The International and Political Journal

The Sultanate of Oman is based its foreign policy on a set of constants and foundations in the context of its regional and international interactions, by adopting the principle of positive neutrality as a method of action and behavior towards issues and events witnessed in the regional and international environment, which made Omani foreign policy more effective in dealing with issues and crises. Perhaps what helped in the success of the Sultanate of Oman’s foreign policy in this context is that it was based on a set of principles and foundations that have become well-established in dealing with the outside world, in addition to the data of the distinguished geographical location that the Sultanate of Oman occupies, and the nature of Omani traditions and customs that enabled it to interact and influence its relations with the powers. Both regional and international, which give the Sultanate of Oman the ability to play historical roles in the region in accordance with the Omani vision aimed at achieving peace, security and stability throughout the world. Employing the principle of positive neutrality in Omani foreign policy is one of the factors for the success of that policy, through rational and realistic political orientations that balance the supreme interests of the state with the interests of regional and international powers.

The concept of power in international relations embodies one of the main determinants for understanding the behavior of states, and it is considered a pivotal basis for knowing the extent of the capabilities of states and their ability to be influential in international politics, especially the determinant of military power.
The states that are able to influence international politics are the ones that have the largest size of equipped armies. With the latest weapons and very advanced military equipment, it can intervene to protect its internal and external interests, with the help of its strong army capable of winning battles in the field, and this is what gives it an advantage over its opponents, or its enormous military power helps it protect its security and maintain its survival, which prevents it from being attacked or attacked. Disrupting its external interests. However, the concept of military power is no longer sufficient to determine whether countries are strong or not, because the development of international relations has produced other determinants and new types of power, and is no longer limited only to the military side, by virtue of the emergence of powerful countries globally but they do not possess the elements of military power or prominence. Countries are strong militarily but weak economically, and this means that there are other factors to define strength, perhaps the most prominent of which is economic strength, the size of internal or productive wealth, the strategic geographical location, the number of population, geographical area, cultural values, the nature of political leadership, and other determinants that are used to classify countries into strong/ Weak, rich/poor, great/small, great/not great.
In this research, we attempt to explain the transformation in the form of power in international relations by presenting the forms of power and the extent of development occurring in the concept of hard power, soft power, smart power, and virtual power.

This research focuses on Turkey\'s foreign policy towards the Arab region post-2011 and its future implications. It explores how Turkey\'s strategies have evolved in response to political upheavals like the Arab Spring, impacting its regional influence and bilateral relations. Key objectives include analyzing the shift in Turkey\'s foreign policy priorities, assessing economic and security challenges, and projecting future dynamics with Arab states. The study employs a multidimensional analytical approach using primary and secondary research to provide insights into Turkey\'s strategic recalibration and its implications for regional stability.

After the uprising of the spring of 1991, the people of Kurdistan were able, due to the political, strategic, economic and military changes that occurred at the local, regional and international levels, to have a legal and legitimate entity (the Kurdistan Region). They sought to establish the principles of democratic rule and secure a kind of legitimacy for themselves; especially after the fall of the Iraqi regime in 2003, when the Kurdistan Region was recognized as a constitutional and legal entity in the Iraqi Constitution of 2005.
There was a great political, economic and diplomatic opportunity for the region to take steps to consolidate its experience in governance that would achieve development and progress. However, in this process of construction and development, the authority and political institutions in the region faced enormous political stumbling, and political and economic corruption spread widely. Hence, the issue of political reform within official and unofficial institutions became the main demand and discourse of both the ruling elite and the political opposition.
This research focuses on two main topics, namely the theoretical and analytical description of the issue of political reform, and then the efforts, projects and laws related to the issue of political reform in the Kurdistan Region. Then the research addresses the most important political obstacles to political reform in the region, which prevented the achievement of the desired political reform.

The subject of sustainable development has become the focus of the international community’s interest in presenting it, dealing with it, promoting and encouraging the pursuit of its realization by proposing and consolidating the goals that lead to the achievement of sustainable development in all fields and based on agreed international standards, and imbuing the character of continuity and communication in the development process and not being limited for existing or current generations, but rather to ensure that it is provided and achieved for future generations, by harnessing and utilizing all the power, capabilities and resources of the state to achieve sustainable development.

The strategic importance of the Red Sea lies in its geographical location that connects the continents of the ancient world. It is considered an important shipping corridor in the field of political and strategic geography. The conflicts and security tensions that the Red Sea region is witnessing at the present time have caused the backdrop of the events in Gaza and the involvement of the “Ansar Allah Houthis” group. And many international powers in these events, cast their shadows on international navigation in this vital and important sea, as the state of security instability in the Red Sea region led to negative repercussions on regional security and global trade, and the future of international navigation has become threatened and linked to these tensions, with three factors: Key scenarios; The first is the cessation of international navigation in the Red Sea, the second is the end of the security tension and the securing of international navigation, and the third is the continuation of the security tension in the Red Sea at the current level. Whatever scenario will happen, the Gaza events and their repercussions will affect the future of international navigation and security, politics and the global economy.

Anyone who looks at the international laws that have established the rights of humans to life and freedoms will be amazed at the international positions towards two different crises.
The researcher looks forward to finding one approach in the international stance and behaviour in dealing with two crises but when you look at each crisis carefully , you will find obvious considerable differences in the international stances.
This intersects with the principles upon which the United Nations institutions were built with regards to defending the rights and liberties as well as attaining equality before the international law in addition to preventing injustice , persecution and genocides. It is noted that the international stances towards Ukraine in its war against the Russian occupation differes radically from those towards the Palestinians in defending its rights.
The international community stands firmly with Ukraine because the West doesn\'t accept any occupation and transgressions, as a result Putin has been described as Hitler whereas in Palestine, this right is given to Israeli occupier to do whatever he likes and Israel is protected by the right of veto which prevents any international resolution against the Zionist entity .
This gives clear idea about the international double standard approach concerning the international crises.

China, through its position on the Russian Ukrainian war, tried to avoid many future risks and challenges by calling for dialogue and peace talks to end the crisis, in addition to its recognition of Ukraine’s sovereignty. At the same time, Chinese officials were keen to avoid describing the war as a Russian invasion and rejected broad Western sanctions on Russia. They also acknowledged that Russia’s security demands regarding the security system in Europe are legitimate. Thus, China is keen to deal with all future possibilities of this war and seeks to turn any crisis into an opportunity to invest in achieving its goals.

Para-diplomacy has come to play an important role in federal governance systems, to be the sub-national actor that exercises multiple roles at both the levels of governance and the exercise of sovereignty. Between this and that, local governments and administrations interact outside their local and regional borders, to begin a new phase in managing foreign partnership policies in service of the states and local regions in any country that follows the federal model.
The importance of the research lies in addressing the problem of managing parallel diplomacy (para diplomacy) at the regional, state or other levels, in order to empower new actors inside and outside the sovereign nation-state when sub-national actors seek to exercise complementary roles as far as the exercise of governance and the exercise of sovereignty outside the geographical borders of the countries themselves are concerned, which imposes the necessity of coordination in addressing all problems in managing this type of extended foreign relations only, and the goal of parallel diplomacy lies in managing external files extending beyond the borders of local regional areas, in federal systems of government, which requires searching for effective means and tools capable of managing governance and exercising sovereignty as they are at the core of the jurisdiction of the federal government at the center, provided that the process of understanding the limits of the exercise of powers takes place to avoid any constitutional or administrative problem resulting from the application of the federal system. The research concluded by supporting the research vision of what was proposed by (Panagiotis Soldatos) when he adopted the concept of (para diplomacy) parallel diplomacy in order to manage external powers that are basically classified as central powers of the federal government in federal systems of government and not local governments in the peripheries (Subnational Governments), in order to simplify political work procedures, and proceed with the implementation of development programs at the level of achievement in the states that require political decentralization in sharing power and even exercising sovereignty exclusively, which results in the establishment of subnational governments (Subnational Governments).

Environmental democracy has come in response to the escalation of demands to grant citizens in their countries greater roles in contributing to environmental policy-making after reaching the conviction that protecting the environment cannot be achieved in isolation from individuals who represent the group that benefits the most in the event of a clean environment, and they will also be harmed if environmental deterioration continues.
According to global environmental indicators, environmental democracy focuses on ideas that enhance citizens’ participation in decision-making related to everything related to the environment.
As far as, the matter is concerned in Iraq, environmental democracy can be relied upon to develop appropriate policies that help address climate challenges based on the participation of citizens in Environmental decision-making and follow up on the enforcement of environmental laws.

The formations of economic alliances in the Middle East have been greatly affected by geopolitical changes in the region, as political conflicts, military tensions, and new economic opportunities have contributed to the formation of new alliances or the reshaping of old alliances. Geopolitical changes have led to new balances between economic powers in the region, and have led to the emergence of alliances that bring together countries with common economic interests, whether these alliances are based on cooperation in the fields of energy, trade, security, or sustainable development. Economic alliances in the Middle East have witnessed dynamics in the transformation of the formation of these alliances after the geopolitical changes witnessed by this region. Based on the above, the research will move towards studying economic alliances and the possible scenarios that these alliances will lead to in light of the acceleration of events and changes at various levels

Terrorism constitutes a complex phenomenon of unusual fear and anxiety to terrorize civilians, in addition to the use of extreme violence against public and private institutions to destabilize security and stability, which produces dangerous and devastating repercussions on societies, as confronting terrorism requires legislative institutions capable of issuing deterrent legislation, and security institutions that possess a strategy. Appropriate to defeating terrorism. Iraq is one of the countries that have been subjected to multiple terrorist attacks in terms of local terrorists supported by regional organizations, and foreign terrorists coming from theaters of international conflict with the aim of harming the state and society. Therefore, Iraq has followed a multi – dimensional strategy that includes preventing terrorism through the enforcement of the criminal law aimed at To disrupt terrorist attacks, as well as prosecute terrorists, in addition to protecting people in Iraq from the threat of terrorism, as well as confronting terrorist groups in direct wars, and motivating the UN Security Council to hold accountable the symbols of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS).

Political behavior and action are fundamentally shaped and formed within the social context of individuals and groups. Therefore, the discussion here stems from a sociological conception that understanding political behavior and action is closely linked to the social structure with all its social, economic, and cultural influences.
The political structure is formed and shaped within the social structure, which is a set of diverse social relationships that are integrated through social roles embodied by the social function, which is closely linked to the political function due to the inseparability of the two. Political sociology seeks to analyze the political behavior of individuals and groups and the extent to which social factors influence it.
Considering the importance of political behavior as a clear expression that can be observed and diagnosed, specific political conclusions about politicians can be reached by observing their apparent behavior, which includes their actions and reactions regarding matters of governance. It can also study the behavior of major political organizations and institutions, such as the state, the political system, and political parties. Through this, we can understand the political behavior of individuals and groups and the nature of their interactions with major political institutions and organizations in the country.

Islam adopted the protection of the rights of the child from his birth, took over his protection while he was a fetus, linked his lineage to his father, confirmed his inheritance and maintenance, and permitted him to make a will. The statutory laws and state policy adhered to the commandments of Islamic Sharia and United Nations treaties to provide the child with legal protection and care, where the law intervenes to create a hypothetical relationship, granting his protection and preservation. His rights and not to neglect them, we will discuss all of this in this study.

The Emirate of Dubai is one of the seven emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates, which has a federal system. The emirate has been considered a unique and influential experience in the local governance experience with effective bodies that operate according to a modern and advanced perspective on the foundations of sustainable development and modern development. This development comes from the presence of effective, stable and efficient local bodies that move the political, local and economic direction in the right and appropriate direction in a stable political environment free of problems or disturbances. The government and local administration in the Emirate of Dubai have contributed to implementing broad and comprehensive development at various economic, social, human and political levels, due to the presence of a political leadership that believes in the leadership of growth and development in achieving prosperity and well-being and to implement what the local administration aspires to in implementing its own policy for the emirate. In addition to the presence of a political leadership that believes in development and leadership and only accepts first place in all fields.

Efforts to reduce the phenomenon of corruption and organize administration are among the most important goals that the state and institutions strive to develop. They use the most effective deterrents possible to achieve stability in administration and governance at a level that ensures organized work, quick completion, and minimal effort. This is to reach the triad of development: (education, health, security). Corruption negatively affects various aspects, including administrative, political, economic, and social dimensions, leading to failures in the systems of administration and governance. A historical review of the development of organizational methods in administration and governance reveals a clear progression: from traditional methods characterized by dominance, authoritarianism, and centralization to the distribution and division of powers, decentralization, governance, and reaching electronic administrations and artificial intelligence. This progression indicates continuous development and the expanding scope of work and requirements on one side, and the expansion and development of corruption methods, breaches, and embezzlements on the other.
The emergence of artificial intelligence is considered a development within the framework of evolving organizational methods in administration, combating corruption, and mitigating threats. AI represents an advanced level of organizing operations, data, and results and utilizing them with less effort due to its high and precise capabilities. The use of AI in this context serves as a double-edged sword: it organizes administrative work and combats extremism and corruption by monitoring threats, risks, and overseeing administrative and financial operations, among others.
Despite the advancements and services provided by AI in administrative organization and combating corruption, there are still concerns and challenges regarding its full utilization. Some countries, especially in the third world, do not fully rely on AI for several reasons, The most important of them: Lack of usability, Lack of trust in electronic devices and programs for artificial intelligence. Therefore, what artificial intelligence achieves has consequences that may be positive or negative, Or there are challenges that hinder its application, which has raised concerns about the full use of artificial intelligence.

The field of artificial intelligence is witnessing rapid developments as a result of technological development, which has led to huge repercussions on various areas of life, including political decision-making, and some governments use artificial intelligence systems to analyze big data and provide recommendations to decision makers, which helps these systems predict future trends. and evaluating various political options.
These systems influence the public policy-making process and make it more objective and transparent. Specialists have agreed that artificial intelligence has capabilities that can be employed in the decision-making process, especially in many areas of thinking, such as perception, acquiring and applying knowledge, and the ability to learn and understand.
From the experiences of the past, as well as rapid response to new situations and circumstances, dealing with difficult, complex and ambiguous situations, and most importantly, the ability to provide information to support the decision-making process. It is worth noting that artificial intelligence aims to help in making decisions that are free from risk and surrounded by reliable information, by providing Information characterized by suitability, accuracy, transparency, and high flexibility, that is, capable of being updated and developed, and comprehensive so that it is completely complete without excessive detail or brevity. Scientists have been able to develop some models of artificial intelligence systems, yet these models are still under development and experimentation and are being updated regularly.
Today, artificial intelligence is a qualitative leap in the field of technology, as there has been a shift from traditional methods to the latest programs and advanced technologies.

Artificial intelligence has been integrated into various aspects of life, serving as a driving force in the global system. It gives rise to new actors in the form of technological entities and elevates the status of individual talents, as a result increasing the significance of the individual within the global system and shifting the balance of power. Furthermore, it enhances the capacity of corporations to access novel weapons of mass destruction embodied in AI. Artificial intelligence is going to directly impact the economy in terms of employment, efficiency, and the increased value of knowledge-based economies, placing rentier states in a precarious position.
The expanding influence of technology on social life and legal systems constitutes a significant challenge, necessitating a redefinition of privacy, democracy, individual rights, authority, state sovereignty, security, reliability, as well as conflict.

The new challenges in the first decade of the twenty-first century in the world in general, and the continent of Europe in particular, represented by the repercussions of the global financial and economic crisis of (2008) in the United States and the reflection of its effects in Europe, and later the refugee crisis in the wake of the new wave of immigration from the Islamic world following the Arab Spring revolutions had a role in the growth of populism in the West, and the consequent arrival of its parties to political decision-making centers in Europe, as the new wave of immigration became a threat to Europe
Because it was of an Islamic nature, which led populist leaders to consider it a threat to the values, culture and Christian identity of the European continent, which resulted in populist leaders adopting a discourse calling for a reconsideration of their policies to preserve Christian Europe, as well as what the world is witnessing from the repercussions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, and the Zionist war of genocide in Gaza, which was reflected in the increase in the seats of right-wing populist parties clearly in the European Parliament in the elections that took place this year, so that the world witnesses a new political scene represented by What has come to be known as \\"post-populism\\".

The topic of water security in Iraq is one of the challenging issues that has received increased attention after 2003. This interest is due to many reasons, including the fact that Iraq is a downstream country and all its rivers originate from abroad, in addition to the absence of international agreements and treaties that regulate the issue of sharing water shares, as well as seasonal changes and the impact of natural factors on the drying up rivers and lakes and other reasons that pose major challenges to Iraq’s water security.

Community upbringing is a major process in building the individual from birth and preparing him to integrate easily into society. This is done through means. the most important is the family. Community upbringing represents a framework that includes a set of basic values and principles to guide the individual and give him an acceptable amount of attention and political. economic and social knowledge through the family. school. media. and religious and cultural institutions The family has a major role in building the individual’s personality. directing and advising him. and educational institutions also form the political awareness of individuals as well as self-control to become responsible members of society and encourage active participation in political life to preserve the political system and ensure its continuity with the aim of reaching a strong and stable democratic country All of this is done through the individual’s interaction with public life through the influence of his societal upbringing on his political awareness.

We have concluded from the above that power is the fulcrum in international relations and it is a starting point for studying international politics according to the concept of power in strategic thought, which means the effectiveness of the state and its weight in the international arena and the results of the state’s ability to employ the sources of power available to it in imposing its will, achieving its goals and national interests, and influencing the will of other countries and achieving status at the regional and international levels.
This confirms the validity of her hypothesis that the stronger the state is, the more effective it is in international relations.The power intended here is its various types and combinations, such as soft, hard, and smart power, as well as the various strategies for managing it in international relations, because countries differ among themselves in terms of the strategy of determining the priority or priority of use to a type of it. This demonstrated that force is the main driver in international relations, as force was and still is the necessary condition for self-protection, and no country can ignore here the condition of continuing to escape the danger of extinction.
Since most international relations were dominated and still are to this day, they are dominated by fear and resorting to war, influence and control when feeling the possession of power and influence over others to meet the requirements of achieving its comprehensive strategy.
Despite of the development in international relations, there are elements that have remained constant in international relations, which is the security dilemma that is linked to the policies of states under a system based on self-reliance and strength.
The alliances, the balance of power, as well as the strategy of choosing between war, truce, conflict, and cooperation have remained constant in international relations over thousands of years, in addition to international and regional stability depends on this choice between these countries.

The foreign policy of countries is a method that they practice to deal with other countries, and it emerges from the principles that they embrace and in pursuit of the goals that they seek in order to secure their sovereignty, guarantee their interests, as well as cooperate with others to achieve common benefits and goals. Hence, the makers of a country’s foreign policy look at other countries from the angle that suits them and achieves their interests, needs, and the requirements of their collective security. Therefore, the foreign policy of countries follows the path of competition, cooperation and reconciliation because each of these countries tries to obtain the greatest amount of interests, which makes them compete and sometimes struggle for these interests.

The ability to implement successful media marketing lies in the media organization following a specific strategy for that marketing through tactics in achieving its goals, activities, events and programs, and developing plans and formulating strategies in a manner that is consistent with the nature of the media work that aims to obtain public support for it. The study focused on clarifying the concept of strategic planning for media marketing and the tasks assigned to it, and then identifying the types of media marketing strategies, in addition to addressing the steps of strategic planning and the most common criteria for choosing a media marketing strategy.

The severe human rights violations are experienced by Libyans under the Gaddafi regime for over four decades, and the grave violations they suffered during and after the February 17, 2011 revolution, have highlighted the critical importance of transitional justice in the democratic transformation and the establishment of the rule of law.
There are massive number of violations related to both the pre-revolution and post-revolution periods, including arbitrary arrests, torture, abductions, enforced disappearances, sexual violence, as well as, extrajudicial killings by the conflicting parties. Therefore, it was essential for the state to adopt a genuine transitional justice project aimed at addressing these violations and ensuring that they do not recur in the future.
However, the path of transitional justice in Libya has faced numerous challenges that have hindered its full implementation, despite the issuance of many legislations and laws aimed at establishing transitional justice and national reconciliation, significantly impacted by the political and military division the country is experiencing.

The study focused on the relationship between globalization and extremism and the impact of this relationship on the national security of the state, and since globalization as a system calls for increasing interconnection between countries across the economic, technological and cultural fields, which increases the ease of exchanging ideas and information, which has made it easier for terrorist organizations to spread extremist ideas through exploitation. These means which in turn has produced challenges and threats that the state must confront in order to preserve its national security. That is, there are complex links between globalization and extremism that have a clear impact on the state’s national security. It is necessary to identify them, understand their causes, and thus be able to confront them or at least mitigate their harms.