AL-Mostansiriyah journal for arabic and international studies

Abstract
A person’s feelings belong to him alone, and he has absolute freedom to express them, and if the expression of these feelings is not a crime, because freedom of opinion and expression is one of the rights and freedoms related to human thoughts that have been enshrined in international conventions and national legislation, So, the boundaries between what falls under this freedom and what is considered hate speech- that works to stimulate feelings and mobilize them in a certain direction- has disappeared, as hate speech has recently spread in a large and unprecedented manner, whether in the digital space or on actual world.
And, with the increase of speeches that contain a lot of racism, incitement, belittlement, and contempt of others on the basis of gender, religion, or political opinion, the biggest problem in this area is that many of us are not aware when our speech calls for hatred and when it falls within the scope of freedom of expression of opinion, especially since there is no unified, globally accepted definition of hate speech, which sets controls on its nature and is adopted globally, and the increase in media platforms or fertile communication environment that emphasize hate speech and work to spread it.
Keywords: freedom of expression, opinion, hate speech, violence, extremism.

Abstract
The topic of "Financial System Reform and its Role in Combating Extremism" is vital and crucial in the face of global and local challenges that societies are currently confronting. Extremism, in its various forms, and terrorism have become one of the most dangerous threats undermining the security and stability of nations. Addressing this challenge requires the adoption of comprehensive strategies that focus on various aspects,notably the security and social dimensions,without neglecting the role of financial and economic dimensions in this regard.The financial system constitutes a vital foundation contributing to economic and social stability,playing a significant role in revealing the extent of justice in the distribution of economic opportunities among different societal groups and classes. Economic exclusion, poverty, and unemployment are among the prominent factors leading to the spread of extremism.Additionally,the prevalence of corruption in the financial system opens the door to illegal financing and money laundering to support terrorist and extremist activities.Combatting this phenomenon requires joint international and/or local efforts aimed at improving the financial system by strengthening monitoring and supervision of suspicious financial transactions, with a focus on enhancing transparency in financial dealings.

Abstract
The current research aimed to uncover the psychological effects resulting from religious & doctrinal extremism . To achieve this goal, the researcher monitored the facts of the field & extracted from it the effects resulting from this phenomenon. Through monitoring, it became clear that there are psychological effects that have resulted from this type of extremism, including: increasing the intensity of hatred, increasing the level of political corruption, & difficulty expressing one’s opinion. Religious & doctrinal extremism also resulted in an increase in the level of political influence of the clan or tribe, a decrease in the level of influence of the educated elite in society. This type of extremism also resulted in, some social groups have been exposed to forced displacement, increased rates of school dropout, the spread of the phenomenon of excommunication among ethnic groups, & the deprivation of others from their human qualities, in addition to increased rates of exposure to psychological trauma. It is useful to mention here, that addressing these effects requires social groups to develops a plan that includes psychological & social programs with the aim of reducing it.
Keywords:- Extremism, religion, doctrine, hatred, aggression, Iraqi society.

Abstract;
The meaning of extremism refers to the state of rejection of any belief, and the fanatic expresses his idea with hostility, and may reach electronic terrorism through attacking information systems and using computers to incite, seduce, or assist. The violated interest is the community's right to public tranquility.
Iraqi law does not address the crime of cyberterrorism, but is subject to traditional texts, which do not distinguish between the organizational behavior of terrorism and its external behavior. As well as between general incitement or seduction and individual incitement or seduction.
Combating extremism that leads to cyberterrorism also faces the problem of international cooperation due to the inability to agree on a One model for criminal behavior between countries, in addition to the diversity of procedural systems. It is necessary to follow proportionality in punishment between crimes according to Articles (195 and 200) of the Penal Code No. 111 for the year 1969, and any new punishment for extremism that leads to electronic terrorism. As well as put special procedural rules for electronic crimes.
Keywords: (extremism, violence, terrorism, proportionality, crime)

Abstract
Talking about the phenomenon of extremism and terrorism in Islamic society must lead us to search for the reasons for its spread and to know its negative effects on those societies. Due to the seriousness of the issue, many conferences were held to try to reach solutions that protect our societies from the phenomenon of extremism and terrorism, which threatened peaceful coexistence and led to the emergence of migration in search of security and safety.
Keywords: phenomenon, extremism and terrorism, Islamic society.

Apstrac
Countries have sought to consolidate the values of citizenship throughout historical stages by deepening the relationship between them and their societies through the advancement of the national economy and the pursuit of social development in addition to the achievement of scientific progress witnessed by the world, and other embodied manifestations of citizenship that have resulted from social accumulations in Western countries that It mimics its social reality, and passed through historical stages that made these countries establish citizenship and thus consider it a culture before it is a practice. At every stage of the development of the concept of citizenship, it reflected the form of prevailing political practice, the way the state and society are organized, and the state’s relationship with its people, in contrast to the Arab countries, including Iraqi society, which imported the concept of citizenship so that it remained theoretically without practice and application on the ground. This necessitated intensified efforts between various state institutions, including civil society organizations, to reap and consolidate the values of citizenship. Therefore, the question was raised here: what is the role of civil society organizations in consolidating the values of citizenship in Iraqi society?
It has become a feature of civilized and developed countries is the presence of civil society organizations. Rather, it has become a measure of the progress of countries and the role that these organizations play and government support for them. We note the extent of the importance of the presence of civil society organizations and the role that these organizations play and government support for them in the United Nations Economic and Social Council issued in 7/25/1996, which includes (70) articles, as civil society institutions were considered to represent society and must have the status of partners of states in the United Nations.
From here comes the increasing need for the role of civil society organizations, especially in the current Iraq Fund, which is witnessing many crises in the joints of life. Civil society organizations have become a new and distinct situation in Iraqi society through their role in reducing the suffering of the Iraqi people, educating citizens about legislation and laws, and working to raise awareness. And training workers in state institutions in accordance with international standards, especially related to human rights and correct democratic practices, which in itself is a civilized and basic condition that is indispensable in many fields, especially the fight against corruption and crime, the development of legal awareness, and political and democratic upbringing, because democracy is not based only on laws, but rather on The level and quality of political culture, and therefore the need to educate citizens, teach them the spirit of responsibility, and train citizens to submit to the law. Therefore, among the most important duties of civil society organizations is to raise awareness, educate, and build correct practices and awareness of laws and human rights, which is what we will address in this research, as the research problem centers on the question: What is... The role played by civil society organizations in consolidating the values of citizenship in Iraqi society. To answer this question, the hypothesis was formulated that is based on the role played by civil society organizations is a vital and important role in consolidating the values of loyalty to the homeland, as well as their contribution to encouraging participation in volunteer work in society. The Iraqi.
the importance of studying:
The importance of the study is due to the role that civil society organizations play in consolidating the values of citizenship and thus instilling confidence in the policy pursued, and this is evident in the pivotal role of civil society institutions through which that confidence is increased and consolidated.Purpose of the study:
Through the research, it seeks to try to achieve the goals assigned to civil society organizations through the important and vital role they play in the framework of spreading the values of loyalty to the homeland in Iraqi society and to determine the extent to which civil society organizations contribute to encouraging participation in volunteer work in Iraqi society.
In order to achieve this goal, the research was divided into the following:
The first topic: The nature of citizenship and the definition of civil society institutions.
The second topic: The role of civil society organizations in developing democratic awareness.
The third topic: The role of civil society organizations in awareness and education.
Keywords (civil society - citizenship - organizations)

Abstract
The phenomenon of terrorism is considered one of the most important issues raised on the Iraqi, Arab and international scene due to its importance related to internal and external security and societal and economic stability. Terrorism works to confuse political and economic systems, as well as individual civilians, by using all mechanisms of intimidation and destruction, including killing and displacement. Kidnapping and plundering of wealth. Regardless of the reasons that led to the emergence of terrorism in Iraq, it has become a reality with many economic effects. It has even affected the overall movement of the Iraqi economy, and no activity has been spared from it.
Terrorism caused material and human losses that negatively affected the opportunity to achieve economic development, through the loss of human lives, the destruction of foundational structures and structures, and the flight of capital outside the country. It also led to the creation of situations of uncertainty and distortion of economic capabilities. In addition to the direct costs incurred by investments in the field of security, as well as the expenses of restoring and repairing what was destroyed, and indirect through the state’s expenses on victims of terrorism and their families, and various people injured as a result of terrorism, whether physical injuries, then chronic or mental illnesses, as these losses Major economic consequences are only one of the consequences of terrorism.
Keywords: terrorism, Iraqi economy

Abstract:
Technology has given human individual a contemporary life, but it carried with it a kind of destructive chaos for this life, and extremism is one of the manifestations of these contradictions, which are represented in the great difficulties faced by man, especially with the presence of many intellectual currents and ideological trends that the individual is exposed to through the media and various means of communication, because of the consequent destruction and devastation, and what results in the corruption and pollution of minds, and the loss of lives without guilt. This extremism has grown and become commonplace, and it is advancing global problems, what results in the corruption and pollution of minds, and the loss of life without guilt. This extremism has grown and become commonplace, and it is on the head of global problems. This phenomenon is magnified by the involvement of young people. Young people are the most vulnerable groups of society to imitation and simulation, and extremism in all its forms leaves great effects on the individual and society in general, and also extends its impact on future generations, which complicates the possibility of controlling and its results, except through great efforts and tight strategic plans to limit its spread.
This research adopts knowledge of the nature of intellectual extremism, as well as identifying its impact on the individual and its causes, knowing the manifestations of intellectual extremism, its effects and repercussions on the individual and society, and ways to prevent intellectual extremism.
Keywords: intellectual extremism, individual, society

Abstract
The moderation represents the middle position or the moderate decision on the level of the individual or the group or the political or religious decision and this leads to the correlation of moderation to social security Here there are many concepts of moderation and fanaticism and the extent of its association with other concepts, both political behavior or social forces driving this behavior and active within the society
There are many reasons behind the weakness of the situation of moderation in the individual and society, including direct and indirect factors that fuel violence and increase the state of intolerance and push the individual and the group to pursue the collision behavior with others.
Extremism is almost a feature of the present age, although it has long been associated with human life, but researchers believe that the hotbeds of violence that are multiplying dangerously in many parts of the world stand behind the lack of moderation, This phenomenon is often found in the late societies that lack awareness and culture. They are governed by values and customs that are in force and inherited. Their daily behavior and their distant and distant goals are subject to extreme opinion. There is a near absence of a culture of moderation and respect for the opposite opinion. , And dealing with It does not mean the application of counter-thought and the inevitability of faith in it.
Keywords: extremism, moderation, political behavior, social forces

Abstract:
The problem of extremism is one of the main issues that many contemporary societies are concerned with, It is a life issue whose roots extend to the structural composition of ideas, ideals and ideology that society accepts, Extremism is linked to the political, religious, social, economic and other conditions to which society is exposed, and extremist groups have become more capable of imposing a threat to society as they have afirm belief in the validity of what they believe in, Extremism brings in other extremisms, which causes wars and strife among members of society, after the danger of extremism ,Countries have tended to devise new methods to combat extremism and prevent its toll from rising, Countries have sought to establish specialized police authorities to reduce extremism, and to maintain order, they have preventive means that prevent attacks from occurring and remedial means in the event of a violation.
Key words: Extremism ,Regulatory authorities , General system
, Preventive means, therapeutic means

Abstract:
Constitutional protection against intellectual extremism is of great importance. Because this extremism is a dangerous phenomenon for society, there must be effective protection to limit this phenomenon, which has become widespread in all societies. Therefore, constitutions and laws devote special protection and guarantee for security and stability in society, in addition to the basic contribution that must be achieved, which is the role of the family and education, as well as the role of the media, and this helps to stop the spread of deviant and offensive ideas to members of society.
Keywords: (Constitutional protection, intellectual extremism, forms of extremism, effects of extremism)

Summary
The evolution of terrorism throughout history represents a continuous lesson in the changing methods and objectives, as it was not static but rather changed with the passage of time and circumstances. After the Cold War, terrorism witnessed a shift towards organized structures and the utilization of advanced technology and sophisticated weaponry. Terrorist organizations emerged, leveraging this technological revolution to execute their operations more efficiently and destructively. New methods of terrorism emerged, such as the use of civilian aircraft as weapons and the indiscriminate killing of civilians on a large scale. Additionally, the risks associated with the use of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons increased after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
To exacerbate concerns, the world witnessed the spread of revolutions like the Arab Spring, opening the door for terrorist groups to expand and proliferate. In response to these challenges, nations and the International community sought to adopt comprehensive legal measures and close international cooperation to combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
Iraq plays a prominent role In this context, having taken several legal measures to combat terrorism and enhance national and international security, including enacting anti-terrorism laws and establishing specialized units to combat money laundering and terrorist financing.
The Importance of studying the legal mechanisms for combating terrorism at the national and international levels is Increasing. This study contributes to enhancing understanding and cooperation among nations, and achieving a balance between the need to combat terrorism and safeguarding human rights.
Keywords: legal, national, international mechanisms, combating terrorism.

Summary
The topic of university education and its role in confronting extremism through social media sites addresses an important aspect of national security issues and the strategy to combat violent extremism, at a time when extremism has become a daily global issue in which the causes and locations overlap, extending to the structural composition of ideas, doctrines and ideals that society accepts, targeting a segment of students. Universities and youth after the spread of social networking sites at the beginning of the third millennium led to radical changes in various aspects of life and in the behavior of users all over the world and in Iraq in particular, which fought terrorism and extremism on behalf of the world in its war with the terrorist organization ISIS.
Keywords: extremism, university, students, education, social networking sites

Abstract:
Women today are suffering from a lot of pressure due to the inadequacy of the roles assigned to them, and their weak intellectual upbringing is one of the causes of intellectual extremism. The importance of the research comes from the necessity of educating women for what has an impact on developing intellectual security to confront extremism, which can lead to the stability of societal security through... Preventive solutions through the process of educational immunization for women can prevent the emergence of intellectual extremism, treat its effects, and avoid the direct negative effects and risks that extremist thought can have on women and society. The causes of intellectual extremism were addressed and the obstacles to which the educational environment is exposed were highlighted. The research focused on the roles that women can play in nurturing young people with the standards and values that maintain the security and stability of society. The most important findings of the research is the importance of providing the requirements of the educational environment for women, determining directions for intellectual and social upbringing, crystallizing their paths in the family and society, and exercising their role within the framework of programs to combat Intellectual extremism makes it easier for its children to become extremists.
Keywords: (violent extremism, education, women)

Abstract
Government officials seek to enhance decision-making and public performance by setting strategic goals and performance measures as the cornerstone of accountability, which is a tool for understanding the reasons for the failure of programs and projects and then working to improve performance. In order to ensure the optimal use of available resources, governments have worked to plan those resources and determine areas of spending. In order to achieve the desired goals, several types of public budgets have emerged in response to economic, social and political pressures. In recent years, performance-based approaches have been adopted as a measure of successful accountability by taking advantage of knowledge of the psychological factors that motivate human behavior to reduce indifference and other unproductive behaviors. Accountability is also an element. The basis that guarantees the quality of government performance for using public resources in a way that meets the needs of citizens and ensuring that workers at different levels of government know the costs of the operations they carry out and are subject to accountability for them. The concept of accountability has also been linked to government performance, which has begun to grow with the development of the general budget, so performance information has become a contributor to Increasing the government's focus on achieving tangible results through results-based discussions, which can provide more information about government goals and priorities and the extent to which the planned programs are compatible with these goals and about the actual progress and results in achieving the goals.
The research aims to propose a general framework for balancing programs and performance that can be applied in the environment of Iraqi public spending units, taking into account the economic and social pressures to which the public budget is exposed in light of the global financial crises. The research problem is based on the extent of the possibility of balancing the traditional items currently applied in the spending units. The Iraqi General Assembly is able to provide clear and objective answers about the government’s ability to achieve what it aspires to in terms of implementing programs and projects? By trying to link the information provided by program budgets and performance and the extent to which transparency can be achieved in presenting general budget data, reaching an advanced state of imposing accountability. The research included three axes, the first dealt with the research methodology, while the second axis dealt with the general budget, a philosophical approach, and the effects of the global financial crises on the development of accounting, while the third axis dealt with the most important conclusions and recommendations.
The research also reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was that the method of preparing the general budget is directly and significantly affected by economic, political and social conditions, and that general budget decisions are affected by these variables. The concept of accountability is closely linked to government performance. After the budget in its traditional form focused on inputs, accountability has become more about on the extent of commitment and compliance of government spending units with the general budget instructions in adhering to spending on the items specified in the general budget document. The research also recommended the necessity of accelerating the implementation of program and performance budgeting in Iraq in accordance with the government’s possession of a future vision and a general government work program under which government priorities and preferences for the coming years are determined. By adopting a pyramid of priorities and accelerating the adoption of an effective program and performance budget in line with the specificity of the Iraqi social, economic and political environment.
Keywords: general budget, accountability, program budget and performance, item budget, public spending, global financial crises.

Abstract :-
Proxy wars are a phenomenon rooted in ancient human history, relative to human nature that tends to violence in defense of itself and interests. We cannot consider it relatively recent, as is the case for those interested in political affairs. Historically, we can say that it is linked to ancient empires and its military approach when it supported some kingdoms or groups or agents close to its borders for the purpose of attacking its powerful opponents, disturbing it, disrupting it political, military, and economic interests without having to directly clash with it . Proxy wars, according to military custom, have a special strategic appeal that allows countries wishing to expand their influence in more than one region of the world .
Recently, proxy wars have replaced traditional wars by moving away from direct military confrontations, reviving old ethnic, sectarian racial conflicts and conflicts, even if it have been long-standing, thus taking several forms such as civil or separatist wars and others. Employing extremist groups that rely on the element of religion or nationalism is the most important part of the spread of proxy wars in all times, because it depends on stirring up passionate religious and ethnic feelings, through incitement , spreading hatred and violence, this does not require a lot of complex political understanding and analysis. These feelings generated through violence and extremism easily attract simple and enthusiastic people to it arena. Religion and nationalism sometimes overcome the idea of patriotism, therefore proxy wars can be viewed as one of the main reasons for creating terrorism, violence, and extremism, from here the basic idea of delving into this topic appeared to us.
Key words :- Extremism - proxy wars - violence - conflict - crises.

Abstract:
A woman has a great status and position, as God Almighty honored her and designated her with a surah, which is one of the seven long surahs (Surat An-Nisa).
The word “woman” appears twenty-six times in the Holy Qur’an, and the word “women” appears fifty-seven times. Her role is evident in various aspects of life, whether political, economic, social, or intellectual. She is one of the tributaries of family balance in the formation of human society.
As Iraq, like other societies, was exposed to serious challenges that threatened its territorial integrity, social fabric, political stability, and economic activity, as it was exposed to the control of terrorist gangs (ISIS) in a number of Iraqi governorates in 6/4/2014, at the forefront of which was Nineveh Governorate, which constitutes the second largest governorate in Iraq. Then he took control of Salah al-Din, Diyala, and Anbar governorates, targeting their economic construction, social fabric, and institutional structure, leaving devastating effects on the entire population in all its cities and towns. Perhaps one of the most prominent challenges that faced the people of the governorate was the exposure of women to serious violations of their human security, represented in cases of kidnapping and captivity. And the resulting manifestations of violence and extortion, such as cases of arrest, detention, rape, assault, and sexual harassment, as the situation horribly threatened her social security, her family stability, and her future in a society where the male culture still dominates, which views women as the protector of the family’s honor, the enhancer of its cohesion, and a source of its pride, cohesion, and survival, despite Exposure to phobia and its violations.
The research problem was crystallized by asking the main question: What are the roles that Iraqi women played in confronting terrorist ideology? One of the objectives of the research is to identify the roles that Iraqi women played in confronting terrorist ideology, and to reveal the women who confronted terrorism. The research included three sections: the first: research methodology, and the first section: The second is the theoretical background, and the third topic is the emergence of terrorism in Iraq and deals with feminist figures and the face of terrorism. In accordance with the nature of the research, the researcher followed the descriptive analytical method, as it reviews the events, links them, explains their importance, and gives real dimensions in scientific interpretation.
Keywords: women, Iraqi women, extremism, terrorist ideology

Abstract
In light of the era of advanced technology, and we are in the third millennium of the twenty-first century, artificial intelligence has been able to take a large role in various social, economic and political aspects, and this has been reflected in the spread of extremism and terrorism through electronic link sites, which has led to the use of artificial intelligence for the purpose of developing programs and algorithms aimed at reducing The phenomenon of extremism and terrorism and preventing its spread, and the emergence of opportunities and challenges for artificial intelligence in various aspects, the most important of which are human rights and its impact on the scientific aspect.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, extremism, algorithmic data analysis

Abstract :
Longer stability social and political security is one of the most important components of economic development. Without security, there is no development, and without both, countries collapse. Terrorism affects the increase in unemployment and leads to economic and social imbalance, the danger of which exceeds the local scope to the regional and international scope. The relationship between terrorism and its economic effects highlights the importance of combating terrorism and reducing its effects on the state’s economy until political, security and economic stability is achieved. A person, whether he is a worker or an employer, and his life and freedom are not secure, he will work in anxiety, and this leads to weak production and lack of productivity, and this is what we see after every terrorist operation, as we find a defect in the mechanism of economic transactions, thus hindering development and sabotaging the infrastructure, which is... One of the components of development, and that terrorism leads to backwardness and poor living, and security and reassurance must be achieved for people, workers, businessmen, money, and infrastructure in order for a decent life to be achieved. The most influential element of tourist attraction is providing the highest levels of security and safety for tourists. This study is of great importance when we talk about Iraq, which witnessed a state of political and security instability. Therefore, this research came in an attempt to study the impact of this factor (terrorism) in determining Iraq’s ability to attract more tourists in the short or medium term and the effects that this will have on the country. Determining the direction of the economic development index. The latter requires revitalizing the tourism sector. Despite the importance of the tourism sector, it is one of the most sensitive sectors in being affected by security events and political situations. Security and stability are among the most attractive factors for tourism, and there is no doubt that the diversity of terrorist acts to which the movement is exposed Tourism leads to a disturbance in the security situation and then to the deterioration of the tourism sector. As the security risks increased, tourism declined and its rates were negatively and rapidly affected under the shadow of the security repercussions produced by some terrorist entities or groups in Iraq.
Keywords: terrorism, economic development, Iraqi economy, tourism.

Abstract
The study aims to demonstrate the importance of the role of social media in spreading extremism, as extremism has become a prominent phenomenon in society in recent decades, and has taken on dangerous political, social, and religious dimensions, and has had bad consequences for humanity in particular, and for society in general, and has led to the emergence of a group of extremist behaviors such as violence, fanaticism, terrorism, etc.
The level of vulnerability to extremism on social media has a very large role in exploiting social media and using it as virtual platforms to promote its ideas, highlight the motives of extremism, and transform it into violent extremism, through belonging to terrorist groups, supporting terrorist action, and glorifying its ideas and perpetuating them.
Keywords: (means, social media, extremism, terrorism, violence)

Abstract
Intellectual extremism represents the offspring of terrorism, which is the first enemy of humanity. Because it is considered an intellectual war which governments face and work to limit, it threatens human rights such as the right to life, the right to adopt a positive idea that opposes the extremist thought, and the right of freedom of belief and religion on the one hand. On the other hand, Intellectual extremism threatens the political, economic and social systems within the country; therefore, it is necessary to have a national and international legislative approach to confront and limit it to the extent that the legislator seeks to eradicate this ideology that feeds the thought of terrorism in order to achieve comprehensive protection of intellectual security.
Keywords: intellectual extremism, criminal confrontation, international confrontation, terrorism.

Apstract
There are many reasons that led to the emergence and spread of extremism in societies, and these reasons are intertwined in a complex way, as it is difficult to separate some of them from each other, while others are considered an inevitable result of the surrounding circumstances. This interconnectedness emerges in an interaction between religious, economic and social factors, which makes analyzing the phenomenon of extremism complex.
“The reasons that lead to the emergence of fanaticism and extremism are attributed to religious aspects, such as the lack of application of Sharia law and injustice directed towards Muslims, in addition to ignorance of the provisions of Sharia law and the fierce campaigns launched by the enemies of Islam against Muslims. This analysis shows how religious factors can play a role in encouraging The phenomena of fanaticism and extremism, and how these factors can be a result of the social and political conditions that affect Muslim societies.”
“One of the most important manifestations of extremism on individuals and groups is the phenomenon of fanaticism without taking any consideration for the opinions of opponents and distorting the image of Islam. This fanaticism appears in the refusal to discuss and listen to the opinions of others, which leads to the individual closing in on his own concept and spreading ideas that distort the image of religion. This behavior promotes a state of division and loss of communication in society, which reinforces the role of the phenomenon of extremism in creating a negative image of Islam and contributes to its spread.”

Abstract:
The term civil society organizations became popular in the 1990 as the fifth authority in countries that witnessed the collapse of totalitarian regimes. Civil society organizations in non-governmental networks are composed of members of society who have ambitions for laws and a civil state, and their goal is to achieve a predetermined plan for the development of society and raise the awareness of its citizens. If these organizations take up their appropriate space, they work to remove the injustice that affects some segments and groups in an attempt by their members to implement democracy. Guaranteeing human rights and rejecting extremism and fanaticism of any kind.
Keyword: Organizations, civil society, extremism, civil society organizations.

Abstract
The post-ISIS phase is a pivotal stage in the history of Iraq, after the security institutions made great efforts for three years that gave precious and precious to liberate Iraqi territory from the defilement of the terrorist ISIS, the role of other institutions from the executive and legislative authorities, the Prime Minister and the House of Representatives to legislate laws and issue decisions, and the role of educational, educational and religious institutions, media institutions and social media in taking effective policies that limit hate speech, given what the post-ISIS stage requires. ISIS aims to achieve societal integration and confront all attempts that call for weakening national unity and tearing identity and community cohesion by calling for discourses that contradict the values and customs of society and harm the supreme interest of Iraq represented in spreading hate speech, discrimination and intolerance, and any speech that supports acts of violence or threatens to commit violence and encourages it and ignites crises in society.
Hence, it is necessary to combine the efforts of all government institutions to adopt effective policies that limit the spread of hate speech commensurate with the nature of the post-ISIS phase.
Keywords: speech, hate, government policies, executive and legislative power, educational institutions, media, post-Daesh.

Despite the development of strategic science and the multiplicity of support for its performance beyond the military dimension, religion has remained "as an option / as a means of "violent extremism", preserving the content of what it means, in favor of performing functions that exceed the fluctuations of the strategic environment and increasing the ability of the decision-maker to evaluate options and effects, with all that the strategy requires to reduce the risks resulting from the momentum of uncontrolled flow in the variables that make the management of strategic files a victim of the difficulties of formation and guidance and the cross-fertilization of paths to deal with them through multiple binaries "from outside to inside / from Inside out, top to bottom / bottom up, activating opportunities and exploiting vulnerability / adaptation by waiting for opportunities, linking strategy to goal management / means management, anticipation / hedging. Especially since the idea of religion in its broadest sense refers us to the experience of the "sacred". This makes it associated with the trilogy of "stimuli - means - consequences / goal". This rotation plays the role of observer of the production manifestations of evolutionary structures.
Keywords: religion, violent extremism, goals, non-state actors, integrative wars, means.

Abstract:
In light of these geopolitical changes taking place in the region and the geopolitical competition between several poles competing for American hegemony in the region and the world, seizing control of oil and natural gas resources, their pipelines and corridors has become a basic criterion of geopolitical power. These transformations only came in the context of exchange in the elements of economic power and military dominance. Which is based on a cornerstone, which is energy in general.
In light of the tensions, and the Middle East region represents the arena of the most fierce conflict in the mechanisms of interconnection between the centers of global power, it is expected that the tension in this region of the world will increase and that crises will escalate and multiply in it as it turns into a theater of geopolitical conflict for control of energy sources and ways of supplying them.
For years to come, it will constitute a theater of conflict and global geopolitical tension, and the countries of the region will continue to revolve in a cycle of violence and oscillations, especially those that contain energy potential, especially Iraq, which is located at the heart of the arc of crises because of the vital interest it constitutes for global and regional powers, most notably the United States of America, which has worked With multiple strategies to tighten its control in the Middle East and remove its regional and international competitors from its areas of influence, especially in Iraq and the Arabian Gulf.
What has increased the complexity of the security scene is its direct impact on regional and international issues due to the regional situation of Iraq, especially with the emergence of a multi-power regional format Although it is in the process of formation, which portends a state of transition to a new geopolitical reality, through which there may be the birth of a new power within the region that changes the pattern of interaction and the position of traditional powers within it, and this is what makes us witness a new geography that changes what exists into what can and should be in light of What international and regional interests impose. There is no doubt that this regional pattern will greatly affect the future of the Iraqi state.
Keywords: Geopolitics, national security, data, geopolitics, strategy, extremism.

Abstract
Violent extremism represents fanaticism for the opinion of its owner in a way that makes him reject the opinions of others, even if they are moderate or logical, and makes his opinion undisputed, even if it is far from the truth. That is, it is a fanatical thought and opinion imposed on others. Violent extremism is a social phenomenon that takes many forms if actual practices turn into violence and become terrorism. Therefore, violent extremism is very dangerous, and the United Nations has exerted its efforts to confront it due to its dire consequences that affect human rights and destabilize international peace and security in the world.
Keywords: role, United Nations, response, violent extremism.

ABSTRACT
This research deals with the phenomenon of intellectual extremism throughout history, its foundations, and its danger to the individual and society . Extremism, with this name, is a modern phenomenon that represented extremism in the past and a departure from moderation and centrism. Recently, it has been defined as opposition to the basic values of democracy, individual freedom, the rule of law, and respect and tolerance between religions and beliefs, Intellectual extremism is considered one of the factors influencing society as it has a doctrinal and intellectual character. It has received the attention of most humanitarian disciplines after societies witnessed conflict in different ideologies. It was considered one of the largest crises to which Iraq was exposed, and its study was linked to the ideas and beliefs that society believed in at a stage in its history. Certainly affected by political conflicts and the economic and security situation the problem of the research lies in its impact on Iraqi society, which led to many changes such as wars and multiple internal conflicts, not to mention the external interference that negatively affected the stability of Iraq. The research relied on the analytical approach in describing the events, and came in an introduction and three sections. The first section is intellectual extremism. And its relationship to other intellectual terms. The second topic is intellectual extremism throughout history and its types.
. Keywords: intellectual extremism, history, Iraqi society.

The problem of extremism is one of the main issues that many societies are concerned with .it is a life issue whose roots extend to all aspects of society . it is a social phenomenon that is affected and influenced by other phenomena and is largely linked to the political , social , economic and other circumstances to which society is exposed . The concept of extremism was used . Extemism refers to deviation from the intellectual rules , values ,standards and behavioral methods common in society , expressed as isolation , negativity , withdrawal , or the adoption of different values and standards , the defense of which may lead to a tendency towards violence on an individual basis or organized collective behavior with the aim of bringing about change and forcefully imposing opinions on others . Therefore , efforts must be combined to confront extremism , and here we emphasize the role of the educational institution in confronting extremism , that is ,as a basic entry point to stand against extremism .
Keywords: extremism , education , social pluralism .

Abstract :-
The phenomenon of extremism that has preoccupied public opinion, and the associated methods of violence, terrorism, intimidation, and organized crime, are among the characteristics of the contemporary world. It is believed that this term (extremism) has become a common term and is spoken by most Western thinkers, since the phenomenon of extremism came to light in the sixties of the century. The past, as if all human societies before this date coexisted in their relations in peace, harmony, and respect for good neighborliness, and the sovereignty and rights of states were in the peace and integrity of their lands. However, human societies had known it in ancient times as one of the methods of political violence, stressing that the beginning of this term was created by the Jews. When they opposed Roman rule in Jerusalem in the century before the birth of Jesus Christ (peace be upon him), there was a religious-political movement called (Sicari), and it seemed that all its members were Jewish extremists, as they followed methods in attacking the Romans that seemed to be unconventional, and their leaders were assassinated and documents and offices were burned. The public, demolished their palaces and attacked the water sources in Jerusalem. Iraq was affected by the phenomenon of extremism represented by ISIS and Al-Qaeda, and this was reflected in the entire life of the Iraqi people. Terrorism caused human and material losses that negatively affected development opportunities, and the exit of capital, as well as the direct costs through various investments appear weak, which makes It has burdened the state's economy and also weakened the state's public treasury. This economic transformation is one of the reasons for the consequences of terrorism .

Abstract:
The West promoted the products of its civilization embodied in human rights and freedoms of all kinds. Including civil and political freedoms, liberal ideology and urging countries of the world to follow its example in organizing their political systems, and treats citizens in the West based on the principle of equality, criticizing other countries of the world that rule their people with a tyrannical approach. The aforementioned products resulted in the emergence of a trend opposing the system of broad rights, freedoms, and equality. It is represented by the individual authoritarian personality, not only at the level of rule and authority, but also at the level of the members of society who supported the emergence of this personality based on the justifications they believe are valid to shape their different positions in life. What are the dimensions of ideology (political, social, cultural, and economic positions) taken by citizens and elites in the West, which crystallized in the form of an authoritarian personality in their relationship with each other and in their relationship with others. I assume that the dimensions of the ideology of the positions (political - social - cultural - economic) adopted by citizens and elites in the West were formed by a heterogeneous set of political ideas emanating from some ideologies with roots of extremism and fanaticism in their intellectual assumptions and general principles in order to emulate the far right and left of them. The results that were reached were that the Western elite: (the ruling or formed political and opposition parties) worked to enhance and strengthen the authoritarian personality of Western individuals in order to support their political intellectual principles, for the purpose of reaching or remaining in power under the pretext of adhering to traditional values, social norms, and principles of religion and morals. The reason for avoiding it, The problems facing contemporary Western society. Which had a negative impact on their relationships with others, whether those who were different from them or who did not believe in their beliefs or support them.
Keywords: authoritarian personality, contemporary Western countries, ideology, attitudes, extremism.

Abstract
Iraq, like other countries, suffers from the phenomenon of extremism, which increased in severity after 2003. This is due to internal and external factors, which led to the rise of hate speech and extremism at the expense of moderation and tolerance, as well as the strengthening of sub-identities at the expense of national identity, which are ideas that are alien to Iraqi society. In addition to the political differences between the parties and the high rates of poverty and unemployment, which played a major role in the emergence of extremism, the external factor that helped fuel extremism cannot be overlooked. Therefore, there are many official and unofficial national remedies that the government must take to put an end to the phenomenon of extremism and combat it. This is what the Iraqi government sought to establish by establishing the National Committee to Combat Violent Extremism, whose mission is to combat this phenomenon by taking preventive measures.

Abstract:
Europe is the most preferred destination by immigrants from various continents, and therefore it has borne the burdens of successive waves of migration, the most recent of which was the large migration in 2015 and beyond from various countries in the Middle East and elsewhere.
Therefore, the European continent faced a crisis on the political level, especially after the rise of the extreme right in more than one European country, through its criticism of the adopted immigration policies, and the situation reached the point where the extreme right led waves of violence against foreign communities, especially Muslim ones, to the point of terrorizing those communities.
Keywords: European Union, extremist trends, immigration

Abstract
Iraq faced many external and internal conflicts, which resulted in economic crises, which negatively affected various economic sectors and macroeconomic indicators, exhausting the economy and hindering development and investment efforts. As a result, the Iraqi economy lost many of its resources and components, so growth rates declined. Unemployment rose, poverty and public debt increased, and the general budget deficit increased, the effects of which are still rippling.
In economic crises, people, especially those with less income, look to the existing political system to obtain social and economic guidance and protection, which requires state institutions to come together to confront the successive economic crises they have experienced.
Economic policies aim to return to the normal economic path, achieve prosperity and economic stability, and include the mechanisms, measures and economic procedures necessary to achieve those goals, restore the competitiveness of the Iraqi economy, achieve sustainable economic growth, and the resulting increase in job opportunities.
The stability of macroeconomic indicators is a prerequisite for achieving the objectives of fiscal and monetary policy to confront the economic and social repercussions associated with extremism. These policies varied on the financial side, including financial and tax incentives, transfer expenditures, and increasing direct government spending. These policies aim to revive the economy and save it from contraction by stimulating private and governmental consumer and investment demand.
keywords: economic policies - crises - obstacles - oil - tax revenues.

Abstract:
The term extremism refers to the distance from moderation, excess and hyperbole, and it is a relative term that varies from one society to another, according to the prevailing traditions, values and culture, as the problem of extremism is one of the main issues that contemporary societies are concerned with is a phenomenon that has its roots in the intellectual formation of societies.
By knowing the concept of extremism, we can identify the reasons that contributed to the existence of extremism as a phenomenon, on the one hand; on the other hand, to clarify the role of women in combating extremism and developing effective solutions to reduce this phenomenon. As women play a major role in society, starting from the family to educational institutions through education and awareness in spreading knowledge about issues related to extremism, violence and terrorism, they play an essential role in educating and raising generations on the values of tolerance and peaceful coexistence by promoting dialogue, stability, the values of democracy and Human Rights in society, as well as increasing economic opportunities for women and supporting them in entrepreneurship and economic empowerment contribute to achieving justice and reducing poverty and thus reducing extremism in society. The study was based on this topic by asking the following questions: What is extremism, what are its causes and types, and how does the role of women affect the fight against intellectual extremism.
Keywords: extremism, hyperbole, intellectual extremism, terrorism, women.

Abstract:
The research aims to identify the concept of information security, learn about the concept of electronic extremism, the forms of electronic extremism, and know the experience of the European Union in confronting extremism on the Internet. The research followed the descriptive approach and the historical approach, and the research came out with a set of results, namely that the use of the Internet widely by institutions and countries By making their information systems and databases available, they make them vulnerable to electronic penetration by terrorist groups or competing institutions and states, which requires states and institutions to make diligent and continuous efforts to provide strong security protection for their systems and information on the Internet, The most important recommendations that came out of the research are to benefit from the experience of the European Union in its efforts to combat electronic extremism, whether at the level of establishing electronic units and platforms to monitor and delete extremist content, or enacting laws to protect individuals on the Internet with regard to their personal information and privacy.
Keywords: information security, information technology, electronic extremism, electronic terrorism, the European Union.

Summary
The modern criminal policy to prevent extremism consists of protecting and preserving thought, whether through preventive or repressive measures. Intellectual security is the protection of society’s thought and beliefs. It is based on protecting society’s thought, which is represented by the basic cultural components of society, by confronting extremist cultural trends. The modern criminal policy to prevent intellectual extremism is one of the most important studies that society needs, especially after the spread of extremist groups that spread their extremist ideology in the minds of some young people, and made them a tool for fighting the foundations of our beloved country.
Intellectual extremism is a crime punishable by law, and this crime has its elements whether this crime is the creation of a terrorist organization, or the crime of joining a terrorist group, whether by coercion or consent, as well as the crime of printing, recording, or announcing intellectual extremism. These crimes and others have a direct relationship. With a lack of intellectual security, extremism is represented by departing from the prevailing thought in society and taking a negative position, or adopting a thought that clashes with society. Extremism, whether religious, social, or political, is considered a tool for terrorism because the perpetrators of terrorist acts embrace extremist and deviant thought, and this intellectual deviation is considered one of the most important. Factors leading to terrorism.
Keywords: modern criminal policy to prevent intellectual extremism

Summary:
In the current era, the pervasive influence of digital technology has not only revolutionized communications and the dissemination of information, but has also given rise to complex social challenges, the most prominent of which is the issue of hate speech. This phenomenon, which is characterized by expressions of hatred toward certain groups on the basis of race, religion, gender, or other determinants, has major repercussions on social cohesion and public discourse. Despite its growing importance, understanding the motivations behind hate speech, the myriad ways in which it manifests itself, and effective coping mechanisms remain areas ripe for academic exploration. The research seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of these elements, dissecting the complex interplay between historical legacies, technological advances, and social and cultural dynamics that facilitate the spread of hate speech. As society grapples with the rise of hate speech, it becomes necessary to clearly define its definitions and manifestations. This includes examining the legal, social and technological frameworks that shape the definition and regulation of hate speech. In addition, understanding the consequences associated with hate speech is crucial to assessing its impact on individuals and societal structures. This paper aims to unpack the complex determinants and implications, and provide a nuanced perspective on the ways in which hate speech impacts diverse communities and societal norms. The historical context of hate speech also provides insight into its development and changing societal attitudes toward tolerance and freedom of expression. By tracing developments from the past to the present, this research sheds light on the patterns and drivers that have historically fueled discriminatory discourses and actions. Furthermore, the advent of the digital age has dramatically changed the communications landscape, bringing with it a transformative impact on the spread and accessibility of hate speech. Although the Internet is an unprecedented tool for communication and information exchange, it has also become a fertile ground for spreading harmful content.
Keywords: hate speech, digital age, online hate speech, social flexibility, content moderation.

Abstract
Reasons for choosing the topic: The fight against extremist ideologies that fuel violence was linked to the Anti-Terrorism Law, with different types, and what concerns us in this paper is intellectual extremism, which is fanaticism. For the personal or collective idea and belief, that is, the closed thinking that does not accept the idea of others, nor the values of tolerance and cultural cooperation, and the acceptance of dissenting opinions... Therefore, the idea of the research is to confront intellectual extremism, based on the hypothesis that it can be fueled by extremism in the formulation of the anti-terrorism law.
Research problem: The crisis of tyranny and extremism in the formulation of some provisions regarding crimes and criminals, in particular, which opens the possibility to distorting justice by creating abnormal, unfair situations, and subject to the changing will of the party that has the authority to implement the law. Thus, this extremism in formulation has a profound impact on intellectual extremism.
Keywords: Thought, law, agreements, legislation, drafting

Abstract
It is no longer a secret that civil society organizations, despite their different names and the diversity of their activities, play an extremely important role in various In the fields of contemporary life, whether in the educational, cultural, economic, or security fields, studies have agreed that Mostly, these legal personalities have established themselves as One of the important parts of the modern era and an effective means of developing the collective awareness of peoples and societies. Since security is a basic condition for the continuation of human life, an essential element in its growth and a determinant of its progress, those in charge of the mother have realized that We quickly realize the need to interact with these different organizations and use them for security awareness purposes and put them to the test. Society and its various issues of public interest. In light of this policy, the function of these organizations emerged, which seek to achieve their goals in disseminating security educational messages about the There are many problems that trouble societies, foremost of which is the phenomenon of intellectual extremism, which in turn will lead to violent extremism. To Arab youth, whose behavior is considered sociopathic, and a serious threat to social security. And stability. The mission of the security services - as it is known - is to ensure the safety of citizens by maintaining public order and morals. public in various ways, especially by respecting the laws and rules regulating public life, holding accountable those who violate them, and raising See all security services. The security means and devices necessary to prevent the commission of crimes or investigate them when they occur and bring the perpetrators to the Justice. Therefore, the supporting role of the mission of these agencies is awareness, which is one of the modern concepts that have appeared on the scene. Social after the development of social life, especially during the last decade of the twentieth century and what followed, and that system intervened It died in various economic, social and religious activities, as well as in response to the need to benefit from it. The various possibilities of these media as tools for effective influence on members of society, especially since the youth group in the age of... New media, social media, digital news, and advanced technologies are targeted by parties that may be hostile to the regime. And the law in the state. The security role of these organizations, as defined by Donald Reimer, is one that takes into account the national interests. for each state without questioning the mission of the state authorities in that role, and William Bailey agrees that through the institutions private society, the state can maintain its control over the Awareness and education, and to intervene in it to ensure the requirements of security and stability.

Abstract
of the fact that the Iraqi political reality, which has witnessed the roads after it has not enjoyed the conditions of coexistence appropriate for peace and stability. Rather, the pluralistic structure proposed for discussion by no one is witnessing a kind of regression and Authority reliance on what has become a subsidiary of openness to a broader instead representation between identities. Contemporary literature has shown From a demographic standpoint, Iraq is a fertile field for choosing partition projects. This could not have been possible because it was based on cultural and intellectual roots based on the exclusion of some Iraqi social components, such as minorities, which made it a ruling influence and result in the life of the high scene that existed after 2003.

Abstract:
The university is a source of human capital production for society, and it is a civilized means of bringing about social, economic and political reforms, and increasing its efficiency and effectiveness by keeping pace with changes at the national and international levels. The success of the university’s preventive role is related to fulfilling its obligations towards the unity and cohesion of society and the cooperation of university administrations and faculty in creating an appropriate climate. To protect university youth from extremism, in light of a constructive dialogue that contributes to the formation of an identity with national loyalty, far from individual ideologies and interests. The university is keen to develop the scientific research skills of university youth, and how they confront problems in an objective, scientific manner, and then develop appropriate solutions for each problem. It also employs its keenness to teach skills and the professional aspect of university education, in addition to developing activities and hobbies through which it stimulates awareness. Social efforts to reject violence and differences, by developing a national sense of peaceful coexistence, which maintains community cohesion. The preventive role of the university involves various activities and events aimed at reducing extremism among young people, and the university here provides service to the community in a way that adopts institutional cooperation with other institutions of society, and this is what the constructivist theory has shown, with the aim of educating university youth to prevent the dangers of extremism. Young people are more likely to be affected by thoughts and behaviors that express discontent. They are affected by social pressures due to social inequality, or issues related to obtaining rights or redressing grievances. Their perceptions of injustice are more severe than adults, or because they aspire to live in a society that applies ideal ideas. They are more vulnerable than adults. In particular for recruitment by extremist groups, who are often targeted and recruited by violent extremist groups to carry out terrorist activities. In order to perform its preventive role, the university requires cooperation with other institutions in society.
Keywords: university, extremism, youth care, social work

Summary:
Combating extremism is a significant challenge in our current era, and universities play a prominent role in addressing this issue. It has become imperative for universities to actively promote values of tolerance and peaceful coexistence by creating an educational environment that fosters dialogue and mutual understanding.
Universities can play a crucial role in promoting conscious education, which includes a profound understanding of human values and mutual respect. Academic programs serve as a source to enhance a proper understanding of Islam and Iraqi culture, preventing youth from sliding into extremism. Additionally, universities encourage open and constructive dialogue within the campus, organizing events and workshops on peace and coexistence to foster positive interaction and exchange of opinions among students.
Furthermore, universities dedicate efforts to promote ethical and civic values by integrating them into curricula and student activities. Encouraging students to participate in community service and engage with societal issues contributes to shaping positive and responsible personalities. Providing necessary psychological and social support for students helps them cope with pressures that may make them vulnerable to extremism. Universities also form partnerships with local institutions and non-governmental organizations to raise awareness of values of tolerance and coexistence.
On another note, scientific research in universities contributes to understanding the roots of extremism and analyzing factors contributing to its spread. When universities become centers for scientific research on social issues, effective policies to combat extremism can be identified. Overall, universities play a multifaceted role in preventing extremism and promoting a culture of understanding and peace.

Abstract
Intellectual extremism is one of the ugliest phenomena, as it is a denial of human rights, democracy, and a peaceful society. Which embodies the society that influences national identity, which requires collective commitment and then the efforts of civil society, as these organizations work to eliminate intellectual extremism through increased training in planning, implementation and evaluation. Hence, civil organizations must increase their size through the presence of community programs and projects that contribute to eliminating extremism.
key words: The role, Civil society, organizations, Intellectual extremism.

Abstract
The issue of extremism of all kinds and forms is still raised in the current era after it is one of the most important dilemmas faced by contemporary societies without exception, and Arab and Islamic societies suffer from it in general, and Iraqi society after the American occupation in 2003 in particular, without excluding other societies from it, as extremism exists in all religions, not being part of these religions, but from those who follow the monotheistic religions.
In addition to the fact that extremism is caused by wrong policies and practices that contributed to its rootedness in society, it is employed in achieving the interests of groups, based on any groups that adopt extremism right and that others are wrong, and in Iraq after the overthrow of the former regime and as a result of the chaos that resulted from the war on Iraq in 2003, which contributed to the spread of extremist intellectual currents, extremist groups took advantage of religion to mobilize people, which resulted in sectarian conflicts that led to the loss of many lives Citizens.
Keywords:extremism, religion, Iraq,thought,sectarianism

Abstract:
Extremism is one of the most widely discussed headlines recently due to the increasing spread of extremist thought. The problem of extremism is considered one of the most serious problems facing societies in various countries of the world, whether these countries embrace the Islamic religion, Christianity, or any other religion. This is reflected in the social fabric of society and affects... It has a negative and strong impact on human and behavioral relations between groups and sects of a single society and multiple societies. Intellectual and behavioral extremism has become one of the most powerful, most dangerous, scourge, and terrifying threats to security, given that the owners of this deviant thought work in the dark, and are skilled at inciting terror among people and intimidating them in ways that are forbidden by their purity. He violates their alertness and the pleasure of their sleep, violates the sanctity of their blood and property, and works to spread terror among the peaceful.
Key words: Extremism, violence, chauvinism, liberalism, conflict of religions.

Abstract
Iraq suffered from the scourge of wars and instability, not to mention the waves of extremism and violence that killed the Iraqi people, so there had to be a safety valve to return to security and stability, as the religious and political discourse had a role in spreading stability and the need for cohesion among the people and rejecting division and violent extremism, especially since their role is influential in the people, and this is what we noticed in many events experienced by Iraq and the religious reference had a prominent role in that, so it is necessary to move towards religious and political discourse Moderate.
Keywords: religious discourse, political discourse, violence, extremism

Abstract
The phenomenon of violent extremism constitutes a new challenge that emerged after 2003, leading to the destabilization of societal stability, internal security, and state building at all levels, whether at the security, political, societal, or economic levels, Confronting violent extremism that leads to terrorism is the development of a national strategy that adopts new thinking and approaches and existing reform paths, Based on the use of soft power.
Keywords [extremism, terrorism, intellectual extremism, strategy[.

Abstract
The social and economic transformations that the world is witnessing in light of the spread of extremism, whether religious, political, or intellectual, have greatly affected the concept of human rights in the world in general and Iraq in particular, as Iraq has witnessed many social and economic crises that have resulted in many problems, the most prominent of which are Poverty, deprivation, and social disintegration, and this is what led to the spread of a dangerous phenomenon in Iraqi society, which is the phenomenon of extremism in its various forms. Extremism is considered one of the most controversial issues and is of interest to many thinkers and researchers. Perhaps this phenomenon was not very widespread, but because of the changes that the world has witnessed, it has led to the emergence of extremism. To a greater extent, today we see different types of extremism, and it is known that extremism has negative effects and consequences on all areas of social, political, economic and cultural life, and therefore it affects all human rights. Therefore, there must be mechanisms and programs developed by all countries in order to confront the scourge of extremism that is ravaging us. Societies in general, Iraqi society in particular

Summary
Crimes of assaulting the state’s internal security are among the crimes that target the state in its existence, stability, independence, entity, and status. Therefore, we find the majority of legislation criminalizing such acts and tightening the punishment for them. Among these legislations is the Iraqi legislator, and one of the most important of these crimes is the crime of intellectual extremism or intellectual terrorism, as it threatens public order and public security. In society, due to the importance and seriousness of this issue, especially since it frequently occurs in our daily lives, we have tried to shed light on it through our research, as we have clarified the protected interest, which represents the wisdom of criminalizing acts of intellectual extremism, and it is a public interest, which is the protection of political, social, and economic values.
For the purpose of clarifying this, we divided the research into two requirements. In the first request, we dealt with the definition of the specialization and divided it into three specializations. The first section we devoted to explaining the common concept and its conditions. As for the second section, we will clarify the types of yes. As for the third section, we will clarify the concept of the intellectual party. As for the second requirement, we devoted it to clarifying the accepted concept in state security crimes ( Intellectual extremism as a model) and we divided it into three specializations. The first we devoted to explaining the protection of the popular system. The economic system depends only on the protection of the social system.

Abstract
The media represents one of the most important factors that influence the formation of individuals’ intellectual values, as extremism is a social phenomenon that is influenced by and influences other phenomena, largely linked to historical, political, religious, social, economic, and other conditions to which society is exposed. The concept of extremism is considered one of the concepts that is difficult to define. Or making generalizations about it, in view of what the linguistic meaning of extremism indicates, as it exceeds the limit of moderation, and the limit of moderation is relative, and varies from one society to another according to the system of values prevailing in each. Terrorism represents a global phenomenon linked to humans, regardless of their faith, sect, or intellectual orientation, and it is an obstructing phenomenon. For the development and development of peoples, as terrorism represents the most prominent global challenges, as terrorism (and extremism accompanied by violence) has become a global phenomenon.However, there is no universally accepted definition of terrorism, as a wide range of definitions depend on distinct contexts and on the actors involved. Framing a generally accepted definition is hampered by the difficulty of delving into the complex network of acts of terrorism committed by state actors. and non-state actors who are motivated by religious or political ideologies, or racial superiority, ethnic and national background.

Abstract:
Political transformations are accelerating in the modern era, and the challenges facing societies are increasing, as extremism appears as a phenomenon that threatens the security and stability of countries. Political reforms are a vital step towards achieving sustainable development and achieving balance in societies. This research aims to explore and analyze the role of political reform as an effective mechanism in combating the phenomenon of extremism. As long as countries in the Arab region suffer from tyranny and the absence of the role of actual political institutions, in addition to the lack of effective political participation and the absence of a peaceful transfer of power, the process of political reform is an indispensable necessity to address these issues such as extremism and others. By political reforms here, we mean changing governance structures and developing political systems with the aim of achieving social justice and empowering citizens, as extremism often appears as a result of continued injustice, poverty, and lack of opportunities, and here comes the role of political reform in providing a radical solution to these problems.
The research examines the impact of changes in political systems on economic and social life, and how political reform can stimulate sustainable development and provide fair opportunities for all.
The research also examines the influence of the political system on shaping religious identities and orientations, and how political reform can provide a framework to encourage tolerance and coexistence.
In the context of combating extremism, the research reviews how political reform can enhance stability and security, by enhancing the strength of democratic institutions and enhancing the role of citizens in decision-making. The research highlights transparency and political participation as essential elements in this context.
Ultimately, the research is expected to highlight the importance of political reform as an effective means of addressing the challenges associated with extremism and achieving better stability and prosperity for societies.
Keywords:- political reform, extremism, Tunisia.

Summary:
Extremist right-wing terrorism in the West, especially in Western Europe and North America, has become a rising trend in collective terrorism activities. In the past, the extreme right was limited to small anti-immigration groups that did not at that time pose a real threat to the security and stability of those societies. However, after the emergence of multiple groups of extremists and the exploitation of social networks, shares This increases the danger of these movements and increases hatred and fanaticism, as the far-right movement in Europe relies on an extremist tendency toward many issues, most notably hostility to foreigners, a strong adherence to national values and political, linguistic, and cultural identity, as well as a strong adherence to religious extremism, and the far right is described as a movement or An intellectual doctrine, while others view it as a political bloc seeking to unify extremist beliefs.
key words : Right, extremism hatred, aggression

Abstract :
The effectiveness of civil and political forces in confronting extremism depends on their ability to cooperate, coordinate, and exchange ideas and efforts to promote peace and stability in society. Political and economic reform is considered an essential part of the comprehensive strategy to combat extremism, as political reforms require a consensus of political forces or a societal will supported by civil society institutions and new behavior. In the decision-making process and a new approach through the mechanisms of the democratic system and adopting economic reform through building the democratic institutions that are relied upon for the success of the reform and legislating laws, regulations and legal regulations that develop the economic reform process.The paths of political and economic reform go through a long stage through a series of transformations, the reform of democratic institutions, and the development of administration, and this first requires the establishment of security, because security and stability represent the main foundations on which state institutions are based and through which extremism can be confronted, and immersion in extremism can be a result of failure to achieve The required political and economic reforms lead to a lack of confidence in the system and the search for extreme solutions. On the other hand, extremism can increase political and economic complications by destabilizing and undermining confidence in the system. Therefore, working to achieve political and economic reforms may play an important role in reducing The spread of extremism
Keywords _ Civil Forces - Political Forces - Political Reform - Economic Reform

Abstract
The law finds itself facing a hidden danger that it cannot ignore, and it is difficult to provide a successful experience to address it from its roots. It is difficult to find specific dividing lines between freedom of expression, thought, and conscience... and hate speech. The elements of hate speech are: It can be seen that hate speech as a concept can take place through inflammatory advocacy in all its forms, containing derogatory content, or without any motive other than hatred. It seeks to motivate the person being addressed to commit acts of violence or intimidation, or to create hostility or discrimination against others. The basis of “race, colour, language, religion, beliefs, nationality, national or ethnic origin, as well as ancestry, age, disability, sex, gender, gender identity and sexual orientation”; By encouraging social manifestations that contain violence and intimidation, leading to all forms of verbal and actual violence, such as teasing or harassment, insults, giving negative stereotypical images, or any act that leads to violence and hate speech. Through our research, we will address the role of religious fatwas in encouraging women to take a leadership role in increasing extremism. We explain the role of soft laws in confronting extremism.

Abstract:
Global digitization has caused a great deal of dependence on the Internet, whether in personal or professional life, or even in financial and banking matters, intertwined with the rest of the programs for social networking, or even doing business via the Internet in a comfortable, fast and smooth manner, whether from entry to long practice, but it has shown over time several obstacles that affected the work of cyberspace and then affected individuals and their private lives so that when It began to contain virtual crimes that threatened the security of individuals and even institutions and the state in general, so electronic theft, electronic terrorism and others appeared on the personal level, so the threat expanded to be exploited by terrorist groups in the threat, spreading terrorism, spreading extremist ideology and attracting extremists, terrorist organizations used social media platforms for recruitment purposes by identifying potential targets by monitoring profiles and conversations on those platforms, with the aim of testing the extent to which different users sympathize with terrorist ideology, then add them as friends to communicate directly with them.
The matter reached the exploitation of this factor by some countries to cause harm to countries hostile to them, hence the importance of cybersecurity in order to put an end to violations of cyberspace. Thus, cybersecurity is considered one of the dimensions of non-traditional national security, given the multiplicity of potential cyber threats and the resulting heavy political, military and economic losses. From this standpoint, international relations theories have paid great attention to cybersecurity to push the realism that countries are actively seeking to develop their offensive cyber capabilities with the aim of using the Internet as a strategic weapon.
Keywords: strategy, cybersecurity, digitization, extremism, terrorism.