iklil for Humanity Studies

The goal of the current research is to identify the level of positive thinking and self-concept among kindergarten teachers، as well as the correlation between positive thinking and self-concept. In order to achieve the goals of the current research، the researcher prepared a positive thinking scale and a self-concept scale، as the number of items in the positive thinking scale in its final form reached: (39) items، while the items in the self-concept scale reached (23) items. Its psychometric properties were confirmed، and the two scales were applied to a sample of (200) female teachers who were randomly selected from government kindergarten teachers next to the second Rusafa of the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad for the academic year 2022 - 2023.
In light of the objectives of the current research، the following results were reached:
1- Kindergarten teachers have high positive thinking.
2- The self-concept of kindergarten teachers is good، as the T value is higher than the tabular value.
3-The correlation between positive thinking and self-concept is a direct relationship.
In light of the results، the researcher developed a set of recommendations and proposals.

This study aimed to know the effect of the Barman model on developing the skillful performance of students of the Institute of Fine Arts with perspective subject. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher used the experimental method on a sample of second-grade students from the Institute of Fine Arts, and the research sample consisted of (20) students who were divided into the experimental and control research groups equally. The researcher used test (pre and post) and a skill test. And to access the research results, the researcher used a set of (statistical methods, including:
The T-tes) Mann – Whitney ) for two independent samples. most important results of the research showed: The experimental group that studied the perspective subject according to the Barman model outperformed the control group that studied in the usual way through the skill test

This research aims to examine the current learning environment in utilizing of the method of participatory approaches and its importance in self-motivation in the subject of history from the perspective of university students. The focus is on the Participative teaching of history، as each field of knowledge distinguishes itself through its approach، means of expression، and structured concepts. Therefore، the concept of participation contributes to benefiting from all information and experiences and utilizing them in teaching. The research sample consisted of 100 male and female students from the College of Education for Human Sciences at the University of Diyala، Department of History، second stage. The descriptive approach was employed، and questionnaires، a measurement tool consisting of 20 items، were distributed to the sample. After collecting and statistically analyzing the results، the researcher reached at several recommendations، including:
- The adoption of participative approaches in teaching history because they enhance self-learning in all its dimensions (spiritual morale، meeting needs، achievement at work، positive impact).
- Providing the necessary resources for university professors to improve and develop Participative teaching methods with their colleagues in the same specialization or a related one.
- Ensuring that university faculty members are aware of modern teaching methods practiced from the students' perspective to improve and move away from traditional methods.
Proposals:
The researcher suggests the following:
- Incorporating additional teaching methods to increase self-motivation.
- Conducting motivational workshops for professors to adopt teaching methods that encourage students' active participation and to enhance their skills.

The current research aims to do the following: 1- Measuring the desires of educational counselors and determining specializations for specializations 2- Determine the extent of the contradiction in the accreditation trends of educational counselors in general. 3- Discovering the nature and trends of differences between self-oriented contradictions and self-efficacy among educational counselors. To achieve these goals، they were able to listen to two tools: the first is self-reading interactions and the other is the effectiveness of excellence interaction، characterized by the basic psychometric properties of psychological psychological standards and examples from educational counselors: 180 male and female counselors، 87 male and 93 female counselors .
From the overall research community and then applying the two tools to them، and after using appropriate statistical methods in processing the data، the research reached the most important findings that support the research assumptions، which are that educational counselors possess a strong realistic self-direction compared to other directives، which is actually reflected in the effectiveness of their self، and this is what This is indicated by the nature of the strong، positive relationship between the realistic self-direction and self-efficacy، as well as other important results that were interpreted and discussed in accordance with the theoretical frameworks explaining the two phenomena، previous supporting scientific studies، and the characteristics of the research community studied. A set of recommendations and proposals were also developed on the basis of the results and conclusions that The search came out

This research aims to identify the directed training strategy and its impact on the achievement of dictation among fifth-grade female students.
To verify the validity of these objectives، the researcher developed one To verify the goal of the research، the researcher developed one null hypothesis، and the current research population is represented by fifth-grade primary school students in girls’ primary day schools affiliated with the Najaf Governorate Education Directorate. The researcher selected from them a random sample of (65) fifth-grade primary school students in Al-Rafah Primary School. For girls، this required building the current research tool represented by the achievement test for dictation، which was presented to a group of specialized experts to evaluate its reliability and extract validity coefficients، in addition to recalling the psychometric properties of the test through reliability coefficients.
The researcher used a set of statistical methods، represented by the t-test for two independent samples، the equation for the difficulty level of the paragraph، the equation for the level of discrimination of the paragraph، and the effectiveness of incorrect alternatives، the Keuder-Richardson/21 equation. The result that the researcher reached was: the presence of a statistically significant difference at the significance level ( 0.05) between the average achievement scores of the students of the two research groups in dictation، for the benefit of the experimental group، and based on the results، the researcher recommended the following:
1. The necessity of adopting a targeted training strategy in teaching dictation to fifth-grade primary school students.
2 - Arabic language teachers must be familiar with the foundations of modern strategies، especially the directed training strategy، through participation in educational courses and seminars

The research aims to identify:
1-Cognitive distortions among university students.
2-The significance of differences in cognitive distortions according to the variable of gender (males, females) and specialization (scientific, humanities).
To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher adopted the Badr scale for cognitive distortions, which consists of (20) items, and a sample of (100) male and female students was selected in a random stratified manner. To verify the validity of the scale, the researcher relied on the logical validity index in the experts’ examination of the items, and to estimate reliability, she relied On the Facronbach equation. The results showed that there is no difference between the arithmetic mean and the hypothetical mean, that is, the lack of cognitive distortions in the research sample and the absence of a statistically significant difference depending on the gender variable, males and females, as the calculated T-value reached (1.22) degrees, which is smaller than the tabulated T-value of (1.96). A degree with a degree of freedom (99). Moreover, the results for the variable of specialization, scientific or humanitarian, showed that there were statistically significant differences, in favor of humanity, as the calculated F value reached (6.136) degrees, which is greater than the tabular value (3.92) degrees with a degree of freedom. 96,1). The results did not show an interaction between gender and specialization, as the F value reached (0.002) degrees. It came up with a number of recommendations and proposals

The study aimed to demonstrate the role of modern teaching strategies in strengthening the foundations of Islamic education, by researching the importance of modern methods and means, introducing them into education systems, and relying heavily on them. The descriptive analytical approach was relied upon to analyze and characterize the study variables. The statistical analysis program SPSS was used. The study sample included Al-Rashad Secondary School for Boys and Nahj Al-Ulama Intermediate School for Boys in Al-Karma District in Al-Anbar Governorate in Iraq, and its number reached 391 learners. The researcher reached the following results: There is a statistically significant relationship between modern teaching strategies and strengthening the foundations of Islamic education, and there are no statistically significant differences between the average answers of the sample members about modern teaching strategies and strengthening the foundations of Islamic education according to the age variable.
wa'awsat aldirasat bimajmueat min altawsiat 'abrazuha: tawjih almuealimin liaistikhdam alastiratijiat altadrisiat al'amthal walmunasabat litadris altarbiat al'iislamiat wifq ma yatanasab mae alfuruq altaelimiat bayn altalabat walmarhalat aleumriat alati yaqum bitadrisiha, waistithmar astiratijiaat altadris alhadithat waltanwie fiha fi alghurfat alsafiat wifq ma yalzam litahqiq al'ahdaf almanshudat min almadat aldirasiati. alkalimat almuftahiatu: astiratijiaat altadris alhadithat _ 'asas altarbiat al'iislamia The study recommended a set of recommendations, the most prominent of which are: directing teachers to use the optimal and appropriate teaching strategy for teaching Islamic education in accordance with the educational differences between students and the age stage taught, and investing in modern teaching strategies and diversifying them in the classroom according to what is necessary to achieve the desired goals of the study material.

The Republic of Rwanda (a landlocked country) is one of the countries of the African continent that witnessed many years of backwardness and tyranny under German colonialism, like most African countries that have suffered and are still suffering from the policies of colonial racial division, internal fighting, and the depletion of their resources and wealth by the metaphorical countries perched on Its issuances.
The Republic of Rwanda witnessed two contradictory situations during the eighties and nineties of the last century and thereafter. The first case was represented by backwardness and dictatorship resulting from the remnants of colonialism and policies of ethnic division of Rwandan society, which, after withdrawal, resulted in internal fighting and genocide of nearly one million of its population during the period. Months of 1994, which led to the backwardness and loss of Rwandan identity, while the second case was represented by developmental progress and the achievement of internal stability and social well-being, which is clearly revealed by various statistics and data issued by the United Nations and some official international organizations.
This is done by applying the strategies used in the rational use of available resources, including activating justice and national reconciliation among the country’s population (Hutus and Tutsis), which in turn was based on developing strategic development plans in the areas of education, health, tourism, infrastructure and the environment, as well as the economic aspect with all its indicators. Which made the Republic of Rwanda the focus of attention of businessmen and investors from various countries of the world, and thus Rwanda became at a high level of progress, development, prosperity and well-being, and competes with many countries in indicators of economic progress and social well-being.

The study aimed to uncover the actual geographical distribution of worship sites (Mosques، Mosques، and Al-Husseiniyahs) in the city of Amarah. This was achieved by determining their size and spatial arrangement، and then comparing it to the population size of the studied area. Furthermore، it involves assessing their effectiveness and appropriateness in terms of efficiency and spatial requirements، as well as examining their compatibility with both local and international specifications and standards. The study employed contemporary techniques of geographic information systems (GIS) to analyse the distribution of places of worship. This was achieved by utilising specific tools within the GIS programme، such as standard distance and the average point (also known as the central point of attraction). These tools helped identify the strengths and weaknesses in the distribution of places of worship. The research yielded several findings، with one particularly noteworthy observation being the clustering of places of worship in certain neighbourhoods while their absence in others. Despite the abundance of places of worship in some residential areas، there is a lack of their presence in certain regions. This pattern aligns with the concept of a central attraction point for places of worship، where the ideal centre corresponds to the realistic centre of the city. In addition to its non-compliance with both local and international standards، the study concluded with several key recommendations. Most notably، it emphasised the necessity of constructing or establishing places of worship in neighbourhoods that currently lack them. Furthermore، it highlighted the importance of incorporating sufficient space for places of worship in future urban development plans، particularly in newly developed neighbourhoods.

The pandemic occupied the largest area of media coverage in varying proportions, as it led to an increase in demand for media and electronic media and an increase in demand for information.
At the same time, the pandemic has been accompanied by the emergence of the media's ability to create fear and spread misinformation.
This period called for great challenges to inform the media of the need to enhance credibility and trust.
A positive aspect is that the media plays an important role in raising awareness and warning about the dangers of the pandemic.
The pandemic was an opportunity to reposition the media and enhance interaction and trust between the media outlet and the recipient.
This period also demonstrated the importance of the media as a platform for human service and awareness in the face of crises, which forced countries to rearrange the roles of some of their institutions to confront the epidemic and enhance the role of the media in raising awareness and transmitting health information in a better way.he research addresses electronic media and its role in creating fear or contributing to confronting it, and how to employ it within communities in light of the Covid-19.

This study aimed at revealing the usefulness of utilizing code-switching strategy in EFL classes based on teachers and students’ points of view in Ramadi city. Two questionnaires, one for teachers and the other for students, were used to collect the data. Fifty English language teachers and fifty students from the intermediate schools in Ramadi were randomly selected as the study participants. Based on the data obtained, Arabic is regarded as an effective tool for strengthening student-teacher interaction, assisting students in learning new grammatical structures and vocabulary. Furthermore, both teachers and students argued that Arabic language has many benefits, i.e., enhancing students’ responses towards learning materials and assists students avoiding and preventing misunderstandings between them and their teachers during teaching, as they are unable to understand the materials, which is taught completely in English. It also contributes to bridging gaps during class discussions. Accordingly, the current study recommends that the curriculum should include opportunities for students to use their mother tongue, such as bilingual dictionaries and translation exercises. The recommendations also confirm that teachers and curriculum developers should be encouraged to take into account the needs of students to use their mother tongue.
INTRODUCTION

This study plans to look at the treatment of battle in Wilfred Owen's verse and Ernest Hemingway's "A Farewell to Arms". The goals of the review are to examine the creators' points of view on war, the depiction of troopers, and the impacts of battle on people. The goals of the review are to recognize the similitudes and contrasts in the creators' portrayal of the encounters of fighters in war, their mentalities towards war, and the effect of battle on human brain science. The philosophy utilized in this study is a similar examination of chosen sonnets by Owen and the book "A Farewell to Arms"by Hemingway. The procedure utilized in this study includes a nearby perusing of chosen sonnets from Owen's verse assortment and a basic examination of Hemingway's book. The review uses a subjective exploration configuration, integrating scholarly examination and understanding. The aftereffects of the review show that while the two creators present the staggering impacts of war, they approach the point from various points. Owen's verse centers around the detestations of war and its effect on fighters, while Hemingway's novel depicts battle as a worthless and silly action that outcomes in the deficiency of human existence. All in all, this study shows that the two creators pass on areas of strength for a conflict message in their works, yet through various scholarly styles and procedures. The discoveries of the review uncover that both Owen and Hemingway's works give a strong depiction of the repulsions of war and its consequences for the human mind. Be that as it may, Owen's verse accentuates the pointlessness of war and its damaging effect on human existence, while Hemingway's novel investigates the bafflement and close to home battles of troopers despite war's mercilessness. All in all, this study gives experiences into the manners by which two conspicuous artistic figures have moved toward the subject of battle in their particular works. The similar investigation of Owen's verse and Hemingway's novel adds to a superior comprehension of the mental and close to home cost of battle on people, and the requirement for a more noteworthy enthusiasm for the human expense of equipped clash.
1. Introduction
War has for some time been a subject of interest for essayists and craftsmen, who have tried to investigate its numerous features and intricacies. Two of the most compelling scholars to handle this subject are Wilfred Owen and Ernest Hemingway, whose works have become inseparable from the loathsomeness and purposelessness of war. This near concentrate on expects to look at how these two creators treat the subject of battle in their particular works, zeroing in on Owen's verse and Hemingway's book "A Farewell to Arms". Owen's verse is prestigious for its striking portrayals of the physical and mental costs of war, as well as searing scrutinizes of those sustain it. In works, for example,
"Dulce et Decorum Est" and "Anthem for Doomed Youth", he presents a starkly realistic portrayal of the horrors of trench warfare, using powerful imagery and language to convey the senseless brutality of the conflict. As one critic notes, Owen's poetry "shattered the illusions that had previously surrounded war, and laid bare the true cost of conflict" (Kerr, 2015, p. 42).
Hemingway's " Farewell to Arms", then again, adopts a more downplayed strategy to the subject of war, zeroing in on the encounters of one fighter, Frederic Henry, and his relationship with a medical caretaker named Catherine Barkley. Set against the scenery of The Second Great War, the novel investigates the close to home and

Identity in Second Language Acquisition has been received highly attention. EFL environment has been considered an important part in creating L2 identity, and creating experiences through interactions. L2 identity relates to one's identity in a second or non-native language, which could motivate students to learn actively.
Moreover, Speaking is at the heart of second language acquisition. It is recognized as a crucial productive skill by which language students may approach fluency. Furthermore, writing is an essential skill for language learners. However, it is found as a difficult skill, particularly in situations where students challenge several writing problems.
This study aims at: identifying Iraqi EFL university students’ L2 identity and performance in productive skills and finding out the correlation between L2 identity and students’ performance in language productive skills. A sample of (300) students are selected from Iraqi universities. L2 identity questionnaire and speaking test (interview) and writing test (writing an essay) are used. The findings reveal that the students have moderate level in productive skills, and a good level for L2 identity. Furthermore, the findings also reveal that students’ productive skills are statistically correlated with L2 identity. Finally, conclusions are put forward in accordance with the results of the study

This study investigates the impact of "deforming tendencies" on the cross-cultural transfer of meaning in literary translation. Focusing on Naguib Mahfouz's Arabic novel "Awlaad Haritna" and its English translations "Children of the Alley" and "Children of Gebelaawi," it examines five excerpts depicting themes of poverty, tradition, and the struggle for individual identity. Applying a qualitative approach and Berman's concept of "domestication," the analysis explores how structural and semantic aspects are affected by one specific deforming tendency: rationalization (Berman, 1985/2004). The findings reveal that structural discrepancies between Arabic and English distort the intended meaning of the source text in the target texts, leading to a loss of nuance in both the portrayal of human suffering and the author's thematic concerns. Furthermore, the translations appear to be guided by a different ideological perspective, misrepresenting the socio-political realities of the source culture. In conclusion, the pervasive presence of rationalization has significantly domesticated the target texts, compromising both structural and semantic equivalence.

Many cross-linguistic studies have shown that children adopt the basic features of their target language at an early stage, although they may go through a long period in which they use grammatical morphology similar to the target. Researchers have abandoned old "all-or-nothing" theories of grammatical development in favor of more complex models including morphological, phonological, pragmatic, and processing-discourse components. Studies on bilingualism have revealed that learners separate the two language systems early on, yet can use both interactively, as evidenced by their code-switching and code-mixing behavior. Technological improvements have allowed us to study grammatical interpretation in learners of all ages and to create “high-density multimedia corpora” that allow us to study the distributional aspects of learners' input and its consequences in greater depth. This will lead to more complex and multidisciplinary models that incorporate interindividual variation and socioeconomic influences. Methodological advances in language learning enable academics to contribute to theoretical linguistics.

This research is highlighting the impact of sociocultural norms in audiovisual translation. In the current period of globalization، audiovisual has become one of the most popular fields in the translation studies since the audiovisual materials such as films، series، and TV programs attract all the people from different generations. However، the main point of this study revolves around English documentaries and their translation into Arabic.
Toury\'s sociocultural norms theory serves as the foundational resource upon which this research\'s methodology has been built. Acquiring cultural norms is a necessary precondition for pursuing a career as a translator within a certain cultural setting. According to Toury (1995)، the definition of norms is “Values or beliefs accepted by a community as to what is right or wrong، adequate or inadequate into performance instructions suited for and applicable to particular situations”. However، sociocultural norms divided into three categories، each of which is suitable for a different phase of the translation process. The terms “Initial norms”، “Preliminary norms”، and “operational norms” are used to describe these standards، respectively. The result shows that the norms that existed in the given examples are more acceptable than adequate based on the values and beliefs of the Arabic culture. This means that the translator leans toward the target culture rather than the source culture.
Furthermore، the result reveals that the most used strategy in the given instances is the strategy of literal translation. Where the translator renders the specific cultural terms into Arabic by using word-for-word strategy in order to bridge the gap between these two cultures.

Elections are crucial for shaping democracy worldwide, and effective communication is essential for exchanging information and ideas. This study investigates terminological inconsistencies in English and Arabic translations of legal-electoral documents, aiming to identify the underlying causes and evaluate their implications on the target text. The study uses a self-constructed parallel corpus of carefully selected electoral texts and a hybrid approach, combining quantitative and qualitative analyses. The quantitative analysis investigates terminological usage, while the qualitative analysis uses Vermeer\\'s Skopos Theory to understand the importance of translation purpose and maintaining inter-textual and intra-textual coherence.
The study reveals a wide range of terminological inconsistencies in electoral text translations, influenced by factors such as the genre\\'s complexity, translators\\' lack of competence, lack of standardized terminology, heavy reliance on machine translation, and lack of proper project management. Inconsistency significantly impacts the overall understanding of the target text and the quality of translation, leading to inaccuracies.

Языковой контакт – это непрерывное путешествие, не ограниченное временем и местом, когда люди перемещаются и общаются. Языковые и социальные отношения между арабским и русским языками являются примером языкового и государственного контакта. Сотни тысяч арабов учились или учатся в России. Тысячи из них женились на русских женщинах. В результате этого контакта многие русские слова были заимствованы из арабского языка посредством взаимодействия людей и средств массовой информации.
Целью данного исследования является изучение лексических заимствований из русского в арабский язык при и после советского периода.
Язык- «это система фонетических, лексических, грамматических средств, являющихся орудием выражения мыслей, чувств, волеизъявлений, служащая важнейшим средством общения людей»[Азимов и Щукин, 2009, с. 359].

Como se sabe, la poesía comparada forma una rama del conocimiento general y adquiere una importancia especial al hacer una comparación entre dos poetas o dos tipos literarios de diferentes culturas e idiomas, con el fin de identificar áreas de similitud y áreas de diferencia entre los dos. Hay muchas escuelas modernas que se han ocupado de la literatura comparada y han definido su naturaleza y qué es o no literatura comparada. El objetivo general que lo establecen tales escuelas, en común, es hacer una comparación entre dos literaturas de culturas diferentes siguiendo las normas puestas por ellas para llegar a resultados cada vez más precisos.

تنوع الشعر والتحليل الأدبي له، من أهم الدلائل والوسائل القيمة والمهمة للشعر والشعراء، ودليل مهم للتميز والامكانيات والقدرات الفنية لهم وبناء على هذا فاننا وجدنا ذلك في شعر اللحظة والنظرة في شعر كسايي المروزي وتناولناها في تحليل فني استقرائي لعينة من شعرة، ونتيجاً لذلك، فاننا وجدنا في الطبيعة ومشاهدها والحياة الموجودة فيها مجال واسع ومهم لذلك، حيث انها تعطي للشعراء مجال ورؤيا واحساس وقدرة فنية في تناول مايرونه في شعرهم وانعكاس مهم لقدراتهم وامكانياتهم .
ووجدنا هذه التشبيهات والعناصر المتعلقة بالطبيعة مجال واسع في النظرة الحسية والعقلية والوصف وذكر المشبة والمشبة به والوصف الذي تناولة الشاعر كسايي المروزي بذكر مافيها ووصفه للورود والنباتات في اشعاره نموذج مهم ووصف خلاب فيه وتميزه في هذا الشكل الشعري وكذلك ماتناولة من الاجرام السماوية، الحيوانات والأشياء والمفاهيم المجردة المتعلقة بذلك، وهذا يعطينا نظرة وصورة حسية وعقلية رائعة اعطانا اياها الشاعر في شعره مع ذكر بلاغته وقدرته الفنية وصور الخيال والتغيرات التي وجدناها في شعره والتي تجلب نظر الباحثين. و توصلنا اثر ذلك الى نتائج مهمه لهذه الدراسة .

صفت فاعلى از لحاظ معنى به وضعيت و وصف انجام كار وﭼـﮔونـﮔى اداى آن توضيح مى دهد ولى به اين وضعيت و ﭼـﮔونـﮔى اداى كار اكتفا نمى كند بلكه دورتر از آن رفت به تعبيرديـﮔر به بيان ابعاد و وسعت معنا و اندازهء آن مى ﭘردازد ... واقعاً اين صفت از اداى تلفظ واج ( أ ) در بيان دلالت اين صفت ها استفاده مى كند مخصوصا اين واج در ﭘايان كلمه واقع مى باشد از قبيل : دانا ، توانا ، بينا ، ...
خصوصيت اين صفت از بكاربردن مصوت ( أ ) در ﭘايان اين كلمات مى آيد زيرا اين خصوصيت در ساير صفت هاى ديـﮔروجود ندارد و از نظير اين مصوت استفاده نكردند . صفات ﭼه در آينده معين و مشخص شده مى باشند .
در اين بحث و بررسى به اهميت و نقش مصوت ( أ ) در بيان معناى صفت ها اهميت زياد داديم مخصوصا واج ( أ ) است كه نقشى مهمى در بيان استمرار و ثبات و ﮔسترش معنا مى ﭘردازد.

در پژوهش حاضر در ارتباط با شیوه بازنمايی نقشهای دستوری (فاعل و مفعول)، دو ابزار حالت نمايی و مطابقه مورد بررسی قرار میگیرند. برای اینکه مشخص شود که استفاده از این دو ابزار در فارسی متاثر از چه عواملی است پنج عامل مورد اجماع از نظر صاحب نظران در این حوزه از جمله جانداری، ارجاعی‌ بودن، نقشهای معنايی، نقش دستوری و نقش کاربرد شناختی مورد بررسی قرار خواهند گرفت. علت انتخاب این پنج عامل اهمیت این عوامل در مطالعات مختلفی است که در زبانهای دنیا صورت گرفته است . بسته به ماهیت و رده زبان، ممکن است که یکی از این عوامل برجسته تر و دیگر عوامل در حاشیه باشند؛ بنابراین، هدف پژوهش حاضر پاسخ به این سوالات است که اولا در فارسی جهت بازنمايی فاعل و مفعول از کدام شیوه بازنمايی بیشتر استفاده میشود ؟ ودوم این شیوه عمدتا تحت تاثیر کدام عامل یا عوامل هستند ؟ نقشهای دستوری در زبانهای مختلف به شیوه های مختلفی بازنمايی میشوند. در این پژوهش، دو ابزار حالت‌ نمايی و مطابقه وپنج عامل جانداری، ارجاعی ‌بودن، نقشهای معنايی، نقش دستوری و نقش کاربرد شناختی در ارتباط با آنها مورد بررسی قرار خواهند گرفت . همچنین، حالت‌نمايی افتراقی در زبان فارسی نیز مورد بررسی قرار خواهد گرفت. از لحاظ نظری، پژوهش حاضر را میتوان یک مطالعه در چارچوب کلی نقش‌گرای رده شناختی قلمداد نمود . از لحاظ روش تحقیق ، این پژوهش توصیفی تحلیلی است . نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد که مطابقه فاعلی در فارسی اجباری ونقش دستوری - محور است، درحالی‌که مطابقه مفعولی اختیاری و ساخت اطلاع - محور است. همچنین، در زبان فارسی از حالت‌ نمايي برای نشاندار کردن فاعل استفاده نمیشود، در حالی‌که پس‌اضافه ) را ( در فارسی باعث نشاندار شدن مفعولهای مبتدايی میشود. نهایتا، نتایج نشان میدهند که در فارسی ، فاعل‌ نمايی افتراقی وجود ندارد، در حالی‌ که نشاندار کردن گروهی از مفعولها به‌ وسیله پس‌اضافه ) را ( و همچنین نشاندار کردن اختیاری فعل به‌ وسیله گروهی از پی ‌بستهای مفعولی (مطابقه) را میتوان دو جلوه متفاوت از مفعول‌ نمايی افتراقی تلقی کرد که عامل ساخت اطلاع تبیین‌کننده آنها است .

یکی از مباحث زبان شناسی و آموزش زبان مهم است ، مبحث سبک های دستوری است در یک جامعه زبانی مردم بر اساس نوع مکالمه و گفتار خود با دیگران یعنی بر اساس میزان رسمی بودن فضای مکالمه میزان نزدیکی خود با مخاطب ومیزان فاصله طبقه اجتماعی خود از مخاطب شکل های مختلف کاربردی از زبان را به کار می برند و که به سبک زبانی معروف است . هریک دارای ویژگی های خاص دستوری هستند.
سبک هندی (اصفهانی) سبک مسلط شعر قرون دهم ویازدهم هجری قمری ایران اصطلاح ولغت تازه وذوق مردم به دریافت معانی غریب وغیر بدیهی بود. در این سبک قوهء تخیل شاعر واستغراق او دررؤبای اندیشه وحرص یافتن جواهر نامکشوف مضامین وتفنن به انواع مطالب ،از محسوس ومعقول ،ویافتن تعبیرات غیر متداول در شعر وبیان حالات واحساسات وعواطف وسعی او در ادای معانی افزونتر از دقت وی در جلای الفاظ وروانی آن است . بیشتر آن کسانی که این طرز را طرزی ایرانی می دانند بابا فغانی شیرازی را بنیاد سبک گذار آن می شناسند ، ولی عده ئی به شدت با این سخن مخالفند . اقبال لاهوری از شیفتگان وستایندگان بیدل دهلوی است وگاه مصرع یا بیتی از بیدل را تضمین می کند
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