifying its legal conditions, and protecting privacy and security in the digital environment. The study also addressed the compatibility of electronic contracts with Islamic jurisprudence, noting the necessity of developing a legal framework that ensures that legal conditions are met, such as offer, acceptance, and documentation. It also stressed the importance of protecting privacy and security in electronic contracts in accordance with the provisions of Sharia.
This study explained how Islamic jurisprudence can be adapted to legislate laws that keep pace with modern technical developments, while emphasizing the need for this legal framework to be integrated to ensure electronic contracts are compatible with Sharia provisions.
Keywords: contract, electronic contracts, jurisprudence, Islamic jurisprudence, electronic contracts in Islamic jurisprudence.

Abstrect
The punitive policy in the field of juvenile delinquency is one of the important topics concerned with directing juveniles who have committed acts that conflict with laws or societal ethics. This policy aims to achieve a balance between protecting society from delinquent behaviors and at the same time rehabilitating juvenile delinquents to ensure their integration into society. Properly, it turns out that punitive measures for juveniles are completely different from those directed at adults، Punitive policy in this area is concerned with correcting the behavior of juveniles and motivating them to rebuild their personalities, instead of punishing them with traditional punishments such as imprisonment or imprisonment. Punitive policy focuses on using a number of rehabilitative and educational methods, for example psychological counselling, education, social treatment, and other methods that direct them toward... Positive behaviors، This research aimed to study the various procedures related to the punitive policy that aim to clarify a set of legal foundations and legislative procedures that aim to reform that delinquent person so that he can return to society again after that specific period of punishment, as the punitive policy is considered in the field of delinquency. Juveniles are an important tool to ensure the security and safety of society from deviant behaviors that may threaten the social order ، Dealing with juvenile delinquents effectively reduces the crime rate and limits its impact on society. The descriptive approach has been used, which aims to analyze and describe a specific case or phenomenon by collecting a lot of information and data that is concerned with presenting and analyzing this important topic of procedures related to punitive policy. For the field of juvenile delinquency, in addition to using the comparative approach that aims to clarify many of the differences and differences between some different laws،Here, Iraqi law will be compared with Lebanese law in the research topic to present a number of legal materials concerned with clarifying those punitive procedures between the two laws. The research has been divided into two basic sections, and the first section appears to discuss the investigation and trial of juvenile offenders, next to the second section, which presents the penalties. Confronting juvenile delinquency،The research reached a number of important results that the punitive policy contributes to ensuring the rights of juveniles by taking into account their age and psychological and social conditions, and providing them with the necessary support in accordance with international human rights standards, in addition to reaching a number of important recommendations, including that an alternative punishment policy should be adopted، Such as community work or educational and social programs instead of imprisonment, in order to reduce the impact of imprisonment on the psychology of juveniles and provide an educational environment aimed at improving their behavior. In addition, integrated rehabilitation programs should be developed and implemented that include psychological treatment, social guidance, as well as vocational education for juvenile delinquents, and the goal is to rehabilitate and integrate them. In society positively, and providing them with skills that help them avoid deviant behavior in the future.
Keywords: Penal policy, juvenile delinquency, rehabilitation, special courts, legal procedures.

Abstract:
The national brand is one of the most prominent elements of soft power that plays a vital role in enhancing the state’s strength at the regional and international levels. By investing in building a strong brand, the state can improve its image and enhance its position in the world, which contributes to creating an attractive environment for investment, tourism, and international partnerships. The national brand reflects the state’s identity, values, and principles, and contributes to enhancing confidence in it among peoples and other countries. It also improves diplomatic and trade relations and creates opportunities. To increase influence in the global arena through culture, economy, and technology, the national brand is an effective means of using soft power to direct influence and enhance the country’s role as a major player in global affairs. The national brand also plays a crucial role in enhancing the strength and position of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on the international stage, by developing and marketing a distinct national identity. The Kingdom seeks to highlight its rich culture, ancient history, and future vision 2030. The Saudi brand contributes to enhancing the global impression of the Kingdom as a major supporter of innovation and progress in various fields such as: energy, technology, tourism, and sports.
Keywords: Brand, soft power, Saudi Arabia, state power.

Abstract:
The scientific and technological developments is casting its shadow on realities of some pieces of commercial legislation, by dictating that a merchant should be eligible scientifically and be subjected to an adequate train in order to be qualified to grant a license for exercising some sorts of trade. The supervisory and control authorities are being binding by law to ascertain the provision of the aforesaid requirements in a merchant in exercising some sorts of trade, with a view of regarding certain considerations relating, i.e., modern commerce, electronic trade activities or consumer protection.
This article is an attempt to investigate aforesaid legal requirements in the light of scarcity of legal literatures in dealing with this theme, and the ambiguity surrounding the determination of its scope, features, reasonability of their imposition, and to be expand all realms of commercial business.
Keywords: merchant, qualification, training, experience,commercial work.

Abstract
It is known that the subject of the resigned government is one of the most important topics of public law, especially in constitutional law, and the importance of the subject comes through the phenomenon of political instability witnessed by the Arab countries, to find this theory of its competences in this field, as well as the danger of not knowing researchers in the academic community specialized in the field of constitutional law with its provisions, despite its treatment by some Arab constitutions, in exchange for what the French and Belgian judiciary enriched legal studies in this The field, has raised a great controversy in jurisprudence about the existence of this theory in terms of the basis, some of them have found that the resigned government remains present like the regular governments that exercise their actual role in governance, and can not be viewed from a narrow perspective by restricting them in the scope of the urgent caretaker, the dissolution of parliament may be a motive for its work in the absence of parliamentary oversight.If this theory aims to limit the competence of the resigned government to a certain scope, namely the conduct of business, it is necessary to achieve full control of its work by specialized bodies to ensure that it does not exceed the limits of its competencies in order to preserve the supremacy of the principle of legality, in exchange for ensuring the proper application of laws and the basic law from which it draws from, which is the constitution. It is the subject of our research which so-called: "The Role Of Constitutional Judiciary In Activating The Legal Responsibility Of The Resigned Government".
Key words : Resigned government- Judicial control- Constitutional judiciary- Legal Responsibility- Constitution.

Abstract :
Syria, with its strategic qualifications and prominent regional position, received the attention of American foreign policy from before and after the end of World War II and the Cold War between the two poles, the United States of America and the former Soviet Union, and after it until the present day, when Syria and the entire region turned into an arena for competition between them over the expansion of influence. The United States of America tried to include Syria in its sphere of influence and prevent the expansion of Soviet-Russian influence. To achieve its goal, it resorted to various means. But Syria saw the American foreign policy biased towards Israel as a threat to it, so it strengthened its rapprochement with the Soviet Union and the Russians who supported it. For this reason, it came The study includes the decision-making process in American foreign policy towards Syria in the period between 1989-2004 through the following: - First: The objectives of contemporary American foreign policy towards Syria. Second: The means of implementing contemporary American foreign policy towards Syria.
Keywords: American foreign policy, contemporary American history, American-Syrian relations.

Abstract
The research aims to show the extent to which the Iraqi banks in the research sample rely on the principles of responsible financing in the process of granting loans, while showing the role of applying the principles of financial commitment and social commitment for responsible financing in reducing or limiting non-performing loans. While the research problem is represented by a main question: Does adopting the principles of responsible financing contribute to reducing financial distress while ensuring that the needs of society for loans are met? Considering that "responsible financing works to reduce the risks of financial distress in Iraqi banks through financial and social commitment in the process of granting loans", and to reach the desired results, descriptive analysis and regression analysis were used to show the relationship between responsible financing and financial distress and to determine the impact of each dimension of responsible financing on financial distress. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the banks in the research sample differed in their dealings with the dimensions of responsible financing, which directly affected financial distress.
Keywords: Responsible Finance, Financial Commitment, Social Commitment, Sustainable Finance, Financial Distress.

Abstract:
Unity projects between Arab countries constituted an important historical event in the last century amidst many challenges facing Arab countries. The unity between Egypt and Syria was an achievement of the Arab desire for Arab solidarity. However, this unity was in the short period extending from 1958 to 1961 an actual experience of practical unity between two regions that was not destined to be truly successful. Several factors contributed to fueling the spirit of desire to abort unity.
The research deals with the role of parties and Syrian public opinion in aborting the Egyptian-Syrian unity in 1961. A brief introduction was presented about the unity between Egypt and Syria. In the first section, the reasons and motives that led to unity were presented, and then the reasons and motives that hastened to abort this unity. In the second section, the actual position of the parties in the separatist movement and Syrian public opinion and its position supporting the separatist movement after being exposed to many pressures were presented. The research ended with a conclusion in which the most important results reached by the research were presented.
Keywords: Syria - Egypt - Unity - Abortion - Parties - Public Opinion.

Abstract:
represents the comprehensive text and the major phenomenon in the axis of Arabic authorship, and it is the center of gravity in this study, and it teaches the most important types of relationships between texts. The powerful texts that attract writing about them are subordinate texts that are originally very powerful works, as they have absorbed the works that came before them, whether explanation, summary, or refinement. The more important the text becomes, the more its interpretations and works based on it increase. The centrality and focus of an original text thus becomes a center around which new works revolve. New values are added to old values, and these texts are characterized by a very attractive fertility.
Keywords: Original text - Authorship - Textual authorship - Relationship between texts.

Abstract:
The world today is confronted with a constellation of serious and multifaceted crimes, among which the alarming proliferation of drugs, illicit trafficking, and abuse stand out. This phenomenon has escalated progressively, no longer confined to specific localities but evolving into a global crisis with extensive repercussions. The negative impacts of drug-related crimes particularly affect individuals and society at large, posing significant risks and harms to one of the most vital segments of the population—youth. Worse yet, the crisis extends to encompass children and women, in addition to imposing debilitating effects on national economies. Drug addiction has profound implications for an individual's health, mental faculties, and financial stability, corrupting their moral compass and work readiness. Moreover, it adversely influences their offspring, who may inherit the weaknesses and degradation of their parents, thereby fostering an environment conducive to criminal behavior. The altered state induced by drug use can lead to violence, assault, and even murder. In response to this urgent challenge, the Saudi regulator has enacted the "Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Control System by Royal Decree No. M/39 dated 8/7/1426 AH" and the "Executive Regulations for the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Control System by Cabinet Resolution No. 201 dated 10/6/1431 AH." These legal measures aim to establish a rigorous policy framework and organized procedures to combat illicit drug trafficking effectively. Objective: This study highlights that the spread of drugs disrupts social cohesion and wastes natural and human resources, hindering social progress and comprehensive development. The key focus is on the procedural policies in Saudi Arabia aimed at combating drug-related crimes.
Method: This study use analytical and comparative methods to analyze drug use crimes and compare local procedures and penalties with international agreements.
Results:
1. Drug possession varies based on circumstances and intent, such as personal use versus trafficking.
2.Legislative measures alone are insufficient; effective enforcement and tangible actions are essential for a drug-free Saudi society.
3.The study shows that Saudi Arabia's procedural policies and legislative efforts have played a significant role in combating illicit drug trafficking.
Keywords: procedural policy, combating trafficking, drugs, the Saudi system.

Abstract
he process of forensic evidence is one of the technical processes that must be carried out with the highest possible efficiency until the appropriate verdict is issued in the case presented to the judge. The necessary To judge by what pleases his conscience .
The use of artificial intelligence in forensic evidence has become available in some countries, which has sparked a new shift in the field of forensic evidence in line with the technological development in society, which has led to the emergence of many information crimes based on information technology and electronic devices. The means of artificial intelligence alone Those means that can be used .
The fact that the means of artificial intelligence as evidence of criminal proof must be subject to all other rules of evidence, whether related to the probative value of artificial intelligence evidence or its power to convince the judge, be It is subject to the rules of legitimacy, and therefore artificial intelligence as evidence of criminal evidence does not produce any legal effect unless it has evidentiary value in criminal evidence and has the persuasive value of the judge, which is what prompted the judge to judge. move to conviction thereof in issuance of criminal sentence.
Keywords: Authenticity - evidence of artificial intelligence - criminal proof.

Abstract :
Human security is one of the most prominent contemporary concepts in security studies that emerged in the post-Cold War era. Due to the complexity of security conditions and their inclusion of multiple dimensions and tools to achieve them, there has been a shift from state security based on military force and linked to the borders of the nation-state, to the security of individuals and humans under the name (human security) to include several dimensions, including: societal security, personal security, environmental security, economic security, and health security. Political security has dimensions that require multiple tools and mechanisms to ensure it, different from military forces. This force is of no use in achieving it. An example of this is environmental and health security, which requires different treatments. The dialectic of human security also emerges in its relationship to the problem of illegal immigration due to the crises and challenges it produces that threaten the essence of human security in countries threatened by security problems caused by illegal immigrants first, such as health problems. Secondly, drug trade, smuggling, organ trade.
Keywords: human security, illegal immigration, personal security, social security, economic security.

Abstract:
The research aimed to identify the role of employing human resources in enhancing organizational immunity, among human resources working in the Oil Marketing Company, one of the formations of the Ministry of Oil in Baghdad - Iraq, and in line with the research objectives, a deliberate sample of (55) people working at the administrative and technical levels was selected in order to apply and test the research variables, where the descriptive-analytical approach was used as a scientific and analytical approach to conduct the research, and for the purpose of collecting the required data and information from the sample of the current research, the researcher distributed the questionnaire to the targeted sample, and the researcher also used a scientific package of interconnected analytical statistical methods symbolized by (SPSS: V-25) and (Excel: V-2016), in order to analyze and interpret those answers obtained From the sample of the current research, where the research results proved the existence of a significant and positive relationship of influence and correlation between the employment of human resources (attracting human resources - selecting human resources - appointing human resources) and organizational immunity (organizational learning - organizational memory - organizational genes or organizational DNA) in the company under research, where the researcher recommended the necessity of activating the role of employing human resources by the management of the company under research, in order to create and enhance organizational immunity among the human resources working for them, in addition to adopting the recommendations of the current research by the company under research and similar companies.
Keywords: Human resources recruitment, organizational resilience, oil marketing company.

Abstract:
The Lumond newspaper has consistently reported the world's news, including the Arab East countries, and Lebanon was one of those important countries that the newspaper addressed in its articles, as the study was interested in transferring the events of the war that Lebanon witnessed during the years 1975_1976 between its internal forces represented by the Christian right led by Pierre Gemayel, head of the Phalanges Party And between the Islamic left led by Kamal Jumblatt, which represented the Progressive Democratic Party, and the sectarian affiliation of both teams played a major role in igniting the fire of war, which was called in its first stage of the two -year war, taking from the Palestinian presence within the Lebanese territories one of the most important basic, and that what distinguishes This study on its predecessors is that it dealt with the topic according to the vision of the Lomand newspaper, whose directions on this issue were similar to the official French directions.
Key words: ((Park - newspaper - Lumond - War - Civil - Lebanese).

Abstract:
We often hear about flagrant crimes and the mechanisms of criminal laws in dealing with these crimes. They are independent by nature from other crimes in terms of their elements, cases and the position of criminal legislation on them, as they leave a profound impact on the souls and feelings of fear and insecurity, especially crimes related to violence. They also enhance the spirit of solidarity within society in terms of helping victims or through their testimonies, which enhances trust among members of society. Working hard to address the root causes of flagrant crimes and protect witnesses is essential to building a safe and stable society.
Keywords: legislative privacy, witnessed crimes, witness protection.

Abstract:
Iraq took the initiative to boycott Zionist goods since the beginning of 1946, after the Iraqi Council of Ministers approved the decision of the Arab League Council regarding the economic boycott, which was approved at the end of 1945, and especially there was a strong insistence by Iraq in implementing that boycott in order to pressure the Zionist entity to harm the Their economy, or removing injustice from the Palestinian people. In addition, Iraq avoided the Zionist capitalist penetration into the country and its control over the economy, so it repelled the danger carried out by the Zionist entity and stood in front of it so that it would not be able to destabilize this economy. In addition, there must be knowledge between The Arab countries are able to strengthen their economies through import and export and avoid the risks to which they are exposed, and at the same time these countries are able to provide assistance to the Palestinian people with the economic goods they need in their daily lives.
Keywords: Iraq - the Zionist entity - economic boycott - goods

Abstract:
Objectives: The researchers aim through the research to invest in research in tourism education institutions in Iraq to demonstrate the added value achieved by digitizing the administrative processes of these institutions, and to evaluate the process of using digital technologies by administrative and teaching cadres in the researched institutions and to suggest the necessary means and procedures to expand their use, and to employ the dimensions of digitizing administrative processes in developing the functional performance of human resources in the researched institutions.
Methods: Several main and sub-hypotheses were formulated, and in order to achieve the research objective and answer the questions and test the validity of the hypotheses, the descriptive analytical approach was adopted as a scientific methodology in the current research, and the research was based on (the questionnaire), which is the main tool for collecting data and personal interviews, as the research included an analysis of the opinions of administrative and teaching cadres in a sample of tourism education institutions with (122) questionnaires distributed to all members of the study community, and the use of a set of statistical measures and methods.
Results: The researchers reached, through the current research, the most important results represented in the focus of the researched colleges on their job performance and working to improve it through digitizing administrative processes, which made them rely on maintaining office software, using digital office archiving, and developing their individuals. It also became clear that the three colleges attempted to develop strategic plans emanating from their vision and mission in order to achieve the required goals, in addition to the participation of their employees in developing work strategies and implementing mechanisms for their application.
Conclusion: Despite the great importance of digitizing administrative processes in developing the job performance of human resources in the researched institutions, we noticed the lack of sufficient and rapid direction by administrative cadres in using digital technologies in their administrative processes. Here, these cadres must work to change their administrative style through the full use of electronic technologies in their administrative and functional tasks, and unify and coordinate the efforts of human elements in the researched society in a way that is compatible with the dominance of the digitization process of administrative processes, and in a way that contributes to developing the job performance of human resources.
Keywords: Digitization of administrative processes, electronic digital archiving, development of job performance.