Nasaq

The level of Application Total Quality Management Standards Among Primary School Principals and Middle School Principals.
The current research aims to measure the level of application of Total Quality Management (TQM) standards, and to identify the differences in the level of application of these standards between elementary and middle school principals. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach and selected a research population consisting of both elementary school principals and middle school principals in the center of Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate, including both males and females, totaling 351 principals. A random sample of 88 principals was selected, representing 67 of elementary school principals and 21 of middle school principals, constituting 25% of the research population. The researcher set a questionnaire containing of fourteen items based on Edward Deming\'s fourteen principles as a research tool. After extracting the standard characteristics of discrimination, validity, and reliability, and using statistical methods such as Pearson correlation coefficient, chi-square test, one-sample t-test, and independent samples t-test, the researcher concluded that the level of application of TQM standards among both elementary school principals and middle school principals is generally low and approaching average. Furthermore, there are differences in the level of application of these standards in favor of elementary school principals.

Islamic jurisprudence scholars have worked to link the work of jurisprudential rules to the daily life of people and facilitate their implementation, as the science of jurisprudential rules is one of the important legal sciences in Islamic jurisprudence and works to understand the legal rulings in a deeper way, as well as linking the branches of jurisprudence to each other, and deriving new rulings from the legal evidence, so the science of rules Jurisprudence enjoys a prestigious position among scholars, as they have made great efforts in investigating and extrapolating it. The Muslim person needs to deduce the jurisprudential rules and extract them from the books of jurisprudence on the four schools of thought in worship and dealings because it helps to understand the legal rulings easier.

The study aimed to determine the impact of leadership styles on crisis management in the Palestinian Ministry of Transportation, and to determine which leadership styles are best for crisis management. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach to clarify the relationship between the variables of the study, and the questionnaire was used to collect data from the study sample, which consisted of 250 employees. In the Palestinian Ministry of Transportation.
The results of the study showed a positive impact of transformational leadership on crisis management in the Ministry of Transportation in the State of Palestine, a positive impact of charismatic leadership on crisis management in the Ministry of Transportation in the State of Palestine, and a negative positive impact of transactional leadership on crisis management in the Ministry of Transportation in the State of Palestine. The results also showed that the charismatic leadership style is best for managing crises in Palestine, followed by the transformational leadership style, While the impact of the transactional leadership style was negative on crisis management in the Ministry of Transportation in the State of Palestine.
The study recommended that the leader allow subordinates to choose the appropriate method of work during a crisis because this enhances their ability to make decisions during a crisis, and the leader should pay attention to training subordinates and all employees to bear responsibility during a crisis by giving them full powers to address the crisis, especially when it needs to be resolved and acted upon. Rapid, and it is necessary for the senior leadership in the Ministry of Transportation to employ modern scientific methods in crisis management and through evaluation to improve future plans and scenarios to avoid falling into crises, in addition to the organizational structure of the Ministry being flexible, which helps the Ministry in dealing with crises when they occur.

The research titled (The political, economic and social conditions in Libya between the years 1969-2011) deals with a historical study of Libyan politics during the era of the regime of Muammar Gaddafi, who came to power on September 1, 1969, and the stages that his policy went through, which was divided into two historical periods from 1969-1977 and from 1977-2011, which showed the regime’s internal and external policy, its regional and international relations, in the internal field, getting rid of the monarchy and then getting rid of the officers who participated in the coup and helping Gaddafi reach power, its policy towards African countries and its joining of African groupings, and its deteriorating relations with the West and the United States. The United Nations, which caused many political and economic problems for Libya, in addition to the achievements made by the regime on the social, economic and cultural levels, especially after the export of oil in large quantities, brought money that helped the Libyan government build institutions and infrastructure in all fields.

The research aimed to identify knowledge management among teachers at the Open Educational College, and after informing the researcher of previous research and studies in this field, he began preparing a scale to measure this characteristic consisting of four areas:(generating knowledge,storing knowledge,sharing knowledge, applying knowledge) It includes (40) items and for each field (10) items, to which the subject answers with one of the five alternatives (do not describe me at all, do not describe me, describe me a little, describe me well, describe me a lot) and present it to agroup of arbitrators, after verifying the psychometric properties.For the scale represented by honesty and reliability, the researcher applied it to the research sample (60) male and female teachers who were chosen by a simple random method. The researcher used the t-test for one independent sample to find out their knowledge management, and among the important results it was found that the arithmetic mean was(165.98)and the standard deviation (7.784) and the calculated T-value was (45.76) significantly greater than the tabular value. This result indicates the presence of statistically significant differences in the level of knowledge management and the researcher attributes it to the research sample’s awareness of The importance of knowledge management as it represents the basis for developing the educational process and research in the college itself and for developing the institutions that are linked to it.In light of the results,the researcher presented some important conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The religious factor compose an important pillar in the foreign policy of the United States of America, and a vital driving element in the American decision-making process, as political events cannot be extrapolated in isolation from the biblical or evangelical dimension. It can be said that the theological aspect that accompanied the establishment of the Republic was, is and will remain an effective influence in shaping American foreign policy, after its features became clearly evident with the rise of the power of the Christian Right (Fundamental wing) in the sixties of the last century. The administrations in which the Republican Party in particular occupied the forefront indicate its clearest episodes, and there are many examples from the era of President Ronald Reagan (1981-1989), George H. W. Bush (1989-1993), and George Walker Bush Jr. (2001-2009) all the way to President Donald Trump ( 2017 - 2020). This does not mean that the Democratic administrations were immune from ideological influence in the governance mechanism, but the language of religious discourse was more prominent among the leaders of the Republican Party.

The current research aims to identify the expressive skills of primary school students. The two researchers chose a sample for the research consisting of (30) sixth-grade students from Abu (Alfath) School for Boys. The researchers followed a content analysis approach and prepared a form for expressive skills. They analyzed the writing of the research sample. For the expressive topic that was identified by the experts, the students’ writings were then analyzed according to the expressive skills form. The frequency of occurrence of skills in the students’ writings was extracted, the percentage of each skill was calculated, and the rank it obtained among the skills was determined. Then the results that appeared were interpreted according to the criterion that was done. It was approved by the researchers, as the fifth rank was determined as a criterion for students’ mastery of skills, given that the number of skills is (10), so the score of the student is the criterion that can be adopted to interpret the results that appeared. The researchers concluded a number of conclusions through the research results and suggested conducting a number of studies related to the current research.

Linking rulings to their principles and rules gives the Shari’a ruling strength, and the knowledge of the principles and its rules and their application to Islamic Shari’a texts is inseparable from its relationship with the science of jurisprudence, for through them the jurist and the jurist arrive at the Shari’a ruling.
The importance of the research lies in the importance of the fundamentalist rules and their great role in clarifying rulings, and that they are a source of jurisprudential reasoning that contributes to building a methodological mentality capable of deduction. It is an attempt to enrich the fundamentalist library with a study that shows the impact of the fundamentalist rules and their jurisprudential applications, in addition to explaining the fruit of the disagreement in presenting the evidence. Of the legal texts, the negative of them is required in inferring rulings. This is a great indication of the extent to which Islamic law accommodates all incidents and calamities.

Government spending represents one of the tools of financial policy through which the state seeks to direct economic activity in order to achieve comprehensive development, by influencing the level of income, increasing production, and achieving a balance between supply and demand, and then achieving economic and social goals, and thus creating structural changes that lead to the transition from a state of backwardness to a state of progress. It is no secret that economic growth is one of the most important topics that occupy the countries of the world; since this growth represents the first criterion in classifying these countries, and it is also the closest indicator to measure economic performance, as high rates of economic growth indicate an improvement in the standard of living of individuals represented by an improvement in indicators of individual income, consumption, investment, employment, and inflation.
Traditional economic thought viewed investment expenditures as expenditures related to a limited period of time, It is the period of construction of public facilities, and after that it can be financed through unusual funding sources such as facilities and monetary issuance. Classical thought also believed that resorting to these funding sources could be in exceptional cases, but with the development of the concept of the state's role in economic activity, and the development of the concept of government spending and the extent of reliance on it as one of the tools that can achieve the economic and social goals of society; the view of government spending became that it is productive allocations, and may be more productive than private spending in many cases, and then the scope of government spending of a capitalist nature expanded and was no longer limited to infrastructure projects, but extended to include the establishment of public projects, so it came to include spending on maintenance and economic subsidies for the private sector with the aim of increasing its productive capacity and thus increasing production, and it also includes government spending on replacement and renewal operations and others. This research will focus on the following main axes:
- Government spending.
- Economic development.
- Theories that explain the relationship between government spending and economic growth.

Natural gas is considered one of the main and important energy sources due to its cleanliness and multiple uses. Therefore, the title of the research was chosen: The role of natural gas in developing the industrial sector in Basra Governorate, due to the availability of this resource on the land of Basra Governorate, with both types of free and associated gas, and to highlight its importance and its developmental role in sustaining the industrial process of the industrial facility. In the governorate, it is mainly produced by the South Gas Company and all types of dry and liquid gas, natural gasoline, and raw gas fed to factories, as well as the fertilizer plant for the production of urea and ammonia. In the manufacture of ammonia sulphate, the Basra Refinery produces a quantity of liquid gas. Basra factories benefit from the gas produced as a raw material in their units. It is used as a raw material in the petrochemical plant for the production of plastic granules, in addition to dry gas used as fuel for gas stations operating in Basra Governorate. It also contributes to the development of several companies in the governorate, which are companies that support the natural gas industry, such as the liquid gas bottling company, the petroleum products distribution company, the pipeline company, and the crude oil marketing company, each according to its work, and in this way it receives sums of money as a result of what it does, and it helps to maintain the continuity of work in these companies. There are development impacts on factories outside the borders of Basra Governorate in other governorates of Iraq, as well as gas electrical stations outside the borders of the governorate that obtain the dry gas product from the South Gas Company to manage its industrial machinery. Thus, the natural gas produced in Basra Governorate has a clear and tangible impact on the governorate’s economy and sustaining work. Factories and electrical stations and what has an impact on the operation of machines and labor from the people of the governorate and outside it.

Career education is one of the different jobs in education through education, and it is one of the important phenomena that have received great attention from scientists and specialists in sociology and social psychology. Because of its societal repercussions that caused structural and functional imbalances. This led to her frustration and lack of motivation and drive to create. The research has several objectives, including: identifying the manifestations of violence and the factors causing its effects and the effects resulting from it, Finally, reaching a reform model to reduce the risks of violence against women in the education sector. For the purpose of achieving these goals, the descriptive method was adopted, which is one of the anthropological methods, and the sample size was (100) respondents, using the questionnaire tool to obtain the necessary information for the purpose of analysis and interpretation, and to try to come up with a set of general and specific recommendations to reduce the risks of violence against women at work. The most important findings of the researcher: Violence has serious negative effects that lead to women's lack of motivation and withdrawal from work or attempting revenge through their participation in administrative corruption operations. Another consequence is that violence has become a general culture present in all institutions. The most important factors leading to its emergence are some customs, traditions, customs, and weak legislation and laws in a male-dominated society that believes to a large extent in the importance of women staying at home (the private sphere) to do housework